Starting from the 5th century. History of the development of anatomy, physiology and hygiene
The answers to tasks 1–24 are a word, a phrase, a number or a sequence of words, numbers. Write your answer to the right of the task number without spaces, commas or other additional characters.
Read the text and do tasks 1-3.
(1) All marine animals depend directly or indirectly on plant plankton as the basis of the food chain, and plant plankton can only exist where sufficient sunlight penetrates the water column for photosynthesis. (2) Below this layer, life rapidly declines, as deep-sea organisms are entirely dependent on the remains of plants and animals coming from above. (3) ______ is enough to pollute only a small part of the top layer to kill all life in the ocean.
1
Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the MAIN information contained in the text?
1. Since plant plankton - the basis of the food chain of marine animals and deep-sea organisms - exists in the upper layer of water, it is enough to pollute only part of the upper layer for all life in the ocean to die.
2. The life of marine animals and deep-sea organisms in the ocean largely depends on plant plankton, which is found in the upper layer of water.
3. Pollution of only part of the deep layer of the ocean cannot lead to the death of all life in the ocean.
4. Pollution of only a part of the upper layer of water leads to the death of all life in the ocean, since it is in the upper layer of water that the basis of the food chain of marine animals and deep-sea organisms - plant plankton - exists.
5. Since deep-sea organisms depend on animals living on the surface of the ocean, life is concentrated only in its upper layers.
2
Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).
1. Despite this,
2. Therefore
3. Contrary to this,
4. Maybe
5. On the contrary,
3
Read the fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meaning of the word LIFE. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
LIFE, and, well.
1. The totality of phenomena occurring in organisms, a special form of the existence of matter. Origin of life on Earth. J. Universe. Laws of life.
2. The physiological existence of man, animal, all living things. J. plants. Risk your life. Save someone. well.
3. The time of such an existence from its inception to the end, as well as in some. his period. Short, long. At the beginning, at the end of life.
4. The activity of society and man in one or another of its manifestations. Public well. Family well. Spiritual well. Seething well.
4
In one of the words below, a mistake was made in the formulation of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted INCORRECTLY. Write out this word.
5
In one of the sentences below, the underlined word is WRONGLY used. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
1. The flower beds and walkways on the site were originally created for decorative purposes, and FENCE them with a border means to destroy the effect of the decor that they create.
2. For many kilometers along the ocean coast, a narrow strip of SANDY beach stretched, to which exotic shrubs descended along the hillside, creating a shadow.
3. I learned gymnastics, in which a sharp INhale is performed when the entire body moves forward.
4. The right choice of car is the key to your safety.
5. The head of the department provided patients with a COMFORTABLE stay in the hospital.
6
In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
NIGHT CALL
YEAR 2000
HIGHEST Rise
7
Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
| SUGGESTIONS | GRAMMATICAL ERRORS |
| A) Preparing for a hike, a lot depends on the organizers. | 1) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition |
| B) The biologist Malyshev made interesting observations, the results of which he outlined a few years later in his article "Topographic abilities of insects." | 2) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate |
| C) Thanks to the understanding of my parents and friends, I managed to overcome difficulties. | 3) violation in the construction of a proposal with an inconsistent application |
| D) Andryushin remained for a long time on the terrace, admiring the dazzling flashes of lightning over the garden. | 4) an error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members |
| E) After the performance, the entire ensemble went down from the stage. | 5) incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover |
| 6) violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover | |
| 7) incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech. |
Write your answer in numbers without spaces or other characters.
8
Determine the word in which the unstressed checked vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.
t..oretic
zabl.. become
elect..rational
per. .odic
suppose
9
Determine the row in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write these words out with the missing letter.
and .. walking, ra .. beat
pr.. old, pr.. nickname
pr..touched, pr..call
to..write, o..gave
10
eclipse
orange..out
plush..vy
honor..vaya
cheap .. low
11
Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap.
recognizing..my
cursed..
sure..
hate..my
12
Identify the sentence in which NOT with the word is spelled CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write out this word.
1. Rooks walked in the (NOT) YELLOWED rye.
2. In the house, (NOT) LOOKING at the evening coolness, it was stuffy.
3. Leaving, the father (NOT) CLOSED the windows, and the house became cool.
4. Sonya ran out into the street with her head (NOT) COVERED with a scarf.
13
Determine the sentence in which both underlined words are spelled ONE. Open the brackets and write out these two words.
1. (C) START ask who has seen this book. (PO) Apparently, no one except Seryozha could take it!
3. (B) DURING the whole morning, Kirill did not leave the feeling (AS) AS if the air was washed with spring water.
4. (AT) DALIE the slender sails of fishing boats rose, and they seemed pink, BECAUSE (THAT) they were illuminated by the setting sun.
5. Many ancient works that were rewritten (B) DURING the VIII-IX centuries were preserved (B) FLESH until recent years.
14
Indicate all the numbers in the place of which HH is written.
The term "herbarium" appeared in the 16th century to refer to arid (1) plants, collected (2) for a collection and intended (3) for scientific work on floristry, breeding.
15
Set up punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1. A good specialist is based on fundamental knowledge and is distinguished by the ability to find the right information and the ability to work hard.
2. For festive illumination, both electric garlands and lanterns were used.
3. At night the wind gets angry and knocks on the window.
4. In the thickets, corncrakes or some other birds cried plaintively all night.
5. Coastal grasses were warmed by damp heat and countless clouds of pale green moths hovered low above them.
16
The sun (1) bypassing the house (2) looked under the pines and fir trees (3) with its branches (4) shading the balcony.
17
Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentences.
A.S. Pushkin called M.V. Lomonosov "our first university". All their scientific achievements M.V. Lomonosov (1) as you know (2) tried to put into practice. So (3) for example (4) he created the mosaic " Poltava battle”, having developed methods for grinding and casting smalt.
18
Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentence.
Literary parody (1) whose main task (2) (3) is irony (4) has served as a means of controversy since the times of Lomonosov and Sumarokov.
19
Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentence.
The minutes of waiting dragged on painfully long (1) and (2) when the shooters got close to eight (3) it already seemed to Sergeev (4) that he had spent an eternity on this bench.
20
Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by excluding the extra word. Write out this word.
The heroes of the film are not similar to each other, what unites them together?
Read the text and complete tasks 21-26.
