Chusov Yu N. Book: Yu

FULL TEXT OF THE BOOK

Folk wisdom about health 3
Temperature limits of life 4
man and weather
Effect of low temperatures on humans 9
Physiological basis of cold hardening 13
Unity of organism and environment 14
Hardening the body with cold 17
On the physiological mechanisms of cold hardening of the body
Basic hardening rules 19
Hardening by natural factors 22
hardening by the sun
Air hardening 27
Hardening with water 32
Winter swimming - winter swimming 39
Bath 45
Measures to help protect the body from the cold 50
Cloth -
Nutrition 53

FOLK WISDOM ABOUT HEALTH
Health is everything.
Russian folk proverb
Health! How often is this word used in conversation. When meeting with relatives, acquaintances, we ask: “How is your health?”. When parting, we wish: "Be healthy!". And there is a deep meaning in this. Indeed, human health, his well-being determine all aspects of his life.
In the process of struggle with nature, in the process of collective labor of the most ancient people, conditions were formed for the emergence of rituals, which are a set of customs. A custom is a public recognition of the correctness, regularity of habits, a kind of consecration of a habit. It should be noted that most of the rites arose long before religion, and only later they were placed at the service of the church. Such, for example, is the rite of bathing in an ice-hole - Jordan, among Russian people, which was performed annually on January 6th. And only after a long time he was dressed in religious "clothes", although initially it arose as a hygienic, strengthening procedure.
It should be noted that most of the rituals, to a certain extent, were a kind of training, a "rehearsal" of certain actions that were vital for a person or the whole society. For example, ancient people had a rite of passage of the tribe to hunt. The dance, in which all hunters took part, consisted of sneaking up, aiming, shooting at a target, etc. Thus, it was a preparation for actions of the utmost importance.
There were also customs aimed at maintaining and strengthening health. Such, for example, is the custom of warriors not to eat before battle. This protected against complications in case of injury to the abdomen. This also includes the custom of putting on clean linen before a fight. This helped to avoid contamination from injuries.
In the surviving descriptions of the life of the Scythians by the Greek historians Tacitus and Herodotus, we find the following custom. For the purpose of hardening, the Scythian until then bathed his child in the cold waters of the river, until the child, having withstood the influence of the cold, proved "to his father that he is worthy of a life full of struggle with the harsh elements."
The nomads of the North had such a custom. From the very moment of birth, the child was taken out into the street and laid naked in the snow. For the same purpose, when the children grew up, every morning they were forced to go outside without clothes, "to find out what the weather is like." And sometimes bathed in holes.
Observations and thousands of years of experience of the people, the customs accumulated in the field of health protection and the fight against diseases, are reflected in proverbs. “The observation of the people,” wrote Academician S. I. Vavilov, “is captured in numerous proverbs and riddles, built, in essence, on scientific observations.”
One of the customs of Russian people, proven by centuries of experience, is accustoming your body to cold - hardening. Proverbs also speak about this: “In frost and cold, everyone is young”, “Ice water is a disaster for the sick” and others.

THE TEMPERATURE LIMITS OF LIFE
The life of living beings on earth takes place in an unusually wide range of environmental temperatures. In nature, in the process of evolution, organisms have arisen that have exceptional heat resistance. So, some algae growing in water develop and live at a water temperature of +90 ° C. Fly larvae tolerate a temperature of +69 °, and snails live at a temperature of +47 to +50. Other organisms, on the contrary, have adapted to very low temperatures, to life in the coldest regions of our planet. Plants and some insects are known to be able to tolerate very low temperatures. For example, currant branches that were cooled for 2 hours at a temperature of -253 ° C (in liquid hydrogen), when placed in normal conditions, “came to life”, buds bloomed on them.
Japanese researchers Asahina and Aoki set up a number of interesting experiments with the cooling of insects. First, the insects were placed in an environment with a temperature of -30°C, after which they were immediately transferred to an environment with a temperature of -190°C, where they finally froze. After thawing, many of them were alive.
All these facts indicate that the certain conditions living organisms can live at very low ambient temperatures.
In connection with climate change, certain changes in the adaptive capabilities of living organisms occurred on Earth. In the early periods of the development of life on Earth, almost the entire globe was dominated by a tropical climate. The body temperature of the living creatures that lived in the water was close to the temperature of the water in the primary ocean. When they landed, they fell under the scorching rays of the sun, which also led to an increase in their body temperature. Therefore, living organisms first of all adapted to high temperatures. This is explained by the fact that with an increase in temperature, the rate of metabolic reactions also increases, ensuring the entire vital activity of the organism.
But at the same time, the rate of denaturation of cellular proteins, which form the basis of life, also increases. Moreover, the rate of protein denaturation increases many times more than the rate of metabolic reactions. At a temperature of 43 - 45 ° in most cells of the body, irreversible protein denaturation occurs and the body dies. And since the best temperature conditions for the occurrence of most chemical processes in the body is a temperature close to 40 °, even a slight increase in body temperature by 3 - 5 ° causes the threat of death of the body from overheating. From everyday experience it is known that an increase in body temperature in a person by 2 - 3 ° is accompanied by a very serious condition, various disorders. A decrease in body temperature by the same degree is much easier to tolerate. For this reason, adaptive mechanisms against overheating were the first to develop in living organisms.
Later, as climatic conditions on the globe changed, living organisms acquired adaptive mechanisms against hypothermia.
Characteristic of a person is the ability to live and work effectively in a very wide range of temperatures - from the harsh Arctic to the sultry tropics.
This is possible due to the presence of special physiological mechanisms thermoregulation, a set of processes that ensure the constancy of body temperature in a wide variety of environmental conditions, as well as due to various conscious adaptive factors: housing, clothing, nutrition, etc.
The physiological mechanism of thermoregulation in humans is very complex. It consists of two multidirectional processes: the process of generating heat in the body - the so-called "chemical thermoregulation" and the process of transferring heat from the body to the external environment - "physical thermoregulation". These processes are constantly in a state of dynamic equilibrium, and changes in external conditions lead to their changes. For example, a person went out into the street in a bitter frost; heat transfer increases sharply in cold air. The body loses heat, and this can cause a decrease in the temperature of the whole body. A decrease in body temperature, as we know, will cause a slowdown in the rate of metabolic reactions, which, in turn, will lead to a decrease in the overall level of vitality of all functions of our body, and with a very significant decrease in body temperature, to death.
Our body is not powerless in the fight against cold and begins to adapt to it. First of all, it drastically reduces heat transfer. This is achieved by constriction of all superficial vessels, so that hot blood flows less to the outer integuments of the body, and therefore less heat is given off. At the same time, the formation of heat in the muscles, liver and other tissues and organs increases in the body.
When it is hot, everything happens the other way around: the production of heat decreases and its return increases.
As a result of the interaction of these two processes, combined with behavioral features and adaptive actions, our body temperature, regardless of weather conditions, remains at a certain level.

MAN AND WEATHER
Usually, in Everyday life, we call all the changing factors of the climate of a given area the word "weather". Depending on our subjective attitude to the whole complex of weather-forming factors, we say: the weather is good or the weather is bad. At the same time, we evaluate not just one element of the weather, for example, air humidity, but the whole complex of elements. This is explained by the fact that different combinations of the values ​​of individual weather-forming elements ultimately give the same subjective sensation. So, for example, a complex: air temperature +21°, humidity - 80%, wind speed - 0.5 m/s - and a complex: air temperature +24°, humidity - 35%, wind speed - 1.0 m/s - have the same effect. Thus, we see that different values ​​add up to the same effect in terms of the overall effect on the human body.
The weather, the whole complex of weather-forming factors, has a significant and every second impact on a person. Almost everyone has experienced this or witnessed similar facts.
Even in ancient times, the idea arose that this or that weather is not at all indifferent to a person, that it has a certain effect, changing the well-being of a person. Already in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome the first treatises on the influence of weather on man appeared.
The fact of the occurrence of pain in places of healed wounds in bad weather is widely known. “Old wounds ache,” they say in such cases. Already in some legislations of the 9th century wounds are listed, after the cure of which pains persist in bad weather. Therefore, the Frisian laws imposed a high fine on people guilty of bodily harm if the wound left behind weather-sensitive scars.
Here is another example of the influence of weather on a person. According to statistics, in Vienna the number of accidents during ice increases by 5 - 10%. However, there are also days when, with good road conditions and excellent visibility, the number of accidents in urban transport increases by 30%. These cases have been carefully studied. It turned out that accidents occur when a cyclone is located in the upper part of the troposphere. At the same time, it was found that under these weather conditions, not only the number of accidents increases, but the normal well-being of people is also disturbed, including the exacerbation of certain diseases (embolism, asthma, and others), and the number of deaths in these diseases increases.
And here is an example of the famous German scientist F. Pfeifer: “Several years ago I saw a gray-haired man standing in a dark entrance. He covered his face with a large handkerchief and moaned loudly... When I asked what happened to him, he did not answer, but continued to moan. ...About an hour passed, and he remained in the same state. He was again asked what happened to him. Then his groans turned into mutterings, and he indistinctly asked: when will the thunderstorm finally begin? It seemed that there was no connection between his strange behavior and the thunderstorm, since there was not a single cloud in the sky ... On repeated questions, he replied that he had been sent to the city for shopping, although he did not want to leave the house. On the street, he felt severe pain associated with the upcoming change in the weather. He began to moan and tremble again ... ”Here, a thunderstorm really gathered. There was a thunderclap, and lightning flashed. “The old man winced. And then something amazing happened: he got up from the steps on which he was sitting, wiped his tears and combed his hair. In front of me stood a very vigorous, strong and healthy-looking elderly man. With the first flash of lightning, his pains were gone.”
These examples sufficiently confirm the fact that the weather has a significant impact on the human body.
One of the elements that form the weather complex and have a significant impact on the human body is air temperature.

IMPACT OF LOW TEMPERATURES ON HUMANS
The available facts convincingly indicate that the cooling of the human body contributes to the emergence of various disorders in it. Based on a large generalized material on colds and frostbite in the armies of various countries during the first
World War II, the Soviet scientist P. E. Kalmykov showed the harm that cooling causes to the human body. Only one type of cold injury - frostbite ("trench foot") - was noted: in the French army - 120,000 cases, in the English - 85,000. In the Turkish army, 10,000 soldiers died from the cold in one day - December 13, 1914.
The harm caused by cooling is great for a person who does not have a high degree cold resistance. Thus, according to available data, it is known that the incidence of influenza (and it should be noted that cooling plays a major role in the occurrence of influenza diseases) was in relation to the total incidence in 1925 - 1932. 26.6%; in 1933-1934 - 27.7% and in 1935-1939 - 30%. In other words, from 1/4 to 1/3 of all those who fell ill during this period fell on patients with influenza. In the year when there was no outbreak of influenza, 4,600,000 cases of illness were registered under the diagnosis of influenza. If we take the average duration of the disease equal to 6 days, then this will be approximately 28,000,000 working days!
The maximum of diseases occurs in the autumn-winter months, i.e. a period of low temperatures. Only 4 winter months - from December to March - account for 48% of all influenza cases.
No less convincing are the data confirming the role and significance of the common cold in the occurrence of pneumonia. 76.6% of all diseases of croupous and 68.7% of focal pneumonia occur in the period November - April.
It should be noted that the young body is most susceptible to the effects of cold: children and adolescents aged 7 to 14 years. More than 25% of all patients with angina fall on this age.
Harmful effect on human body exerts not only low temperature, but also its fluctuations, sudden changes. So, on one of the January days of 1780 in St. Petersburg, an air temperature of 43.6 ° C was noted. The next night the temperature rose sharply and reached +6°C. The difference was almost 50°. That night, 40,000 people developed various colds. Abrupt changes temperature, an unexpected change in the "familiar" conditions in this case were the cause of the disease.
If we trace the curve of the average annual temperature, it can be noted that there are certain deviations in it. So, on the ascending knee, from January 10 to July 25, there are moments in which the temperature drops sharply. These are the so-called returns of cold weather: “late” winter - between February 4 and 15, “March” winter - between March 8 and 15, cold periods on May 11-14 and June 4-16. On the descending knee, in the period from July 25 to January 10, there are also deviations from the normal course of temperature, the so-called heat returns: “Indian summer” - between September 22 and 25, days at the end of November and at the end of December. These temperature fluctuations are unexpected for the body and cause various disorders in it. Leonardo da Vinci wrote: “We need to understand what a person is, what life is, what health is and how balance, the harmony of the elements supports him, and their discord destroys and destroys him.”
What is the effect of cold on the body? How does the disease occur?
Cold has a versatile effect on the human body, on all its organs and systems. Along with the changes that occur in various organs and systems of the body under the influence of cold, indirect effects can also be considered one of the causes of the disease.
The well-known experience of L. Pasteur showed that a chicken infected with an anthrax microbe becomes ill only if its paws are subjected to prolonged cooling in cold water. This was considered evidence of a decrease in the normal resistance of the body under the influence of cold. The experiments of K. Wagner, carried out in order to analyze this fact in the laboratory of I. I. Mechnikov, showed that in the experiment of L. Pasteur, it is not the cooling itself that is essential, but the elimination of the febrile reaction. The bottom line is that after infection, chickens have a mild illness, which is accompanied by an increase in temperature and a high leukocyte reaction - an increase in the protective forces of the blood. Cooling the feet in cold water lowers the body temperature. And this, in turn, leads to the fact that the protective properties of the blood are reduced and, as a result, the body is exposed to the disease.
Cold causes vasoconstriction of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. This leads to the fact that the cells receive less nutrients, become
more vulnerable. The walls of blood vessels become brittle, permeable, more accessible for the introduction of bacteria that are always found in the human body. If at normal temperature, microbes cannot penetrate into the blood, then in the case of cooling, when the permeability of the walls of blood vessels increases sharply, they easily enter the bloodstream, spread throughout the body and cause disease.
One of the most effective means of combating colds is to harden the body with cold. The centuries-old experience of the people shows that increasing the resistance of the human body to cold makes it immune to colds.
Numerous studies have shown that the introduction of hardening procedures into the daily regimen reduces the number of colds by 2-5 times, and in some cases almost completely eliminates their occurrence. In boarding school No. 19 of the Leninsky district of Moscow, students of one class regularly performed a rubdown with cold water in the morning, and the room was ventilated in any weather. For 3 years, there was not a single case of colds in this class. And even when almost all the students of the school fell ill during the flu outbreak, only 2 students from this class fell ill, and then in a mild form. The above example convincingly shows that the inclusion of even such a simple and affordable method of cold hardening in the daily routine turns out to be very effective.
Cold hardening has great importance. The well-known Soviet chess player, Grandmaster A. Kotov, in his book "Joking and Seriously" points out one feature that struck him when he visited Sweden in 1947. He writes: “A traveler who first comes to Sweden will involuntarily admire the athletic training of the northern people. Still, a baby sleeps in a stroller, covered with just a thin blanket! Wet flakes of snow fall on his face, and his mother does not pay attention to it! On a frosty morning, children frolic in the streets in their shirts.”

PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF COLD HARDENING
Nature has endowed man with a wonderful gift - to adapt to changes in ambient temperature. But at the same time, like a fairy tale, she set a condition: this ability will be preserved only with constant training. Cold hardening is the training of all adaptive mechanisms.
The human body is extremely plastic and has a large margin of safety. For the first time this was pointed out by the largest representative of the world physiological science Walter Cannon in his wonderful book "The Wisdom of the Body". He found that to ensure the vital activity of the human body in normal conditions a small part of the "design capacity" of any organ, organ system or organism as a whole is sufficient. A person usually uses only 7% of the respiratory surface of the lungs, which is 1/13 - 1/14 of their total surface. This is sufficient to ensure efficient gas exchange. The rest is reserve. When one kidney is removed, the remaining one copes well with what both coped with. From this it follows that to ensure the vital activity of the organism under normal conditions, a small part of the "design capacity" of the organ is sufficient. The rest is designed to work in "emergency conditions". But another conclusion follows from this. To train, to keep in a state of readiness in case of an “accident”, you need all the power, the entire margin of safety. Refusal to train will lead to their weakening, disappearance.
V scientific literature there are data showing what degrees of overheating or cooling a person can tolerate. In 1764 Tillet reported to the Paris Academy of Sciences that a woman had been in an oven at +132°C for 12 minutes; four scientists, Wencke, Zolander, Dunbaz and Geoforz, checking these data, spent 8 minutes at a temperature of + 128 °.
Man is also capable of enduring very low temperatures. Thus, the "Medical Bulletin" for 1861 describes a case when a sick woman of 38 years old spent 32 days under the snow without food or drink at an external temperature of - and - 14 ° according to Réaumur. Laufman described a case where a woman who passed out on the street stayed in the snow for about two hours. Her body temperature dropped to 18 degrees, which is considered fatal. However, after she was transferred to a warm room, her body temperature recovered on its own, and she remained alive.
During the Great Patriotic War, sailor-Komsomol member of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet Pyotr Golubov, performing the task of command, was in ice water Gulf of Finland, having sailed 20 kilometers during this time.
In the newspaper TVNZ» dated April 22, 1966, an interesting case is given. M. Ivanov, the driver of a concrete truck, fell from a height of 10 meters along with the car into the Yenisei. It was in November. For 4 hours he swam in icy water, as it was impossible to get out without outside help. By the end of the fourth hour of being in the ice crumble, in order not to drown, he froze his hands into the ice fast ice. He was rescued, and three months later he was back at work.
Sailor Northern Fleet A. Kedich - Murmansk "walrus", - saving a comrade who fell overboard during a storm, spent almost 40 minutes in icy water. To save the life of a friend, he was helped by excellent hardening, friendship with cold water.
What is the secret of such a high resistance of the human body to cold? What helps him endure the seemingly lethal cold? To understand this, it is necessary to know the basic laws by which our body develops and lives.

UNITY OF THE ORGANISM AND THE ENVIRONMENT
The issue of adaptation of the organism to environmental conditions, the impact of its various factors occupies an important place in modern biology.
In physiological terms, the problem of the unity of the organism and the environment was put forward and clearly formulated by the great Russian scientist I.M. Sechenov as early as 1861. He wrote: “An organism without an external environment supporting its existence is impossible. Therefore, the scientific definition of an organism must also include the “environment” that influences it, because without the latter, the existence of an organism is impossible.” This position was further developed in the works of IP Pavlov.
A person lives in a constantly changing environment that affects all the processes that take place in his body. Man is extremely dependent on the external environment. On the other hand, it is precisely this dependence that has created remarkable adaptive devices in man.
The existence of a person proceeds under the continuous influence of environmental factors, and in particular its meteorological factor. One of its important aspects is the effect of low ambient temperatures, which, depending on the intensity and duration of exposure, cause cooling or hypothermia. Being under the continuous influence of temperature stimuli of different intensity, the human body adapts to a certain, more often acting on it, temperature. Therefore, the regulation of life processes is based on a number of constant factors of the organism, and this constancy is maintained by the widely variable adaptive reactions of the organism itself.
The development of the material life of society and the improvement of the methods of obtaining a livelihood have greatly improved the artificial protection of people from the cold. In turn, artificial protection from the action of low temperatures violated the delicate and precise balance between the human body and the environment.
The possibility of creating a “desired climate” by means of housing, heating, clothing and food put a person in special conditions, in new relationships with his environment, turned him into a heat-loving organism, which, in turn, created a special type of thermoregulation in humans.
One of the most important tasks of physical education, hygiene, physiology and medical climatology is the directed increase in the resistance of the human body to the effects of low temperatures. For these purposes, hardening is used. Considering the issue of cold hardening from an evolutionary-biological standpoint, one can see that for a person, resistance to cold is to a certain extent a return of the traits characteristic of his distant ancestors.
What is hardening? What is it and what is its content?
The very word "hardening" is borrowed from technology, where it means the transformation of a substance from a soft, unstable state into a more solid, stable one. Based on the purpose and content of hardening the human body with cold, this process can be defined as an artificial, purposeful process of increasing resistance to cold.
Means of hardening are natural natural factors - the sun, air, water.
There are two types of hardening - general and local. With general hardening, a thermal stimulus acts on the entire surface of the body (for example, sun and air baths, dousing, etc.). With local - thermal stimulus acts selectively on a specific area of ​​the body that is most vulnerable to the action of cold (for example, the nasopharyngeal cavity, neck, feet).
Hardening of the human body with cold is carried out in the form of baths (solar, air, water), wet rubdowns, douches, showers, river and sea bathing, swimming in an open reservoir in winter, bath procedures. These forms are used both individually and in various combinations.