(1) Money is a means of distributing material goods according to work, and by no means the purpose of existence, not the basis of the prestige and influence of the individual.
(2) However, for all the subservience of its role, money is constantly present in our relationships, and issues related to money represent a wide field for the formation of such qualities as honesty, nobility, modesty, delicacy, commitment. (3) In addition, raising a correct view of the role of money is to instill in children their true meaning, to show their real place in a number of basic life values: knowledge, creative work, spiritual and intellectual communication. (4) Probably, this is why today parents are very concerned about the influence of the family on the attitude to material values, to money. (5) What should and what can the family do in order to prevent manifestations of petty-bourgeois self-interest, possessiveness, “materialism” in children? (6) What should and what can a family do so that children who grow up in material prosperity, surrounded by many good and beautiful things, do not find themselves in spiritual captivity?
(7) At first, no one in the family attached importance to the fact that little Alyonka, to the request: “Give me a toy,” invariably answered with a decisive refusal, energetically pressing a rattle or a rubber animal to her chest. (8) Soon Alyonka's character began to cause some concern: she began to constantly quarrel with children over toys.
(9) Condescending acquaintances delicately reassured worried parents: “Come on, it's a child! (10) Usual childish greed. (11) Don't worry.
(12) There is a dubious theory that classifies the so-called childish greed as a natural, almost mandatory age-related feature. (13) Indeed, many "little greedy" grow up as quite normal, even kind people. (14) Under the influence of upbringing and the environment, sometimes without a special parental "sight" in the emerging character, positive traits take over - kindness, generosity. (15) But this is not always the case. (16) Large greedy grow, as a rule, from small greedy.
(17) It was decided to declare war on Alyonina's greed - a bloodless and "nervous" war. (18) Yes, Alena had no bad examples before her eyes, in her loved ones she could not observe either pettiness or self-interest. (19) But, apparently, more illustrative examples of kindness and not joking, but serious explanations were needed.
(20) Now in the family they tried as often as possible to show each other signs of attention with gifts, and with Alena they often discussed the upcoming gift to relatives or friends. (21) They tried to make the girl see how loved ones easily, with pleasure give in to each other even what they wanted to take for themselves. (22) My grandmother bought a blouse, figured it out - and it fits in size, and it’s good for her face. (23) And in the evening she offered her daughter-in-law, to whom this blouse suited more. (24) Another time, my mother came in a new scarf, but put it on my grandmother's coat, saw how the scarf fits well, and gave it to my grandmother.
Option 35
Part 1
Read the text and complete tasks 1-3
(1) All marine animals depend directly or indirectly on plant plankton as the basis of the food chain, and plant plankton can only exist where sufficient sunlight penetrates the water column for photosynthesis. (2) Below this layer, life rapidly declines, as deep-sea organisms are entirely dependent on the remains of plants and animals coming from above. (3)<...>it is enough to pollute only a small part of the upper layer, so that all life in the ocean perishes.
1. Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.
Pollution of only part of the deep layer of the ocean cannot lead to the death of all life in the ocean.
Since plant plankton is the basis of the food chain for marine animals and deep-sea organisms, it exists in the upper layer of water, it is enough to pollute only part of the upper layer for all life in the ocean to die.
The life of marine animals and deep-sea organisms depends in part on plant plankton, which is found in the upper layer of the water.
All life in the ocean can die if the top layer of water is contaminated, because it is in it that plant plankton lives, which occupies an important place in the food chain.
Since deep-sea organisms depend on animals living on the surface of the ocean, life is concentrated only in its upper layers.
2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).
In spite of this,
Nevertheless
That's why
First of all
For example,
3. Read the fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meaning of the word LIFE. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
LIFE, and, well.
The physiological existence of man, animal, all living things. Give Well. to someone (to give birth; high; also trans.). J. plants. Give to someone (pardon the convict; high.). Risk your life. Save someone. well. A matter of life and death.
The time of such existence from its inception to the end, as well as in some. his period. Short, long. At the beginning, at the end of life. My f. in the village.
The activity of society and man in one or another of its manifestations. Public well. Family well. Spiritual well. Seething well.
Real reality. Carry out a decision in Sign in (to come true).
Revitalization, manifestation of activity, energy. The streets are full of life. More life! (a call to act more energetically, livelier; colloquial).
4. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel was highlighted INCORRECTLY. Write out this word.
obituary
arrived
called
skinned
having understood
5. In one of the sentences below, the underlined word is WRONGLY used. Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.
He was reprimanded for evasion from fulfilling his direct duties.
Automakers are resorting to various tricks to underestimate the data on harmful emissions into the atmosphere.
My neighbor has always been a thrifty host.
A vessel bound for ICE navigation must meet certain requirements.
The leader had to make a TOUGH decision.
6. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the form of the word. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
LEG on back
famous PROFESSORS
IN BOKU
BEAUTIFUL
five paragraphs
Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and sentences in which they are made: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
GRAMMATICAL ERRORS
SUGGESTIONS
A) incorrect construction of a sentence with an indirect
speech
1) Thanks to the work of restorers, we can admire the frescoes of the Ferapontov Monastery.
B) an error in the construction of a sentence
with homogeneous members
2) The sisters were both well versed in music and in painting.
C) violation in the construction of the proposal
with inconsistent application
3) The officer said stationmaster that "I need horses."
D) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate
4) Many of those who have been to Mikhailovsky Park were amazed at the size of the old estate trees.
D) wrong
construction of a sentence with adverbial turnover
5) Depicting any object, for the artist his own attitude is important.
6) Thanks to the efforts of the builders, the object was commissioned on time.
7) Artistic media, which were used in A. S. Pushkin's poem "The Village", gravitate towards the classic tradition.
8) Everyone who starts learning early foreign language master them to perfection.
9) Not only abilities, but also diligence will help to achieve success in work.
8. Determine the word in which the unstressed alternating vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.
floor .. turn
appearance
transfer
with .. renevy
freaked out
9. Determine the row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write these words out with the missing letter.
under .. take, pr .. image
o..give, p..stab
pr..light, pr..growth
pr .. filed, pr .. fight
10. Write down the word in which the letter E is written at the place of the gap.
evasive
changeable
Overnight
yelp..wat
legible
11. Write down the word in which the letter I is written at the place of the gap.
abandoned
fill .. sew
feed..sh
noticed..ny
alarmed
12. Define a sentence in which NOT with the word is written CLEARLY. Open the brackets and write out this word.
The house stood in the middle of the steppe, not (NOT) FENCED.