ABOUT THE PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF HARDENING THE ORGANISM WITH COLD
Hardening is based on the achievement by the body of the ability to maintain a balance between the external environment, on the one hand, and all the internal processes of the body, on the other. An organism can exist only as long as it is at any given moment in balance with the external environment. And it ceases to exist as soon as this balance is seriously disturbed. Even under the normal conditions of the existence of an organism, there is a continuous influence of deviating factors, the action of which is corrected by immediately turning on adaptive mechanisms.
Man is the highest warm-blooded organism that maintains body temperature at a constant level,
i.e., a homoiothermic organism. Homeothermy is one of the most striking examples of the general independence of highly organized beings from the influence of thermal changes in their environment. And this is achieved with the help of thermoregulation. Maintaining the temperature of the human body at a constant level is carried out by two multidirectional processes: the process of heat transfer (physical thermoregulation) and the process underlying the change in heat production (chemical thermoregulation^.
Physical thermoregulation includes numerous processes that change heat transfer in the human body. These include: changes in skin temperature due to the expansion of its vessels at high ambient temperatures and narrowing at low ones; changes in sweating - evaporation of water from the surface of the skin and mucous membranes; breathing changes - evaporation of water by the lungs.
Chemical thermoregulation is carried out due to changes in the intensity of oxidative processes, mainly in muscles and some internal organs. These changes can occur independently of the specific activities of these organs.
The physiological mechanism of thermoregulation is very complex and includes not only changes in heat production and heat transfer, but also peculiar behavioral features, conscious adaptive actions. At present, it is generally accepted that a person's adaptation to cold proceeds mainly in two ways: a) physiological and b) behavioral or psychological.
The set of physiological reactions that help maintain body temperature at a certain level is extremely diverse in humans. These include reactions associated both with the formation of heat in the body - voluntary muscle activity, trembling, muscle tone, the specific dynamic effect of food (a feeling of warmth after eating), and with the release of heat into environment- vascular reactions (narrowing or expansion of blood vessels), heat-insulating properties of the tissues of our body, evaporation of moisture (sweating), respiratory rate, etc. All these reactions are involuntary and reflex. They are activated in conditions of direct exposure to cold.
The second way for a person is to create a certain microclimate by means of housing and clothing that correspond to temperature, diet, length of stay in conditions of exposure to low temperatures, etc. All these factors play an important role in the overall process of human adaptation to cold .. They are The "first echelon" of the body's fight against cold, and the general resistance of the body to cold, its "cold strength" depends on the degree of their power and expediency.
Features of human behavior aimed at increasing resistance to adverse influences are also of great importance. Even the Greek physician Diocles from Karist proposed dividing the year into 6 periods depending on weather conditions and recommended a certain regimen, clothing, and nutrition for each of them. Weather habits are examples of such adaptive behavior. For example, during the siesta - the hottest time of the day, which is reserved for the afternoon rest in Spain, Italy and countries Latin America- life seems to freeze and people try to hide from the heat. "Tsuyu" in Japan is a period of summer with heavy rains, which determine the peculiar behavior of people.
The natives of the Far North also have a peculiarity in behavior during severe frosts. During this period, they leave their homes for a very short time, limiting their time in the cold.

BASIC RULES OF HARDENING
There are general methodological principles for organizing and conducting hardening procedures, the observance of which is mandatory. Natural natural factors: the sun, air and water, which are popularly called the best healers, have a beneficial healing effect on the human body. When used correctly, they are loyal and reliable friends. If the basic rules are not observed, their life-giving forces can become the worst enemies. Therefore, it is necessary to know and follow the basic rules of hardening.
You often hear that, they say, before you swam for a long time and “fried” for hours on the beach - and everything went down, but today you swam - and caught a cold or sunbathed - and felt unwell. This is explained as follows. The constant excess of permissible norms, whether it be swimming or sunbathing, gradually undermines the adaptive mechanisms of our body, and leads to their violation. After all, the body in the process of hardening has to deal with such energy loads that it rarely encounters in everyday life.
A person lying, for example, on the Black Sea beach, in 5 minutes receives as much energy as is necessary to heat 4 glasses of water from 0 ° to boiling. Lying on the beach every day for 2 hours, a person within a month receives such an amount of energy that would be enough to bring almost 500 liters of water to a boil.
And here is another example. Staying in ice water for only 30 seconds causes an energy expenditure equal to that of running 5 kilometers.
What are the basic rules, the observance of which is mandatory when using the energy of the sun, air and water?
Firstly, only a completely healthy person can start hardening, taking into account the age and level of physical development of all their individual characteristics. This rule is due to the following reasons. If a person is not healthy, then the use of hardening procedures can have a negative effect. The fact is that with a number of diseases, the use of sun and air baths, various hydroprocedures is contraindicated. Therefore, despite the fact that hardening procedures are basically a powerful remedy, when deciding to use them in case of ailments, you should consult a doctor.
No two the same people. They differ in sex, age, level of physical development. These differences are due to structural features, properties of the nervous system, living conditions. Therefore, what is useful for one may be unbearable or, conversely, insufficient for another.
Secondly, you can start hardening procedures at any time of the year. However, it should be noted that the warm season is the most favorable for this. The famous Russian pediatrician A. A. Kisel, who did a lot to introduce hardening procedures into the regime
day, wrote: “In terms of improving the health of children, winter is more important than summer. We can say that summer is for the soul, and winter is for health. And further: “In our climate, with our short, fast-flowing summer, the use of only one summer months for hardening does not give anything. I never tire of reminding you that for hardening, for strengthening health, you need to be able to use our Russian winter. Less favorable period to start hardening procedures is early spring.
The resistance of the human body to cold is promoted by a systematic long-term habit. And in this case, it is appropriate to recall the story of the famous English philosopher of the late 17th century, John Locke. John Locke, a great champion of hardening, relates a story about an Athenian Greek who wondered how the Scythians could walk completely naked in the snow in the cold.
“Why,” the Scythian asked the Greek in response, “can your face endure cold air?” "My face is used to it," replied the Greek. “Imagine that I am all face,” said the Scythian. “Our bodies,” adds John Locke, “can bear everything that they have been accustomed to from the very beginning. The habit must be acquired early and gradually.
This short dialogue reveals the essence of hardening, its basic principles. These include:
1. Graduality. At first, the procedure time should be short, and the temperature of the water or air should not be very low. In other words, the load should increase gradually.
2. Systematic. Started hardening must not be interrupted. Scientists have done an interesting experiment that confirms the need to comply with this principle. It is known that in the Far North, where the air temperature drops to -50 - 60 ° C in winter, gulls walk freely on the snow. But when one seagull lived for a long time in a warm room, weaned from the cold, and then let it out into the street, it immediately got frostbite on its feet. Thus, one can get used to the cold, but this "habit" requires systematic training.
3. Taking into account the individual characteristics of a person in the process of hardening. Each person needs a “own” mode of tempering procedures. This refers to the time of their application in the daily regimen (morning or evening), to the duration of the procedure, to the temperature of the irritant (water or air). The individual characteristics of a person require an individual approach.
4. Integrated use of the sun, water and air in the hardening process.
These are the basic principles. Their observance is mandatory.

HARDENING BY NATURAL FACTORS
Since ancient times, people have used natural natural factors in order to promote health. It is known that in ancient times all peoples identified the sun, air and water with deities, attributing miraculous power to them, composed hymns in their honor. V ancient world- in Egypt, India, China, Greece, Rome - they highly appreciated the healing properties of the forces of nature. Indeed, the sun, air and water are the most valuable means of hardening the body.
You have decided to declare war on the common cold, flu, sore throat and other ailments. To this end, you began to harden your body. This is good! With a strong desire, the goal is close and achievable!

HARDENING BY THE SUN
Only the sun with its radiant light gives life.
Inscription on the Temple of Diana at Ephesus
The healing power of sunlight has long been known. No wonder the proverb says: "Where the sun rarely looks, a doctor often goes there."
The total solar radiation affects the human body. It is of three types: direct, reflected and scattered.
Direct solar radiation is the sun's rays coming directly from the sun. The effect of direct solar radiation on the body depends on the degree of its tension. The tension, in turn, depends on the following reasons. First, from the height of the sun above the horizon. The higher the sun is, the shorter the path of sunlight through the earth's atmosphere, the higher the radiation. Consequently, the greatest direct solar radiation is observed at midday hours, and the smallest - during sunrise and sunset. This must be taken into account when choosing the time of day for reception. sunbathing, as well as when dosing them. Secondly, from the season of the year. The maximum voltage of direct solar radiation is observed in summer, the minimum - in winter. Thirdly, from the transparency of the atmosphere. The cleaner the atmosphere, the greater the tension. Pollution of the atmosphere with dust and smoke significantly reduces radiation.
Reflected, and I solar radiation is the sun's rays reflected from various objects, earth, water, snow, etc. It is expressed as a percentage of the reflected rays to the total flux of all incident rays. This value is called albedo. The amount of reflected solar radiation depends on the surface of objects that reflect the sun's rays. Light (white) surfaces reflect the rays falling on them most strongly. Here are the numbers characterizing the albedo of some surfaces:
When choosing a place for sunbathing, this circumstance must be taken into account. For example, if you sunbathe on freshly dug earth, then the total exposure to sunlight will be about 10% less than if you sunbathe on the grass. In turn, on green grass, the impact effect is two times less than on sand.
Scattered solar radiation, the source of which is the sky, is formed as a result of the scattering of sunlight in the atmosphere. Ultraviolet rays are scattered most intensively.
The total solar radiation stress is measured in calories or millicalories.
There are two types of rays in the solar spectrum: visible and invisible. Infrared rays have a strong thermal effect. We owe the appearance of sunburn on our skin to ultraviolet rays. The process of hardening by the sun and consists mainly in the development in the body of resistance to ultraviolet rays. Ultraviolet rays are very sensitive to various kinds of obstacles. So, one layer of gauze delays up to 50% of all ultraviolet rays. Gauze, folded four times, as well as window glass 2 mm thick, completely excludes their penetration.
The action of the sun's rays is manifold. Their influence on the human psyche, his mood has long been known. The German poet Friedrich Schiller said that the sun has a beneficial effect on his performance.
Almost a whole chapter was devoted to the healing action of the sun by Jack London in his work "Journey on the Snark". The hero - Ernst Darling - was dying. The opinion of the doctors was unanimous: there is no hope. After three inflammations, his lungs were destroyed, his eyesight was severely impaired, and his weight was 90 pounds. “And so Ernst Darling, a skeleton covered with skin, a barely moving semi-corpse, in which there was just enough life to barely move, went out of town, into nature. ... The sun was warm, and he basked in its rays all day long. Sunlight seemed to him a vital elixir. Then it seemed to him that his whole crippled body was crying out for the sun. Then he tore off his clothes and bathed in the sun. He felt better." And after a year of such a life, he became quite healthy. Weight - 165 lbs. His eyesight, which at one time was greatly disturbed, became excellent.
The sun's rays have a bactericidal property. Placed on clean, intact skin, bacteria die under the action of sunlight. Danish scientist Nils Finsen used the sun's rays to treat tuberculosis of the skin. For this discovery, he was awarded the Nobel Prize.
In the middle of the century, it was widely believed that the kings of France were given the gift from above to cure scrofula "by touch". Thousands of people, thirsting for healing, moved along the roads of France. They went to the king's palace hoping to be healed by his touch. But as they walked along the sun-drenched roads, many of them were healed earlier on the road. And here the healing power of the sun's rays affected.
The sun's rays act on the body through the skin. If a person undresses and stays in the sun, then after a short period of time his skin will begin to turn red. This reddening of the skin is called "thermal erythema". After a while it passes, but then reappears. This is a tan. The appearance of sunburn on the skin is a protective reaction that protects a person from sunburn and skin inflammation.
Usually, in everyday life, the effectiveness of sunbathing is assessed by the degree of acquired "tanning". As a result of exposure to sunlight, the skin turns a color from copper red to dark chocolate. There are amateurs who strive to bring their skin color to
black, spending long hours under the rays of the sun. But one should remember the saying of the ancients: everything needs a measure. Such an irrepressible desire for a tan, instead of the desired effect, often brings great harm to health.
The main value when taking sunbathing is the duration, i.e. the time spent in the sun. In the initial period, in early spring or early summer, when a person first begins to sunbathe, the load should not exceed 20 calories / cm2. This means that the amount of solar energy per 1 cm2 of body surface should not exceed 20 calories during the procedure. Each next bath should increase the load, and after 5 - 7 procedures it can reach 40 calories / cm2, and after 10 procedures - the maximum dose - 60 - 70 calories / cm2. How to determine this load? Conventionally, it is considered that in the middle latitudes, 1 cm2 of skin receives 1 calorie for 1 minute of sunbathing. Thus, knowing the required dosage, you can determine the time of a sunbath.
When determining the time spent in the sun for the purpose of tanning, the following factors must be considered. First, the time of day when sunbathing is taken. The most favorable are the hours around noon. At this time, the greatest amount of ultraviolet rays is observed. Secondly, the place where sunbathing is held. This is important for the action of reflected solar radiation - the surface albedo. Thirdly, the presence of clouds, atmospheric pollution, wind. The presence of these factors requires amendments to the duration of the sunbath. When cloudy, the wind should slightly (up to 50%) lengthen the time of sunbathing.
When sunbathing, certain rules must be observed:
1. Sunbathing should begin no earlier than one to one and a half hours after eating and finish them no later than one hour before eating.
2. best time for hardening by the sun are hours around noon (from 11 to 14 hours).
3. During sunbathing, a moderate motor regime is necessary, i.e. walking, not too intense ball games, rowing in a pleasure boat, etc.
The current opinion that it is necessary to sunbathe while lying down, being at rest, does not correspond to the characteristics of our body, and therefore does not give the desired effect. At rest, the body tolerates radiation much worse than in a state of moderate physical activity.
4. After hardening by the sun's rays, it is necessary to take water procedures - wiping, dousing, showering or bathing - and then rest in the shade for 15 - 20 minutes.
It should be remembered that the use of various creams, ointments in order to accelerate the tanning process is not recommended. Long-term exposure to direct sunlight with an uncovered head is also not recommended. In this case, there is a negative effect of radiation on the hair.
Not all parts of the human body are equally sensitive to ultraviolet rays, they do not tan in the same way. Chest, back, stomach, outer surfaces of the arms are best sunbathed. The inner surfaces of the hands, hand, foot sunbathe less. This should also be taken into account when sunbathing.
Good appetite, deep, refreshing sleep, lack of feeling of lethargy and weakness are indicators that you have used the sun's rays correctly.

AIR HARDENING
Air not only preserves life, but also observes health ...
S. G. Zybelin
In these words of the great Russian medical scientist, student of M. V. Lomonosov, the importance of air in strengthening human health is clearly revealed. Many scientists have written that "bathing" in the air (air bath) is in accordance with human nature. “Like a fish in water,” wrote the 18th-century scientist Lichtenberg, “a person lives constantly surrounded by another liquid - air. Bathing in the latter may be more beneficial than a cold water bath."
Everyone experienced that inexpressible feeling that arises in a person who is in the bosom of nature, especially after rain or a thunderstorm. Clean, clear air inspires vivacity, adds strength! “Immeasurably high pleasure is experienced by anyone who manages to breathe in the clean, highly ozonized air of mountain terraces, absorb the light aroma of herbs and flowers, while the admiring gaze runs from place to place, greedily catching the bright color of the area”, - wrote the doctor A. K. Shenk.
Air is the most versatile means of hardening. Its effect on the body is versatile. A person is affected by air temperature, its humidity, speed of movement - wind, aerosols - a variety of solid and liquid substances that are in a state of the smallest fragmentation.
The main factor affecting a person is air temperature. It can be high, medium or low. The most favorable air temperature for a person is considered to be a temperature ranging from 18 to 23 degrees Celsius.
Air humidity is also important. Relative humidity is taken into account, which is expressed as the ratio of absolute humidity to the highest humidity at a given air temperature. Relative humidity is expressed as a percentage. Depending on the saturation of water vapor, the air is usually divided into dry - up to 55%, moderately dry - from 56 to 70%, moderately humid - from 71 to 85% and very humid - above 86%.
Air humidity has a significant impact on humans. So, at high relative humidity, we are colder than at low. This is due to the fact that water (water vapor) conducts heat better, its specific heat capacity is higher than that of air. Therefore, in frost with high humidity, the body loses a lot of heat.
The wind is equally important. It is known that in cold, but windless weather, we are warmer than in warmer, but with wind. This happens because with the wind the layer of heated air around our body - the so-called "boundary layer" - is constantly changing and the body heats up more and more portions of the air. Therefore, when there is wind, the body consumes more heat than in calm weather.
It affects the body and aerosol. Aerosol constantly "bombards" the skin of the body, the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. The composition of the aerosol is diverse Aerosols carrying sodium, iodine, bromine and magnesium salts predominate in the air streams coming from the sea. The wind from large green areas carries tree and flower pollen, microorganisms. Aerosol content is uneven in the air. In green areas, near water, it is usually less.
These properties of air must be taken into account when hardening.
The impact of air on the human body is truly universal. Staying in the fresh air, air baths have a beneficial effect on a person. People become more calm, balanced. Their increased excitability, irascibility disappear, sleep improves, and their mood becomes vigorous and cheerful. Breathing improves under the influence of air baths. This is especially pronounced in people suffering from respiratory diseases. Oxidative processes in tissues improve.
The beneficial effects of air baths also affect cardiovascular system. Blood pressure normalizes, blood flow accelerates and blood filling of capillaries increases, which contributes to better nutrition of all body tissues. There is also an increase in the minute volume of the heart (the amount of blood passing through the heart in 1 minute increases), which indicates an increase in the efficiency of the heart muscle.
Air baths are also of great importance in cold hardening. Air acts on the skin of our body with its temperature, humidity, movement. The skin is equipped with nerve endings that perceive these irritations and transmit signals to the nerve centers. When the cooling force of the air changes, the signals enter the central thermoregulatory apparatus. The main role in maintaining body temperature belongs to the vascular system. I. P. Pavlov wrote: “I put the blood vessels of the skin at the head of heat-moving devices.” Consequently, the vascular system (in its interaction with the nervous system) acts as a protective device that protects the body from sharp fluctuations. outside temperature. By exposing the skin to cold air, we thereby train the body's defenses, in this case, vascular reactions. In the process of hardening with air, there is an increase in the efficiency of all systems that provide thermoregulation. In relation to the vascular system, this means that the faster the vessels after cooling (constriction) return to their normal state, the better our body adapts to the cold. It is this mobility of the vessels that characterizes the degree of hardening. Great physiologist
A. A. Ukhtomsky wrote in this regard: “An indicator of tissue performance is its lability, i.e., the speed with which the tissue, having reacted, is able to return to its original state.” As a result of hardening with air, mobility is significantly increased, and, consequently, the expediency of vascular reactions in humans.
Air baths are used for air hardening. According to their thermal (temperature) characteristics, they are divided into cold, moderately cold, cool, indifferent (indifferent) and warm. Their effect on the body depends on the amount of cooling during the period of exposure to air on the body. The impact of an air bath on the human body is assessed by the amount of heat given off by the body to the external environment during the procedure. This takes into account the number of calories given from 1 m2 of skin surface. Depending on this value, the method of hardening with air is built.
Table 1 shows the characteristics of air baths depending on the air temperature (left columns). To the right is the duration of air baths in minutes. For example, a moderately cold bath at an air temperature in the range of 13 - 16 ° C is taken for the fourth time. According to the table, we find that the duration of the procedure should be 8 minutes, for the fifth time - 10 minutes, etc.
When using air baths for the purpose of cold hardening, the following points must be considered. First, the choice of a place for taking air baths. the best
the place, of course, will be a site located near a reservoir and surrounded by green spaces. This will ensure the purity of the air, as well as protect from the wind. Secondly, an air bath must be combined with muscle activity (walking, outdoor games, etc.).
When taking air baths, the following basic rules must be observed:
1. Air baths should be taken throughout the year. The best time to start hardening is summer. A good means of hardening with air is to perform morning hygienic exercises in the open air, with an open window or window. It is very useful to sleep with an open window or window, and if climatic conditions allow - on a balcony or terrace.
2. Air bath should be taken no earlier than 1 - 1.5 hours after eating, and finished 30 minutes before eating.
3. It is necessary, if possible, to combine air baths with solar and hydrotherapy.