Receive letters was (NOT) (FROM) WHOM.
Life was (NOT) QUIET, but stormy, eventful.
Brother (NOT) dignified Misha even with a look.
Alexey read in the eyes of a classmate (NOT) FAKE sadness.
13. Define a sentence in which both highlighted words are spelled ONE. Open the brackets and write out these two words.
(FROM) THE place where they said goodbye to Brook, they were now separated by at least five kilometers, (FOR) THAT there was no point in going back.
And the pale grebe THAT (SAME) is needed, (FOR) THIS is why nature created it.
HERE (SAME) it was necessary to ask people I did not know, WHAT (WOULD) call my mother.
The hostess could not understand (WHY) WHY I was looking at family photos on the wall for so long, (IN) FOR several minutes.
There are people who (B) CONTINUATION of their whole lives bear SOME (THAT) imprint of being chosen.
14.. Indicate the number (s) in the place of which (s) is written HH.
The powerful (1) marble living room of the Kerilos villa is decorated with (2) and gilded (3) furniture, created (4) by the best masters of Italy on the model of ancient Greek.
15. Arrange punctuation marks. Write two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.
The goals of astrologers and alchemists were fantastic, but their observations and experiments contributed to the accumulation of knowledge both in astronomy and in chemistry.
In the 12th century, painters painted pictures with paints or ink on silk or paper scrolls.
On the street the whole of December, then snow, then rain ...
The caravel had three masts with straight and oblique sails and could move in the right direction even with a headwind.
Pushkin's things live a special life and museum keepers read the letters hidden in them.
16. Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number (s) in the place of which (s) in the sentence should (s) be a comma (s).
We crossed the river raft(1) made of three tied logs (2) and went to the right (3) keeping (4) closer to the shore.
17. Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number (s) in the place of which (s) should (s) be a comma (s).
In the past, many were (1) of course (2) well-known Aksakov's house, where everything breathed creativity, family happiness and contentment. Friends of the family, numerous guests (3) probably (4) more than once had a chance to rest in this house in body and soul from worldly squabbles and worries.
·eighteen. Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number (s) in the place of which (s) in the sentence should (s) be a comma (s).
For abundant flowering (1) geraniums (2) seeds (3) of which (4) can be sown in summer or before winter are valued.
Place all punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers, in
At night, timber was brought to the river (1) and (2) when the white fog wrapped the banks (3) all eight companies laid boards (4) on the wreckage of bridges.
Read the text, complete tasks 20 - 25
(1) How a person is born, how he grows in his first years, how he himself becomes a man is unknown to him. (2) The beginning of life does not remain in his memory. (Z) The most important thing is missing. (4) The memory of childhood appears by the age of three or four, when the “I” begins. (5) 0 the first years can be recognized from the stories of parents, nannies: some scenes, words ... (b) For some reason, nature hides from a person the most tender, sweetest period of his life. (7) But for what? (8) This classification has some meaning, because everything that nature does is not accidental, by no means negligence, not maliciousness.
(9) But then oblivion and memory are constantly fighting, you won’t understand what exactly we forget, why we forget this person, good, smart, but we remember worthless. (10) Something memory manages to defend, something manages to be withdrawn. (11) The remnants, those that remain, this is the personality, it consists of memories, and above all childhood ones.
(12) Memories, if you like, need care. (13) It is useful to shake them up, refresh them, comprehend them, especially the early ones. (14) It is no coincidence that Leo Tolstoy began his work with a story about childhood. (15) At twenty-eight, he took up memories of what they usually end up with. (16) Maxim Gorky began to write "Childhood" at the age of forty-five. (17) And Mikhail Zoshchenko wrote “Before Sunrise” at the age of forty-nine and suffered for a long time, trying to restore his earliest memory to great memory.
And in this case he achieved rare results: it was a successful experience of this kind of memory restoration. (19) However, it seems that his work would be the easier the sooner he would deal with them.
Mnemosyne's favorite, Vladimir Nabokov, proved in the best way that childhood is the birthplace of the writer. (21) "Other Shores" are built from the treasures of children's memory, this is a celebration of children's memory. (22) By some miracle, he retained the freshness of her colors, smells, sensations.
“In front of my eyes, as well as in front of my mother’s, a huge coachman’s back, in a blue pleated padded jacket, with a leather-rimmed travel clock on a sash, was expanding, they showed twenty minutes past three.” (24) The end of the phrase must be confirmed by a photographic Nabokov memory device.
Once, while in the USA, at the University of Kansas, I got into a conversation with a former friend of V. Nabokov. (26) He told curious details about how Nabokov looked after his memory, one might say, cherished it. (27) For example, during the years of his life in the USA, and then in Switzerland, he did not acquire his own furniture, books. (28) Life in hotels, boarding houses allowed this. (29) He avoided acquiring things in every possible way: they, as he believed, take away memory. (SO) He tried to keep the world of his childhood intact in all micro-details...
Remembering my life, I understand that much of the past has died in me and continues to die. (32) Memory is what was saved.
(According to D. A. Granin)
Daniil Aleksandrovich Granin (born 1919) Russian Soviet writer, public figure.
20. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Specify the answer numbers.
The human memory is arranged in such a way that it stores memories only of good people and destroys the memories of the bad ones.
A person learns about the first years of his life, as a rule, from close people.
Leo Tolstoy wrote a story about his childhood already in his old age.
The work of M. M. Zoshchenko “Before Sunrise” is a painful attempt to restore his earliest memory.
Living abroad, VV Nabokov tried to acquire as many new things as possible.
21. Which of the following statements are true? Specify the answer numbers.
Sentences 12, 13 present the narrative.
Proposition 21 is contrasted in content with Proposition 20.
Sentence 23 provides a description.
Sentences 27-30 illustrate what is being said in sentence 26.
In sentences 31, 32, reasoning is presented.
22. From sentences 20-24 write out an obsolete word with the meaning "belt".
23. Among sentences 25-32, find one (s) that is (s) connected with the previous one using introductory word and personal pronoun. Write the number(s) of this offer(s).
“How figurative the language of D. A. Granin can be judged by the use
a trope such as (A) ("restoration of memory" in sentence 18).