WATER HARDENING
Oh, let that shameful timidity against cold water, which I unfortunately noticed in my kind compatriots, be eradicated.
M. Lamovsky
Since ancient times, the healing power of water has been known as a means of strengthening human health.
Academician I. P. Pavlov considered cold water one of the most effective means of fighting for health. Once, during an illness, Pavlov demanded cold water for himself and began ... to bathe his hand ... The doctor who entered the ward stopped in bewilderment. Pavlov, lying on his back, continued bathing his hands.
- I'm making a loan! - he said to the doctor in a quiet voice, weak from illness. - Yes, how is it? After all, you know: I am exhausted by the disease to the limit. One and a half pounds lost in weight. I don't even have a voice. And here I was lying and thinking: where can I get the energy from? The bark is depleted. I have to make a loan for her. Where? In the underside. Charge the bark from the subcortex. After all, the subcortex is a grandiose accumulator of nervous energy. All the strongest, best emotions are connected with the subcortex. Since childhood, for me, water, the river is everything. Bathing, swimming... And in general, my strongest emotions are connected with water... and with its noise and sight... and, finally, temperature irritations. So I make a loan: I excite the subcortical centers with this bathing ... and let them charge the cortex.
From this you can see all the complex effects that water has on the body.
Such a high efficiency of the effect of water on the body is explained by the fact that the heat capacity of water is almost 30 times higher than the heat capacity of air. At an air temperature of 13 degrees, it seems cool to us, while water at the same temperature seems cold. The air at 22° seems indifferent and the water cool. The air at 33° seems warm, and the water only indifferent. Consequently, at the same temperature of air and water, the body in water loses heat almost 30 times more. Because of this, water is very
powerful hardening natural remedy.
There are many ways to harden with water. Depending on the state of health, the degree of hardening and other conditions, you can choose one or another method. The impact of some of them is not very strong (for example, rubbing the body with a wet towel). The strength of the impact of others is enormous (eg, showering, bathing).
It should be remembered that according to their temperature, water procedures are divided into hot - above 40 °, warm - 36 - 40 °, indifferent - 34 - 35 °, cool - 20 - 33 ° and cold - below 20 °. This must be taken into account when hardening your body. It is necessary to start hardening procedures with water having an indifferent temperature, gradually reaching cold water during the hardening process.
Rubbing. This is one of the most accessible forms of using cold water in order to harden the body to cold. Hardening procedures should be started with it, as it helps to prepare the body for more powerful water procedures. At the beginning of hardening by wiping, the water temperature should be 34 - 35 °. Rubbing is done with a simple or terry towel. The towel is soaked in water, slightly wrung out and then the body is rubbed. The duration of the procedure at first - 25 - 30 seconds, then - brought up to 2 minutes! The water temperature also gradually decreases and reaches the temperature of the tap water. After wiping, it is necessary to thoroughly rub the body with a dry towel until it turns red.) The effect of this procedure is the effect of cold water and subsequent rubbing of the body - self-massage. It is advisable to carry it out in the morning after morning hygienic gymnastics.
Pouring the body with water. This is a more powerful procedure. It is necessary to start pouring in the summer. Spraying can be done indoors or outdoors. To do this, you need to stand in the pelvis and put your palms on your head. If you have to douse yourself, then the watering can or jug ​​should be raised above your head and poured over yourself in such a way that the water falls on the whole body as evenly as possible. During the first douche, the water temperature should be 34 - 35 °. “Gradually, its temperature drops to 10 - 12 °. After dousing, the whole body must be thoroughly rubbed with a terry towel until it turns red so that a feeling of warmth appears.
Douching is best done in the morning after charging.
A shower is an energetic form of hardening, where the effect of water on the body is not only thermal, but also mechanical. Therefore, when using the shower, you need to remember the following points. Do not get under the shower after intense physical work. You need to give your body time to cool down. It must be warm and dry. The temperature of the water is the same as when pouring. The duration of the procedure at first - 20 - 30 seconds, then - up to 2 minutes. After a shower, thoroughly rub the body with a terry towel.
Water jets should not be very strong. Cold water combined with a strong mechanical effect can lead to overexcitation of the nervous system, which is undesirable. Therefore, taking a strong cold shower before going to bed is not recommended. This will lead to the fact that the time to fall asleep will be significantly delayed, and sleep will not be full and deep. This procedure can be recommended for people who have poor, intermittent and shallow sleep. In this case, taking a cold shower one to one and a half hours before bedtime significantly normalizes sleep. The essence of this phenomenon is as follows. Excitable people sleep poorly. Excitation caused by a shower shortly before sleep will further intensify the process of excitation, which is then replaced by a process of inhibition. Moreover, the inhibition will be the fuller and deeper (and, consequently, sleep), the higher was the previous excitation.
In everyday life, not the whole body is usually exposed to cold, but only some of its parts, such as the face, neck, hands, feet. We usually protect them with clothing - scarves, gloves, shoes. But this is not always possible. And then the effect of cold on them causes negative reactions in the body, leading to disease.
Some areas of our body are most sensitive to the effects of cold. First of all, these include the feet and the nasopharyngeal cavity. It is necessary to cool them, as a person gets sick. How to fight against it? Local hardening comes to the rescue, in which not the whole body is exposed to the action of a cold stimulus, but only its individual, most vulnerable parts.
When hardening your legs, follow these rules:
1. Wash your feet with water daily in the evening. At the beginning the water temperature is +28 - 30°. The water temperature is lowered by 1 - 2° every week and brought to +12 - 15°. The procedure time is from a minute at the beginning to 3 minutes. After this procedure, the feet must be thoroughly rubbed until redness.
2. Do hardening baths for your feet. Prepare 2 buckets or 2 basins. Hot water is poured into one bucket, cold water into the other. First, the feet are placed in hot water, and then in cold water. Such a change is made 2 - 3 times. Hot water temperature +35° (with a gradual increase of 1° to +40 - 42°), cold water +20° (also with a decrease of 1° every week to +15°). In hot water, the legs are 2 - 3 minutes, in cold - 0.5 minutes. After this procedure, it is also necessary to thoroughly rub the feet until redness.
3. Don't wrap your feet.
4. In the summer, try to walk more barefoot, especially in dew or after a warm summer rain.
If you want the nasopharynx to always be in a pp-row:
1. It is necessary to gargle with cold water every morning and evening. You need to start rinsing with water + 25 - 30 °, every 10 days lowering the water temperature by 1 - 2 °, and gradually bring it to the temperature of the water from the water supply. Gargling should be done all year round.
2. You can not constantly wrap your neck with a scarf. It pampers her, makes her vulnerable to the cold. Get used to light clothing.
3. You can not drink very cold water, eat ice cream in large sips, especially on a hot day or in a heated state.
4. You should always breathe through your nose. When breathing through the nose, the air warms up better than when breathing through the mouth. So, if the temperature of the inhaled air is + 1 °, then when breathing through the nose, it heats up to 25 °, and when breathing through the mouth, only up to 22 °. In the same cases when it is necessary to breathe through the mouth, for example, during intensive
physical work, so that cold air does not act detrimentally on the tonsils, you need to press the tip of the tongue against the palate. In this case, the cold air flowing around the tongue will warm up.
Systematic observance of these rules in 2 months will give the desired effect. Therefore, without postponing hardening for a single day, get down to business!
Bathing. The most effective form of water hardening is bathing. But in order to get more benefit and pleasure from swimming, you need to learn how to swim. Every person should be able to swim. It is known that in the years since the Second World War, more than seven million people aged 15 to 45 have drowned. According to America magazine (No. 112, p. 37), about 6,500 people drown every year in the United States. One of the reasons for this tragedy is the inability to swim.
The ancient Romans spoke with contempt about some of their fellow citizens: he can neither read nor swim, thus emphasizing the importance of the ability to swim in the whole complex of education.
The Slavs were also good at swimming. This was considered the most important thing for them. Many travelers who visited Russia noted that the Russians had the art of crossing any water obstacles.
In order to use bathing correctly, with health benefits, to increase your body's resistance to cold, you should remember the following basic provisions. The effect of bathing depends on the cooling effect of the water. When bathing, there is a discrepancy between heat transfer and heat production. There is a so-called "deficiency of heat". Its value depends on two factors: water temperature and duration of bathing. Therefore, knowing what the water temperature is, using Table 2, it is easy to determine the optimal duration of bathing.
The "heat deficit", which will arise as a result of bathing, is easily replenished due to the adaptive mechanisms of the body. Exceeding the specified duration of bathing will lead to the fact that the body will not be able to repay this debt for a long time. Therefore, despite the apparent underestimation of the data, the recommended bathing time should be observed.
When swimming, the following basic rules should be observed:
1. You can not immediately enter the water in an unfamiliar reservoir. This can lead to various accidents.
2. You can not swim on an empty stomach. You need to enter the water no earlier than an hour and a half after eating.
3. In the water you need to move, swim.
4. You can not swim before the chills, before the appearance of goose krzhi.
5. It is best to swim in the afternoon, when the water has already warmed up.
6. Coming out of the water, you need to immediately wipe yourself with a towel, and not wait for the skin to dry itself. This negatively affects the skin.
7. After leaving the water, you need to do a few energetic movements (exercises). This will help the body recover heat lost during bathing.
8. It is not recommended to swim several times a day, especially at the beginning of the season. It should be remembered that a single bath for 6 minutes and a three-time bath for 2 minutes each are not the same in terms of the strength of their impact.
When bathing three times, the load on the body and heat loss will be almost 3 times higher, despite the fact that the total time spent in water is the same.

WINTER BATHING - "WILD SWIMMING"
Bathing without fatigue, dousing yourself with water, even in autumn and winter, and daily bodily movement.
S. T. Aksakov
V last years along with various forms of hardening of the human body with cold, swimming in the winter in an open reservoir - “winter swimming” is becoming more common.
Bathing in cold water was used by the doctors of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Persons who swam in open water even in winter were called "psychrolutes" in ancient Greece, which means "hunters to swim in cold water."
Avicenna, speaking about the basic conditions for maintaining health, especially noted bathing in cold water. Swimming in ice water was highly appreciated by Academician I.P. Pavlov, Academician I.R. Tarkhanov, Kazan physiologist Professor A.A. Mislavsky, Professor A.N. Khorvat and many other prominent scientists.
Winter swimming has a long history. Originating as a folk custom, it remained in use modern man. This can be seen at least from the fact that the number of so-called "walruses" is steadily increasing both in our country and abroad. At present, there are more than 10 thousand walruses in the USSR, united by winter swimming sections. In Moscow, Leningrad, Minsk, Kiev, Cherepovets, Nizhny Tagil, Murmansk, Yalta, Bratsk and many other cities of our country, winter swimming sections have been created and exist. The geography of winter swimming is surprisingly wide. From the harsh Arctic seas to the Black Sea coast, from the gray Baltic to the stormy Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bOkhotsk - everywhere you can meet representatives of the cheerful walrus tribe.
If other forms of hardening the human body with cold are sufficiently justified and have definite and clear recommendations for their implementation, then winter swimming stands apart in this respect. To date, there have been heated discussions about the appropriateness of its use. Scientists who have studied the effect of winter swimming on the body express opposite opinions. Some believe that winter swimming is useful, others deny it as a means of improving health.
An example of a restrained approach to assessing winter swimming is the statement of the doctor I. S. Marchenko, who for a number of years, back in the 30s, was engaged in winter swimming. He wrote: “... I believe that people who are nervous, suffering from insomnia, shortness of breath, palpitations, after regular bathing feel much more cheerful and more efficient. There is an appetite, good sleep and, most interestingly, need, adversity, and overwork are more easily tolerated. I also felt better and more efficient after bathing. Who can swim? In my opinion, people who do not suffer from heart disease, who do not have severe organic damage to the lungs and severe nervous diseases can swim. In general, people can swim according to the average medical assessment of healthy people. Bathing is harmful to people who work hard, overworked, and undernourished, since bathing itself, greatly increasing metabolism, can lead to various kinds of disorders. As for people who seek healing from illnesses in bathing, this is a delusion and a mistake.
The centuries-old experience of the people and the available data of objective research suggest that winter swimming is a very effective means of improving health and, as Professor I. M. Sarkizov-Serazini argued, an effective remedy for a number of diseases. However, it must be remembered that, like any potent medicine, it requires a very precise and strict dosage. Exceeding the dose may cause the opposite effect. Long-term studies show that swimming in ice water in winter, with the correct organization of this procedure, subject to the basic rules, has a beneficial effect on the human body, significantly increases its resistance to cold. In connection with the wide spread of "winter swimming", given that the ranks of "walruses" are growing rapidly, it is necessary to give it a correct assessment.
Objective research data show that winter swimming is the highest form hardening by cold and is expressed in the maximum tension of all physiological mechanisms of thermoregulation.
Bathing in ice water causes very big changes in the human body. If it is carried out in accordance with the rules of this procedure, then all changes in the body are within the normal range. At the same time, there is an increase in the vital capacity of the lungs, the number of erythrocytes and leukocytes in the peripheral blood increases. Increases the performance of the heart muscle. The amount of blood passing through the heart in one minute increases.
Winter swimming also has a great influence on the mental functions of a person. As a result, attention and memorization increase, the ability to perform various precise operations increases.
So, the available data allow us to consider that there is not a single system in the body that would not change its activity under the influence of cooling during swimming in ice water. The magnitude of these changes depends on the degree of cooling, and the latter, in turn, depends on the residence time in the water.
The duration of bathing is a cardinal issue in the method of this form of cold hardening. A long stay in the water leads to such changes in the body that go beyond the normal. In persons who systematically exceed the permissible norms of bathing, weight loss, disorders in the cardiovascular system (tachycardia) are noted, pain and tactile sensitivity are sharply reduced, attention and memorization are significantly reduced, the ability to perform complex operations. As the famous polar explorer pointed out. R. Scott "... a person in a blizzard must not only maintain blood circulation, ... but also fight against the numbness of the brain and the dullness of the mind ...". There is a general deterioration in well-being, expressed in weakness, fatigue, dizziness and drowsiness. This is a consequence of the fact that with systematic supercooling nervous system a person comes into a state of constant tension, called "Cold fatigue".
Systematic hypothermia leads to deviations that are not yet pathological, but represent deviations from the normal state of the nervous system.
Objective data indicate that when the permissible standards of stay in water are exceeded, very serious violations occur that can lead to severe disorders of the thermoregulation mechanism.
In order to engage in winter swimming, you must strictly observe practical advice and directions.
Bathing place and equipment. Necessary condition is the presence of a warm room near the bathing place. This room should serve as both a dressing room and a place for warming up before and after swimming. The bathing place itself (hole) should have a ladder, a ladder for entering and exiting the water. Railings should be wooden, as iron railings, especially in severe frosts, can cause injury. The hole before bathing should be cleared of ice fragments: sharp fragments can injure the skin, and given that at this moment there is a decrease in pain and tactile sensitivity, the wound may go unnoticed.
The distance from the locker room to the body of water should be kept to a minimum.
The suit for winter swimming is the same as for regular swimming.
Undress in a warm room. Before swimming, it is necessary to perform a warm-up, consisting of special and preparatory exercises. In this case, it is necessary to ensure that the body has a normal temperature before entering the water. If you are heated by brisk walking, or running, or intense warm-up, then you need to let the body cool down, bring it to normal temperature. You can not enter the water hot. If you feel cold, feel a slight chill, then you should increase the intensity of the warm-up before bathing.
Bathing. The main condition for the correct use of winter swimming is the allowable duration of stay in the water. Observations show that the main part of the "walruses" is in the water from 45 to 90 seconds. This is usually the recommended time. However, studies show that then a "cold debt" arises in the body, with which the body is unable to cope. So, body temperature drops by 1 - 3 °, and skin temperature - by 10 - 15 °. Within an hour after bathing, all the adaptive mechanisms of the body are in a state of great tension, trying to compensate for the "heat deficit". There is also oxygen debt. . The purpose of winter swimming is to train the body to protect itself from the cold on its own. The loads applied for this purpose must be within his power. If the loads are higher than the body's capabilities, then this can lead to a breakdown in the activity of the organs that ensure the maintenance of thermal equilibrium. For persons involved in winter swimming, the first season, the maximum duration of bathing should not exceed 20 seconds, the second season - 40 - 50 seconds and, finally, the third season - 60 - 70 seconds. In some cases, certain minor deviations from the indicated figures are permissible - within ± 10 seconds.
In the water you need to move, swim. The best way to swim in these conditions is the breaststroke. The number of strokes must be at least 30 per minute.
After leaving the water, you need to wipe yourself off and quickly move to a warm locker room. The transition from the locker room to the bathing place and back is recommended to be dressed (in a training suit, bathrobe). This will protect the body from excessive heat loss. After the outbreak of heat production caused by cooling and active muscular activity, heat transfer increases sharply. And since in this case a person passes from a colder environment - water to a warmer one - air, then subjectively the feeling of cold is not felt. Therefore, the heat loss that occurs after leaving the water for air is not controlled by the body.
Warm-up after swimming should be done in the locker room. The intensity of the warm-up should be high enough. This will help the body to quickly eliminate the "cold debt" and restore thermal balance.
You should bathe every other day, since it takes at least a day to restore a number of physiological functions of the body after bathing. And we know that any means aimed at increasing the functionality of the body should be used only when the organ or tissue on which they act returned to their original state.
Since winter swimming is a powerful remedy, it also requires strict control. The main indicator that testifies to the beneficial effects of winter swimming is well-being. If after bathing you feel cheerful, efficient, you are in a good mood, there is no aversion to water and you feel the need for bathing, then it has done you good. If after bathing you feel lethargic, lack of appetite, you have poor sleep and there is no need for bathing, this means that the load was great for you. In this case, bathing should be abandoned for a while. When you start swimming again, then the stay in the water should be reduced.
These are the recommendations when using winter swimming in order to harden the body with cold.
A few general tips. You can not use winter swimming to harden children. This is dictated by the fact that the surface area of ​​the body and the level of metabolic processes in children under normal conditions lead to high heat losses. Therefore, by exposing the child's body to such intense cooling, we are obviously making unbearable demands on its adaptive mechanisms. And this can cause their exhaustion and thus the disease of the whole organism.
It is not recommended to hold various kinds of competitions in ice water. The introduction of an element of excitement into the practice of winter swimming is unacceptable. In connection with intensive cooling, there is a violation of the accuracy of the subjective assessment of well-being. Excitement, emotions that take place during the competition, can drown out the signals indicating the occurrence of various abnormalities in the body.