Syntactic means of expression: (B) ("shake up, refresh,
comprehend” in sentence 13, “colors, smells, sensations” in sentence 22),
(B) (“and especially for children” in sentence 11, “especially early”
in sentence 13) help the author express his thought more accurately.
Throughout the text, D. A. Granin uses the technique (G)
(“we forget” “remember” in sentence 9, “engaged” “finish” in sentence 15, “died” “saved” in sentences 31 and 32)”.
List of terms:
lexical repetition
colloquial vocabulary
metaphor
epithet
introductory constructions
clarifying constructions
ranks homogeneous members suggestions
phraseological unit
antithesis
Part 2
Write an essay based on the text you read.
Formulate one of the problems posed by the author of the text. Comment on the formulated problem. Include in the comment two illustration examples from the read text that you think are important for understanding the problem in the source text (avoid over-quoting). Formulate the position of the author (narrator). Write whether you agree or disagree with the point of view of the author of the read text. Explain why. Argue your opinion, relying primarily on the reader's experience, as well as on knowledge and life observations (the first two arguments are taken into account). The volume of the essay is not less than 150 words.
A work written without relying on the text read (not on this text) is not evaluated. If the essay is a paraphrase or a complete rewrite of the source text without any comments, then such work is rated 0 points.
Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.
1. The problem of the role of human memory. (What is the role of memory in human life, what is the value of memory?)
1. The value of human memory is that it connects a person with his past. It is from memories, especially childhood ones, that the human personality consists.
2. The problem of the need to preserve and restore memories of the past. (Why is it important for a person to keep memories of the past?)
2. With the advent of everything new in a person’s life, memories of his past are erased, and in order to maintain a connection with his past, it is important to keep memories.
3. The problem of fighting oblivion. (Why and how to fight the oblivion of the past?)
3. It is common for a person to forget everything that happened to him, so people try to fight oblivion: restoring memories of the past, creating works about their childhood, preserving old things.
Option 35
№
tasks
Answer
2
that's why
4
arrived
5
ice
6
paragraphs
8
rely
9
pick a preimage pick a preimage
10
overnight
11
feed
12
genuine
13
also therefore therefore also
16
17
1234 any other sequence of these digits
19
123 any other sequence of these digits
21
345 any other sequence of these digits
22
(on) sash sash
Oceans (Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic and Antarctic) with their basins occupy almost 70% of the earth's surface.
The seas are the largest and "dense" ecosystems, because, obviously, under every square meter of the surface there is phytoplankton and some forms of life are distributed to the depths. Biologically, they are also the most diverse.
marine organisms
exhibit a vast array of adaptations, ranging from structures that allow tiny plants to stay in the upper layers of the water, to the huge mouths and stomachs of deep-sea fish living in a dark, cold world where food organisms are large, few and widely scattered in space.
Districts continental shelf very productive especially where vertical circulation is observed; "fruits of the sea", collected here, are important source protein and minerals for humans.
However, the vast expanses of deep water should be considered semi-desert with a significant overall energy flow (due to the size of the area), but with a small power per unit area.
The autotrophic layer (light zone) is so small compared to the heterotrophic layer that the supply of nutrients in the first layer is very limited. Even if a person cannot get much food products from deep water, nevertheless, the seas are important for him, as a giant regulator, contributing to the mitigation of the Earth's climate and maintaining a favorable concentration of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere.
Deep water is also a repository of valuable minerals carried from land.
Physical factors determine life in the ocean. Waves, ebbs and flows, currents, salinity, temperature, pressure and light intensity largely determine the composition of biological communities, which in turn have a significant impact on the composition of bottom sediments and dissolved gases. The food chains of the sea begin with the smallest known autotrophs and end with the largest animals (giant fish, cephalopods and whales).
The study of physics, chemistry, geology and biology of the sea is being combined into a "super-science" called oceanography, which is gaining importance as an important international force.
Although the exploration of the sea is not as expensive as the exploration of space, significant funds are needed for ships, coastal laboratories, equipment and specialists. Main scientific work is now carried out by a relatively few large institutions supported by government funds. But despite the significant research work, the seas still keep many secrets that will worry humanity for a long time to come.
One of the mysteries that will soon be solved concerns the "deep scattering layer," the phantom barrier, or false bottom, that reflects the sound waves of ships' echo sounders.
The layer appears to be composed of organisms, but what these organisms are is not yet known.
If you find an error, please select a piece of text and press Ctrl+Enter.
In contact with
classmates
The harm caused to the national economy by marine animals and plants is immeasurably small in comparison with the benefits they bring.
It is possible to distinguish between direct and indirect harm.
We have already talked about the harm that; sea stars cause oyster and mussel farms, Chinese crab - fisheries and earthen coastal structures, some other crustaceans - fish caught in the nets and the nets themselves. Many other similar examples could be cited.
So, for example, a tiny sponge of klion dissolves lime and grinds it in the shells of mollusks, especially oysters (Fig.
159), small holes, causing the death of molluscs.
Figure 159. Oysters poached with a kliona sponge.
In some parts of the sea, the massive development of sponges on the bottom makes it extremely difficult to work with a fishing trawl.
We also have such areas in the Barents Sea. Sometimes organisms develop strongly - competitors in food to commercial fish. So, for example, in our southwestern part of the Barents Sea, ctenophores develop in huge numbers, eating out crustaceans of calanus (Fig.
160). The herring that comes here later for fattening does not find food here.
Figure 160 Ctenophores eating calanuses.
Not all marine plants and not always play a positive role for humans. There are many forms in both plankton and benthos that are not consumed by other organisms, and sometimes disgust them.
Migration routes of herring sometimes undergo changes that are unexpected for industrialists and very difficult for the fishery.
It has already been reported that the reason for this may be the massive development of the "bloom" of the unicellular planktonic algae pheocistis (Fig.
Figure 161 Flowering water flagella pheocystis.
Figure 162. Pheocystis bloom area in the North Sea and measurement of herring migration routes.
Plants that are useless to humans and not fodder for various animals have a negative significance for humans already in that, choosing a lot of nutrients from the water for their development, they themselves are not directly used by anyone for food and are, therefore, weeds.
It is very likely that from this point of view, the thickets of deltaic spaces play a negative role, sometimes producing tens of millions of tons of hard plants a year, which are not eaten by anyone, but take away huge masses of nutrients from river water that accumulate in the lower layers and are withdrawn for geological periods. from the cycle. Thickets of macrophytes in the coastal zone of the seas can serve as a great obstacle to the maneuvering of small vessels, such as boats and submarines, winding up on the propeller and rudder.