BATH
... The bathhouse for the common people has always been a school of that amazing insensitivity to all extremes of temperature, which Russians differed in, surprising foreigners with this.
E. A. Pokrovsky
One of the effective and effective forms of hardening the human body with cold, increasing its resistance to various adverse environmental factors is a bath.
Throughout the history of mankind, the role of the bath has not always been the same. The extensive development of baths, which began in ancient times, continued until the beginning of the 4th century, when the bath was banned by the church, as a sinful cult of the body, as an institution that violates morality. No wonder this period is characterized by a large number of epidemics, mass infectious diseases.
The 15th and 16th centuries are again characterized by increased attention to the bath, but from 1569, at the insistence of the church, they again begin to close. And finally, at the beginning of the 18th century, the widespread construction of baths began.
The use of the bath to improve health and fight various ailments in many peoples is a kind of strong, stable habit, one of the customs.
Baths have been known in Russia since ancient times. So, already in the annals of Nestor we find a description of the bath and the whole bath procedure: beat them ... and pour jelly water over them and live like that.
A certain Adam Olearius wrote that the Russians already came to the conclusion about the imposture of False Dmitry because he “did not go to the bathhouse as often as Russians do, for Russians firmly adhere to the custom of washing in a bathhouse.”
The historian M.I. Kostomarov points out that the Russian people needed a bath not only for cleanliness, not only as the main cure for all ailments, but also as a kind of pleasure, enjoyment.
The magazine "Son of the Fatherland" for 1819 describes an interesting case from the words of a contemporary of Peter the Great. “In 1717, when Peter the Great was in Paris, he ordered to make a bathhouse on the banks of the Seine in one house for the grenadiers, in which they bathed after the heat. Such an unusual and for the Parisians, in their opinion, death adventurous action was produced by a crowded gathering of spectators.
They watched in amazement as the soldiers, running out, heated by the bath steam, rushed into the river, swam and dived. The royal chamberlain Verton, who is in the servants of the emperor, seeing this bathing himself, reported to Peter the Great (not knowing that it was being done by order of the sovereign) that he forbade the soldiers to swim, for they would all die. Peter, laughing, answered: “Do not be afraid, Mr. Verton. The soldiers are somewhat weakened by the Parisian air, so they harden themselves with a Russian bath. We have this in winter too: habit is second nature.
The role and significance of the bath in the life of the Russian people are reliably described in A. Tolstoy's novel "Peter the Great". In it, in the words of Menshikov, it is said that the bath is the national identity of a Russian person: “... in Paris, for example, to take a steam bath and even kvass - they don’t understand anything about this and therefore the people are small.” And further: “... Pyotr Alekseevich, lowering his long legs, sat down on a shelf, bent his head, sweat poured from his curly dark hair.
"Good," he said. - Very good. So kind kam-rat ... Without St. Petersburg, but without a bath for us, as a body without a soul.
A. S. Pushkin, who visited the Tiflis bath in 1829, vividly and colorfully described the bath procedure. “Hassan ... began by spreading me out on a warm stone floor; after which he began to break my limbs, stretch my joints, beat me hard with his fist; I did not feel the slightest pain, but an amazing relief... After that, he rubbed me for a long time with a woolen mitten and, splashing warm water heavily, began to wash with a soapy linen bubble. The feeling is indescribable…”
In addition to everything, the baths also carried a cultural load, being a kind of centers of culture, a meeting place. Thus, the terms, public baths in ancient Rome, were also sports, social, cultural and entertainment institutions.
V. A. Gilyarovsky, a well-known everyday writer of old Moscow, in his book “Moscow and Muscovites”, devotes a large place to baths. “Moscow without baths is not Moscow!” he remarks. The popularity of the Sandunovsky baths not only as a hygienic institution, but also as a kind of club is evidenced by the following excerpt from this book: "These baths were visited by both Griboedov and Pushkin's Moscow, the one that gathered in the salon of Zinaida Volkonskaya and in the English club." Baths play a similar role in Japan. Sento, the public baths that are found on every block, are not only the place where people bathe after a long labor day, but also a kind of community center.
Bathhouses have not lost their significance as a place of sorts of gatherings and meetings even today, especially for athletes. Here is how one of the famous Soviet athletes, Honored Master of Sports of the USSR N.P. Starostin, describes it. “Do you know what a bath football day is in Moscow? No. You don't know.
This is a forum, backstage, stands of football masters. Here, in the Central or Sandunovsky baths, after calendar meetings, players from all teams flock.
...Do you want to know all the football news, scores, conflicts? You are welcome. The dressing room is full of players and coaches. In the steam room - all the celebrities, healthy and lame. Massage therapists work hard. Yesterday's opponents fraternally play each other with brooms. ...Shara, thickly infused on a birch leaf, is conducive to rest, to conversations. Football players relax their muscles and Souls.
Sauna is the best treat and relaxation in Finland.
Visiting the sauna is not only a tradition, but also an integral part of the hardening and training of Finnish athletes.
Recently, the popularity of the bath has fallen somewhat. It can be assumed that this is due to two reasons. Firstly, the presence of baths in apartments, and secondly, the weak promotion of the bath as a hygiene product, and, no less important, as a means of strengthening health, increasing the body's resistance.
There are several types of baths. This distinction has developed historically. It is due national traditions people.
The classification of baths depends on the principle underlying it.
So, according to the layout, purpose and their equipment, baths are divided into toilet and checkpoints.
If the classification is based on the principle of using warm water, then they are divided into gang, shower and mixed.
Depending on the source of steam formation or the method of obtaining steam in the steam room, several qualitatively different types of baths are distinguished: Roman, Arabic, Turkish, Finnish sauna, Russian steam room, as well as sento and ofuro in Japan.
A necessary accessory of the Roman bath is a pool of cold water, where the bathers bathed after a hot bath. It should be noted that in ancient Rome, a daily visit to the term was considered mandatory.
In the Arab and Turkish baths, the source of steam is the floor, heated from below by special fireboxes, which are then poured with water. In the middle of the bathing hall there is an elevation on which the bathers lie down and sweat.
Finnish sauna - dry air bath. Its thermal characteristic is 10 - 15% relative humidity and air temperature 70 - 90°. Dry air facilitates heat transfer and makes it easier to endure such a high temperature. The bathing procedure is necessarily combined with swimming in cold water in the pool at the bathhouse or in an open pond.
A distinctive feature of the Russian bath, its “most important beauty” is the stove-heater, which serves as a source of heat and steam. A characteristic feature of the Russian bath is also the steam room, where those who wash themselves bathe with brooms. A sharp change in the temperature of the water used during washing is considered mandatory. As a rule, a Russian bath consists of 3 rooms: changing rooms, a soap room and a steam room.
The Japanese bath stands somewhat apart. Sento are public baths. A visit to a public bath or use of a home bath - ofuro - is considered mandatory every day or every other day.
Ofuro is a large wooden barrel with a seat inside. Under it is a stove that is heated with charcoal. The water temperature is 45°. The time spent in the water is about an hour. As eyewitnesses point out, bathing for the Japanese means something more than just washing off dust and dirt: “The main thing is the time that you spend sitting in hot water on a cold winter evening, absorbing heat or steaming so that after leaving the bath even hot and humid summer evening seems cool and pleasant.
It should be noted that for a person who first got into a Japanese bath, the water temperature seems unbearable. And it takes a long time to accustom yourself to endure such hot water.
What is the effect of the bath procedure on the human body? Without touching on all aspects of its influence on the body, we note only one - the effect on increasing resistance to cold.
In cold hardening, the bath plays an important role. First of all, all the rooms of the bath - the locker room, the soap room and the steam room - have a different, sharply different temperature. Moving from room to room has a training effect. Abrupt change temperature conditions is a kind of gymnastics for blood vessels. Either expanding under the influence of heat, then narrowing under the influence of cold, they significantly increase their elasticity. As a result, they respond better to all temperature changes in the external environment. Since vascular reactions mainly determine heat transfer, their training during the bath procedure helps to increase resistance to cold. The steam bath is especially effective in this regard. Therefore, visiting a steam bath (no more than twice a week) should be included in the general set of procedures used to harden the body with cold.

MEASURES TO HELP PROTECT YOUR BODY FROM THE COLD

CLOTHES
One of the important factors affecting the hardening process is clothing. The main purpose of clothing is to protect our body from the adverse effects of the external environment (low temperature, wind, fog, rain, snow, etc.). With the help of clothes, we create for ourselves an artificially regulated microclimate (“desired climate”), independent of weather conditions.
Putting on this or that clothing, we mentally determine its compliance with the weather conditions at the moment. “Dress warmly” is often heard on a cold day. What is the "warmth" of clothing?
The thermal insulation properties of any material - fabric, fur, etc., used in clothing, depend only on the layer of inert air contained in it. Fur lining, as well as fur clothing, has the best thermal insulation properties, as it creates a large insulating layer of air. Therefore, the more the fabric is saturated with air, the less thermal conductivity it has, the “warmer” it is. If the thermal conductivity of air, for example, is taken as 1, then the thermal conductivity of wool is 6.1, silk - 19.2, cotton and linen - 29.9.
Based on this, the best way to protect yourself from the cold is woolen or fur clothing. Down has no less valuable heat-shielding properties. But the widespread use of good grades of wool, fur or down is limited by their scarcity and high cost.
A reservoir of underclothing air can be created by choosing the right fabrics. Mesh fabric has the ability to keep a significant amount of air inside its cells. This is what makes her warm. For example, such a combination of clothes - a mesh worn on a naked body, a linen shirt, again a mesh and, finally, a jacket made of thick fabric - and another combination of clothes - a linen shirt worn on a naked body, a woolen sweater and the same jacket - according to "warmth ” turned out to be the same, i.e. 2 nets completely replaced the wool sweater. It follows from this that the correct selection of the types of fabrics used in clothing can provide high thermal insulation properties of the entire suit. A good protection of our body from the cold can be achieved not by the thickness of the material or the number of layers of clothing, but by the correct selection of fabrics.
Scientists have found that it is not advisable to increase the number of layers of clothing.
Table 3 shows that the optimal number of clothing layers is 4 - 5. Increasing the layers to 6 - 7 or more reduces the thermal conductivity slightly, but at the same time significantly increases the overall weight of the clothing and hinders freedom of movement.
Different types of activities in cold conditions require different clothing. If a person is going for winter fishing, then the requirements for clothing are the same: a person is in the cold at rest for a long time. When skiing, clothes should be different - “colder”: when skiing, excessive heat is generated in the body, and in this case, warm clothes can lead to overheating of the whole body. This is especially important for children, since excessive wrapping of them leads to the fact that the body pampers and therefore is more often exposed to colds.
It is known that the famous scientist A. Humboldt, during his trip to Africa, got so used to the heat that the temperature of 21 ° was felt by him as cold. The natives of the Fiji Islands do not use any clothes, although the air temperature drops to 10 - 15 °. At the same time, the inhabitants of Gomba heat the stoves in their dwellings if the air temperature drops to 22 °.
Shoes should serve the main purpose - to protect the feet from mechanical damage and temperature effects.
The best material for making shoes is leather. It is porous and therefore, on the one hand, provides good ventilation, and on the other hand, good thermal insulation. In addition, the skin does not absorb moisture well, which protects the feet from getting wet.
Well protect the legs from cooling various kinds of socks and stockings. Socks made of any material reduce heat loss by 35 - 40%, while socks together with shoes reduce heat loss by 90%. The best material for making socks is wool.
Now a little about fashion. The indefatigable desire to follow fashion at all costs, without taking into account climatic conditions, is fraught with disastrous consequences. And in this regard, some fashion trends are clearly harmful to health. This primarily concerns the fashion to walk in winter without a hat. Systematic cooling of the head leads to persistent constriction of blood vessels, causing cerebrovascular accidents. In addition, it leads to increased hair loss.
Since women's fashions are most often subject to change, the reckless pursuit of her fads often causes great damage to the beauty of women. For example, wearing cropped coats, dresses and skirts, wearing underwear and nylon stockings. In winter, in the conditions of the middle lane and northern regions, this is absolutely unacceptable.
Any new fashion trend must be considered in the light of specific climatic conditions, remembering that the main purpose of clothing is to protect our body from the cold.

NUTRITION
Nutrition is one of the most important conditions for maintaining human health and performance. For each type of work, for each weather and climatic conditions, a certain, special diet is required.
Practical experience suggests that there is a certain relationship between living conditions, human nutrition and his performance. Even Hippocrates, the famous physician of antiquity, advised to take into account the ratio between the amount of food taken and the amount of physical work performed, as well as nutrition and meteorological conditions.
It has long been known that appetite increases in the cold, and decreases in the heat. In frost, the need for high-calorie food increases by 15 - 20%. Therefore, it is natural that food in the cold season should be more high-calorie. Moreover, the calorie content should be the higher, the more a person spends energy. This applies to all activities related to working in the cold, during winter sports, as well as swimming. Thus, human nutrition in the conditions of cold periods of the year - late fall, winter, early spring - has its own characteristics. What are they? What products should be preferred? How many times a day should you eat?
First of all, about the diet. You should eat at least four times a day. On especially cold days, food intake can be increased up to 5-6 times. Breakfast and lunch should make up about 80% of the total daily diet.
Scientists have found that carbohydrate-rich foods best meet nutritional requirements in cold conditions. With the constant action of cold, glucose significantly increases the body's resistance to cooling.
Effective in cold conditions and food rich in fats. It is even more effective than carbohydrate-rich foods when consumed in small portions, but often (after 2-3 hours). With three meals a day, its advantages over carbohydrate food are not noted. The fact that the body in cold conditions needs fats is a well-known fact. People who, in warm climates or in warm seasons, even feel aversion to fatty foods, willingly eat very fatty foods in cold conditions. Polar explorers note that those of them who almost did not use oil in the temperate zone ate it in large quantities during wintering, up to 100 grams at a time.
Protein-rich foods are less effective in cold conditions.
Thus, in winter (cold) conditions, an increase in calorie intake should be carried out mainly at the expense of fats and carbohydrates, since these products are the main sources of thermal energy in the body.
It is important that in cold conditions food is taken hot. This is dictated by the following reasons. To warm the food we eat, our body spends a certain amount of heat. Even when eating warm food, more than 40 calories are spent on further warming it!
An important point in cold weather is also the nutritional value of vitamins. Vitamins C, B A and B are of particular importance.
It is known that an increase in ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in the diet significantly increases the body's resistance to cold and accelerates the process of adaptation to adverse conditions. Vitamin C is involved in the processes of cellular respiration, in the regulation of carbohydrate and nitrogen, and especially creatine metabolism. The usual daily requirement for vitamin C is 65 - 70 mg. When applying hardening procedures, the daily rate must be increased to 100-110 mg. If by occupation you have to spend a certain time in the cold and this is due to physical activity, the daily rate should be increased to 150-160 mg.
Equally important is vitamin B, (thiamine). It is involved in cellular respiration, fat and carbohydrate metabolism, and other vital important processes. Its deficiency in the body leads to various disorders. Under the action of cold on the body, the need for vitamin B increases dramatically. Its daily allowance is 5 mg.
Another vitamin of the same group - B9 - pantothenic acid - contributes to better resistance to cold, many times increasing the body's resistance to cold. The daily requirement for vitamin B9 is 5 mg.
Vitamin E is involved in the process of heat generation in the body.
Other vitamins are equally important.

_____________________

Recognition and formatting - BK-MTGC, 2018

human physiology- — EN human physiology A branch of biological sciences that studies the functions of organs and tissues in human beings. (Source: OMD / WOR)… … Technical Translator's Handbook

human physiology- ▲ human physiology accelerate. acceleration ... Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language

Scientific journal of the Russian Academy of Sciences, since 1975. Founder (1998) Department of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 6 issues per year… encyclopedic Dictionary

- (from Greek φύσις nature and Greek λόγος knowledge) the science of the essence of living things and life in normal and pathological conditions, that is, about the patterns of functioning and regulation of biological systems of different levels of organization, about the limits of the norm ... ... Wikipedia

PHYSIOLOGY- PHYSIOLOGY, one of the main branches of biology (see), the tasks of the swarm are: the study of the patterns of living functions, the emergence and development of functions and transitions from one type of functioning to another. Independent sections of this science ... ... Big Medical Encyclopedia

Physiology (from the Greek φύσις nature and the Greek λόγος knowledge) is the science of the laws of functioning and regulation of biological systems of different levels of organization, the limits of the norm of life processes (see. normal physiology) and painful ... ... Wikipedia

PHYSIOLOGY, physiology, pl. no, female (from Greek physis nature and logos doctrine). 1. The science of the functions, functions of the body. Human physiology. Physiology of plants. || These very functions and the laws that govern them. Physiology of respiration. Physiology ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

- (from the Greek phýsis - nature and ... Logia) of animals and humans, the science of the vital activity of organisms, their individual systems, organs and tissues and the regulation of physiological functions. F. also studies the patterns of interaction of living organisms with ...

A branch of physiology that studies the patterns of the course of physiological processes and the features of their regulation during human labor activity, that is, the labor process in its physiological manifestations. F. t. solves two main tasks: ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

A science that has the task of describing and explaining life phenomena. Previously, φυσίολόγια meant the actual science of nature in general (φύσις nature), and only later did this name begin to be limited to the circle of life phenomena alone, moreover ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

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