Many marine animals threaten human health and even life.
Severe burns are caused by some jellyfish and siphonophores.
Russian language tests with answers. USE-2016. Option 1 part 1
If a swimmer receives such a deep burn, he may die due to temporary paralysis resulting from the burn. A similar effect can be caused by a discharge of electricity obtained from fish such as electric eel or electric ray (Fig. 163).
Figure 163 Electric eel and stingray - sea cat, and at the top of the jellyfish gonionemus.
The stingray - a sea cat - can inflict heavy injections with its needle, resulting in very painful, long-lasting wounds.
In the warm seas, some sharks threaten human life.
However, all these forms of harm are much inferior to the negative activity of certain organisms that destroy stone and wooden underwater structures, or those that grow on the underwater parts of ships and other hydraulic structures.
On the harmful activity of wood borers and stone borers and on the phenomena of fouling in the sea, we will dwell in somewhat more detail.
Other articles:
Classification of marine organisms according to habitat conditions and their role in rock formation.
A variety of animals and plants are concentrated in the thickness of the waters of the oceans.
Representatives of all types and classes of organisms live in the ocean: there are 150 thousand animal species and 50 thousand plant species.
According to the habitat conditions among marine organisms, there are:
— plankton (from Greek.
wandering) organisms passively floating in the water column, kept in the water in suspension, are divided into phytoplankton(unicellular plants) and zooplankton (protozoa - crustaceans, worms, etc.);
— nekton (from Greek.
floating) - actively swimming organisms (fish, seals, cetaceans, etc.), the mass of nekton is 23 times less than the mass of plankton;
— benthos (from Greek depth) - a set of organisms living on seabed, is divided into mobile benthos ( sea urchins, stars, many mollusks, some fish) and immobile or sessile benthos (corals, bryozoans, sponges, algae, etc.);
Rock-forming role
Rock-forming fossils are those that make up 30-40% or more of the total volume of deposits.
Both skeletal remains and waste products take part in the formation of an organogenic rock. Sine qua non rock formation is the "crowded" nature of the habitat of organisms. This property is possessed mainly by attached, inactive and burrowing forms that form thickets, banks, reefs and other mass settlements.
Already during their lifetime, such organisms constitute the main part of the biocenosis. Among the mineral skeletons of fossils, the most common are calcareous, siliceous, and phosphate rocks. There are especially many organogenic rocks of calcareous (carbonate) composition: limestones, marls, writing chalk, dolomites. For the name of organogenic rocks, the adjective is taken from those groups of organisms that are the main rock-forming, for example, limestones - crinoid, foraminiferal, archaeocyanate, brachiopod, ostracod, etc.
e. Calcareous rocks, consisting of accumulations of bivalve shells, are called shells, oyster horizons. Organogenic limestones can also arise as end products of the vital activity of cyanobionts (blue-green algae) and bacteria. From them remain layered sheet, nodular, concentric formations - stromatolites, oncolites, catagraphies.
Plants with carbonate skeletons give rise to algal, char and coccolith limestones (writing chalk). Mineral skeletons of siliceous composition are less common than carbonate ones. They are known in unicellular animals, like radiolarians, in multicellular primitive animals (sponges), and also in lower algae (diatoms).
Siliceous rocks - radiolarites, consist of radiolarian skeletons, spongoliths - from sponge spicules, diatomites - from diatom valves.
Phosphate skeletons in their pure form are rare, but calcium phosphate CaPO4 as an impurity or main component is known in many organisms.
Due to the concentration of biogenic phosphate, deposits of phosphorites arise. In the Moscow region, the centers of phosphoritization are the shells of Late Jurassic ammonoids, and in Estonia, the shells of brachiopods of the Ordovician genus Obolus.
The phosphate component is concentrated in the form of concretions, oolites, and nodules.
Due to the vital activity of bacteria, ferruginous, manganese, cuprous and sulfide deposits are formed, such as ferruginous quartzites (jespilites) of Krivoy Rog, cuprous sandstones of Dzhezkazgan. Bacteria are involved in the accumulation of bauxites and phosphorites.
Higher plants play the largest role in organic rock formation.
Their massive accumulations during certain burial processes lead to the occurrence of combustible minerals (caustobioliths) such as peat, coal, oil, oil shale, gas. The origin of oil and gas is associated with a deep destruction of the primary organic composition caused both by the vital activity of bacteria and cyanobionts, and by geological processes.
Resins (amber) are formed due to the vital activity of higher plants. Organisms also take part in the formation of special calcareous landforms of the oceans and seas - reef structures. various types: coastal and barrier reefs, atolls, biostromes, bioherms. Reef structures have a complex structure. They consist of a complex of calcareous rocks: organogenic, detrital-organogenic and chemogenic. Reef structures rise in the relief in the form of ridges, hills and other uplifts.
Various organisms take part in the formation of fossil and modern reefs. In the Precambrian, reef-forming organisms were stromatolites; in the Cambrian, archaeocyates; from the Late Ordovician to the Permian, stromatoporates, tabulates, rugoses, and sponges; and in the Meso-Cenozoic, six-ray corals and bryozoans. Brachiopods also took part in the formation of Permian reefs, and bivalves took part in the formation of Cretaceous reefs.
Throughout the Phanerozoic, calcareous red and green algae participated in the structure of reefs. Fossil reefs served as collectors for oil and gas (Devonian oil fields of Orenburg, Perm, Gomel). In addition, underground fresh and mineralized waters can accumulate in fossil reefs.
Dynamics of sea waters.
Ocean waters are in constant motion.
There are two main types of movement of the waters of the oceans - unrest And currents.
ocean waves
Excitement is the oscillatory movement of water. It is perceived by the observer as the movement of waves on the surface of the water. In fact, the water surface oscillates up and down from the average level of the equilibrium position.
The shape of waves during waves is constantly changing due to the movement of particles along closed, almost circular orbits.
Each wave is a smooth combination of elevations and depressions. The main parts of a wave are: crest- the highest part; sole - the lowest part; slope - profile between the wave crest and wave trough.
The line along the crest of a wave is called wave front(Fig. 1).
Rice. 1. The main parts of the wave
The main characteristics of waves are height - the difference between the levels of the crest and bottom of the wave; length - the shortest distance between adjacent crests or wave bottoms; steepness - the angle between the wave slope and the horizontal plane (Fig.
Rice. 1. Main characteristics of the wave
Waves have very high kinetic energy.
Everyone was shocked when the dead sperm whale was opened
The higher the wave, the more kinetic energy it contains (in proportion to the square of the increase in height).
Under the influence of the Coriolis force, on the right downstream, far from the mainland, a water wall appears, and a depression is created near the land.
wind waves arise as a result of wind waves friction at the border of air and water.
The height of wind waves does not exceed 4 m, but during strong and protracted storms it increases to 10-15 m and higher. The highest waves - up to 25 m - are observed in the westerly winds of the Southern Hemisphere.
2. Wind waves and surf waves
A wave near the coast, mainly in shallow waters, based on translational movements, was named surf(see Fig. 2).
deep waves occur at the boundary of two water layers with different properties.
They often occur in straits, with two levels of flow, near river mouths, at the edge of melting ice. These waves mix sea water and are very dangerous for sailors.
Tsunami arise under the influence of underwater shocks and coastal earthquakes.
It is very long and low in open ocean waves, but the force of their propagation is quite large. They move at a very high speed. Near the coasts, their length is reduced, and the height increases sharply (on average, from 10 to 50 m). Their appearance entails human casualties. First, the sea retreats several kilometers from the shore, gaining strength for a push, and then the waves splash onto the shore at an interval of 15-20 minutes at great speed (Fig.
Rice. 3. Tsunami transformation
seismic belt Pacific Ocean is the main area of tsunami formation.
tidal waves- These are the movements of ocean waters, performed under the influence of the tide-forming forces of the Moon and the Sun.
Feedback sea water on the tide - low tide.
Even with a calm surface, there is excitement in the thickness of the ocean waters.
These are the so-called internal waves - slow, but very significant in scope, sometimes reaching hundreds of meters. They arise as a result of external action on a vertically heterogeneous mass of water. In addition, since the temperature, salinity and density of ocean water do not change gradually with depth, but abruptly from one layer to another, specific internal waves arise at the boundary between these layers.
sea currents
- permanent or occasional streams in the thickness oceans and seas.
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LESSON 15
Read the text and complete tasks 1-3.
(1) All marine animals depend directly or indirectly on plant plankton as the basis of the food chain, and plant plankton can only exist where sufficient sunlight penetrates the water column for photosynthesis. (2) Below this layer, life rapidly declines, as deep-sea organisms are entirely dependent on the remains of plants and animals coming from above.
(3) it is enough to pollute only a small part of the top layer to kill all life in the ocean.
1. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the MAIN information contained in the text?
1) Since plant plankton - the basis of the food chain of marine animals and deep-sea organisms - exists in the upper layer of water, it is enough to pollute only part of the upper layer for all life in the ocean to die.
2) The life of marine animals and deep-sea organisms in the ocean largely depends on plant plankton, which is found in the upper layer of water.
3) Pollution of only part of the deep layer of the ocean cannot lead to the death of all life in the ocean.
4) Pollution of only part of the upper layer of water leads to the death of all life in the ocean, since it is in the upper layer of water that the basis of the food chain of marine animals and deep-sea organisms - plant plankton - exists.
5) Since deep-sea organisms depend on animals living on the surface of the ocean, life is concentrated only in its upper layers.
Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).
Despite this, Therefore, Despite this, Maybe, On the contrary,
3. Read the fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meaning of the word LIFE.
Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
LIFE, and, well.
1) The totality of phenomena occurring in organisms, a special form of the existence of matter.
Origin of life on Earth. J. Universe. Laws of life.
2) The physiological existence of man, animal, all living things. J.
USE-2017-Russian. Option 35
plants. Risk your life. Save someone. well.
3) The time of such existence from its inception to the end, as well as in some n. his period. Short, long. At the beginning, at the end of life.
4) The activity of society and man in one or another of its manifestations. Public
well. Family well. Spiritual well. Seething well.
4. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in the formulation of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted INCORRECTLY.
Write out this word.
lay cakes Adolescence raising orphans
5. In one of the sentences below, the highlighted word is WRONGLY used. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
The flower beds and walkways on the site were originally created for decorative purposes, and FENCE them with a border means to destroy the effect of the decor they create.
A narrow strip of SANDY beach stretched for many kilometers along the ocean shore, to which exotic shrubs descended along the hillside, creating a shadow.
I learned gymnastics, in which a sharp INhale is performed when the entire body moves forward.
The right choice of car is the key to your safety.
The head of the department provided patients with a COMFORTABLE stay in the hospital.
In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
Establish a correspondence between sentences and grammatical errors made in them: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column
| SUGGESTIONS A) Preparing for a hike, a lot depends on the organizers. B) The biologist Malyshev made interesting observations, the results of which he outlined a few years later in his article "Topographic abilities of insects." C) Thanks to the understanding of my parents and friends, I managed to overcome difficulties. D) Andryushin remained for a long time on the terrace, admiring the dazzling flashes of lightning over the garden. E) After the performance, the entire ensemble went down from the stage. |
GRAMMATICAL ERRORS 1) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition 2) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate 3) violation in the construction of a proposal with an inconsistent application 4) an error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members 5) incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover 6) violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover 7) incorrect construction of a sentence with indirect speech with the corresponding letters. |
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| Informational resources BioDat |
5. Ecosystems of the seas and coastal ecosystems
5.1.
General characteristics and features of ecosystems
Russia is the largest maritime power in the world. The shores of Russia are washed by the waters of 13 seas (Baltic, Barents, White, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, Chukchi, Bering, Okhotsk, Japanese, Caspian, Azov, Black).
They belong to three oceans - the Atlantic, the Arctic and the Pacific. Russia has the longest continental coastline in the world, amounting to about 60,000 km (Fig. 36).
Rice.
36. Russia is the largest maritime power in the world
The conservation of the biodiversity of marine and coastal ecosystems and the organization of the sustainable use of marine biological resources are impossible without a systematic consideration of them as integral systems and an understanding of the phenomena and processes occurring in them. Marine ecosystems are complex multi-level formations, they cover the entire multi-kilometer water column (pelagial) and the seabed (benthal).
Within these ecosystems, thanks to food chains, passive and active migrations of organisms for many hundreds and thousands of kilometers, colossal flows of matter and energy are carried out - from plankton and benthos through fish to birds and marine mammals.
The most active vital activity of the biota is confined to upwelling zones, the edge of sea ice and polynyas, estuaries major rivers, areas of underwater hydrotherms and tops of the relief seabed.
When developing measures for the conservation of marine biodiversity, it is necessary to take into account the long-term dynamics of marine ecosystems due to climatic fluctuations and life cycles of marine biota.
Fluctuations in the number of individual generations of marine fauna reach enormous values, both in commercial species and in species that are not subject to fishing. Global climate change is fundamentally affecting the bioproductivity of the seas.
Sharp climatic anomalies are of particular importance for the functioning of marine ecosystems. It is during these periods that the mismatch of trophic and other intra-ecosystem relationships occurs.
Notebook part 2. Notebook for preparing for the exam in the Russian language 2 part 10 grade 2 semester theory
These processes are of extreme importance today - against the background of the growing instability of the climate system of the Northern Hemisphere.
An important role in the rhythm of the biota is played by inter- and intra-secular climate fluctuations, for example, cold hydrological years, which have a cycle of 11, 21, 33, 90 or more years.
Only during the 20th century 4 times (1902, 1933, 1965, 1998, 1999) the usually non-freezing Kola Bay froze or there were anomalous “ejections” of icebergs from the areas of their usual drift in the Barents Sea.
Marine ecosystems are particularly complex due to the fact that the main species of fauna have different breeding cycles.
For example, sturgeons do not breed annually. They go to spawn at the age of 10-18 years, the intervals between spawning fluctuate quite widely, on average about 4-5 years. Most species of marine mammals also have non-annual offspring.
On the other hand, many species of fish breed annually or 1-2 times in a lifetime.
Natural periodic fluctuations in the abundance of fish generations and climate change can coincide in time and have a complex effect that is difficult to predict.
When the periods of their low productivity coincide with intensive fishing, a rapid collapse of populations occurs. Examples are the dramatic events of the almost complete disappearance for many years and decades of the Atlantic herring, the Barents Sea capelin, and the polar cod.
There is convincing evidence that the dynamics of the stocks of species even under anthropogenic pressure depends not only on intensive fishing, but also on the variability of natural conditions, primarily climate and oceanological ones.
Thus, the current decline in the stocks of Japanese kelp in coastal waters was associated with unfavorable hydrological conditions, and then with irrational fishing. Especially unfavorable for this species were sharp fluctuations in temperature, which had a detrimental effect on zoospores and gametophytes, which slowed down the process of restoring algae stocks.
Powerful ocean currents have a huge impact on the dynamics of marine ecosystems. Thus, the inflow of water from the Atlantic, causing changes in temperature and salt balance, is one of the most important factors affecting the productivity of the Barents and Baltic Seas.
For example, in the 1970s and 1980s in the North Atlantic, a significant salinity anomaly was observed, which reached the Barents Sea with the waters of the North Atlantic Current 7 years after its inception. With a powerful influx of this relatively cold fresh water connect interannual minima and maxima of water temperature and salinity on the shelf of this sea.
The hydrochemical regime, especially salinity, plays a vital role in the enclosed southern seas and the Baltic.
The Caspian and Azov Seas are brackish water basins, the salinity of which (up to 10-13% o) is almost three times less than the normal oceanic salinity (35% o). For the Black Sea, typical salinity values are 15-19%o. In the Baltic basin, water salinity fluctuates over a wider range - from 5-9%o to 10-14%. Recently, desalination of water has been observed in the Baltic.
Even minor changes in salinity radically affect the local biota.
For example, the shortage of fresh water in the Sea of Azov as a result of river regulation caused an increase in the salinity of its waters by an average of 3%.
For the ocean, this is only a tenth, and for the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov - a third of the norm. As a result, the biomass of the Black Sea jellyfish increased sharply, and the structure of biocenoses was disturbed.
In the Arctic seas during the polar day, organisms receive almost an annual norm of solar radiation. Anomalous excess of doses of ultraviolet radiation through the so-called "holes" in ozone layer can damage the genetic fund of hydrobionts. When exposed to high doses of ultraviolet, a significant decrease in the growth rate is observed, up to its complete suppression and death of organisms.
Organisms in the early stages of development are especially susceptible to the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation. Observed in last years in the Barents Sea, ultraviolet radiation levels significantly reduce the growth rate of algae (for some species by 80%) and reduce the possibility of natural reproduction of almost all mass species of Barents Sea algae.
Other dangerous natural phenomena operate in the southern seas. The shallow Sea of Azov is most affected by dust storms and very strong surges in sea level.
Even more striking are the cyclic changes in the level of the Caspian Sea.
In the 19th and 20th centuries the range of fluctuations here reached 3 m (up to 15 cm per year). The well-known and widely discussed in the 60-70s, the drop in sea level was replaced in 1978 by its increase, but in 1997 another decrease in the level began.
Such large-scale fluctuations in sea level lead to significant ecosystem changes and changes in fish productivity in the Northern Caspian and the Volga delta. During periods of sea level rise, there is an increase in productivity.
The Black Sea is a completely unique system.
This is the largest reservoir of hydrogen sulfide, which saturates waters deeper than 70-150 m. Here, beyond these depths, there is no rich benthic fauna characteristic of other seas.
In terms of biodiversity, the seas are in first place among the seas of Russia. Far East, especially the Sea of Japan off the coast of southern Primorye; the biodiversity of the Far Eastern seas of Russia generally decreases from south to north.
Then follow the northern seas, in which biodiversity decreases from the west and east, from the Barents and Chukchi seas, to the East Siberian. This is followed by the Black and Caspian Seas within the borders of Russia and, in the last places, the Azov and Baltic Seas.
On the contrary, the Caspian Sea is the richest in local endemics, followed by the Far East (especially the middle Kuriles and, to a lesser extent, the north of the Sea of Okhotsk), and in the Azov and Baltic Seas there are no endemic waters of Russia at all.
Table 18. Assessment of the species richness of the main groups of organisms in the coastal marine ecosystems of Russia
Sea coasts are located in almost all natural areas Russia - from polar deserts and arctic tundra to Far Eastern broad-leaved forests, semi-deserts of the Caspian coast and xerophilic redwoods of the Mediterranean type on the shores of the Black Sea.
The sea coast of Russia is represented by an extremely wide range of coastline types, which is important for the formation of the biodiversity of coastal ecosystems.
Coasts as zones of separation of land and marine ecosystems have an exceptional biological diversity.
Thus, regions with highest level species richness of flora and fauna: in the Far East, local flora and fauna of mammals reach 1200 and 75 species per 100 km2, respectively, on the Black Sea coast - 1100 and 70 species per 100 km2.
The largest wetlands are located on the seashores international importance, in which tens of millions of waterfowl are concentrated on nesting, during migration and on wintering grounds (Volga delta, Murmansk coast, etc.).
The coastal fauna and flora are most developed on the coast of the Barents Sea, where, with a tide height of 3-5 meters, the width of the littoral can be hundreds of meters. Several vertical zones stand out here: dominance SEMIBALANUS BALANOIDES, LITORINA SAXSATILIS, macrophyte development (ASCOPHILLUM NODOSUM, FUCUS VESICULOSUS).
On soft ground most littoral areas are occupied by communities FABRICIA SABELLA, ARENICOLA MARINA, and the sublittoral - communities LAMINARIA SP.SP.
In the high arctic seas (Kara, Laptev and others), littoral communities are weakly expressed due to severe ice conditions (in particular, due to the abrasive action of ice) and low tide heights (30-60 cm), the formation of the littoral here is due to significant surf (surge wave and storm).
In the coastal, shallow, mainly southern part of these seas, which receives river runoff, along with marine forms, a significant and sometimes predominant role is played by brackish-water fauna, which is also mixed with freshwater euryhaline forms.
In the Far East, due to the diversity of the coastline and tide levels, rich fauna and flora of the littoral and sublittoral are represented.
The Sea of Okhotsk has the highest tidal fluctuations among the Russian seas, the population of the littoral is rich and diverse, and the littoral itself is extensive. The coastal region of the Sea of Okhotsk is richly populated with macroalgae, and it can be said that it is the center of the quantitative abundance of algae in Russian waters; in this sense, the Kuril Islands (including the Pacific side) and the northwestern part of the sea stand out in particular.
It is for these areas that the expressions about underwater meadows and forests, which are usually used when describing thickets of kelp algae, are primarily applicable. Among the thickets of brown algae in the littoral and, especially, in the sublittoral, there is a fairly rich in terms of species zoobenthos. In the Sea of Japan in the sublittoral, the diversity of invertebrates and fish increases sharply due to the penetration of warm waters from the south.
Algae and sea grasses in the Sea of Japan have long been commercial targets, at times significant and irrational. The composition of macrophytobenthos can be significantly affected by anthropogenic disturbance of the environment, in particular pollution, for some species it can be negative and even fatal.
The Black and Azov seas are deprived of the littoral region - tidal fluctuations are absent here.
Under the influence of wave action, a pseudolittoral zone with poor biodiversity is formed here.
The Caspian Sea is characterized by long-term level fluctuations. In recent years, transgression has been noted, which leads to the formation of pioneer communities in flooded areas of the coastal strip.
Introduced species dominate here. NEREIS, ABRA, who moved in relatively recently.
The peculiarity of the coasts of the Barents, Bering and Seas of Okhotsk give huge colonies of sea birds - "bird markets".
In the Barents Sea, bazaars are located on small islands and on the archipelago New Earth. The species most characteristic of the bazaars are guillemots (URIA AAGLE, U. LOMVIA), guillemots ( CEPPHUS GRYLLE, C. COLUMBA), little auks ( PLAUTUS ALLE), dead ends ( FRATERCULA ARCTICA) and kittiwake (RISSA TRYDACTYLA). In the north of the Far East, ipatka is added to them (FRATERCULA CORNICULATA), hatchet ( LUNDA CIRRHATA), auklets (AETHIA SP.SP.), old man (SYNTLIBORAMPHUS ANTIQUIS).
The coastal shallow waters of the Black, Azov, Caspian and Japanese Seas play an important role as nesting places, stops during migration and wintering for sea and water birds.
The seas and coasts of Russia are habitats for many rare and endangered species of plants and animals included in the Red Book of Russia: 17 species of invertebrates, 15 species of cyclostomes and fish, about 20 species of birds, 29 species and subspecies of mammals.
From unique marine ecosystems of the seas of Russia, the following should be noted:
— an ecosystem of shallow marine hydrothermal effusions in Kraternaya Bay (Yankicha Island, middle Kuril Islands);
— ‘island’ settlements of low boreal organisms in high boreal regions, in particular, the Busse Lagoon in southern Sakhalin;
— areas of large haulouts of marine mammals on the Commander Islands and near Tyuleniy Island (Sea of Okhotsk);
- areas of influence of subtropical marine fauna in the extreme south of Primorye, including the outer islands of Peter the Great Bay, Posyet Bay and the Gamow Peninsula.
Marine animals are very diverse. These include both huge giant whales and microscopic plankton. Captures the diversity of the inhabitants of the deep sea.
Photos of whales
The largest animals in the sea are whales. However, not only at sea, but also on land, whales have no equal in size.
In total, about 130 species of whales remain on Earth, about 40 extinct species of whales are known. Depending on the species, the length of the whales is from 2 to 25 meters. The largest species in the world is the blue whale.
Whales live in all oceans and almost all seas of our planet. In northern waters, whales feel great thanks to a thick layer of fat.
Most whales feed on small fish species and plankton. But there is also a more predatory species of whales that hunts large animals - killer whale. This is one of the most beautiful whales.
Although killer whales look similar to dolphins, they are very different from them. The most noticeable distinguishing feature of killer whales is their contrasting black and white coloration.
Killer whales prey on everything they can catch and are quite voracious. If killer whales are sedentary, they feed on fish and small marine animals. Migrating killer whales can even attack sperm whales. There are known cases of killer whales attacking a herd of moose crossing a reservoir.
Photo of sharks
Another type of large marine predators is sharks. These are mainly large predatory fish, which for billions of years have practically not changed their appearance in the process of evolution.
Like whales, sharks live in almost all oceans and seas. There are sharks that feed on fish, but there is also a species that feeds on plankton - the whale shark.
Moray photo
Another genus of marine predatory fish is moray eels. They live in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, the Mediterranean and Red Seas.
Moray eels can be confused with snakes, outwardly they are very similar. But the appearance of moray eels is very disgusting, although there are terrible lovers of these fish.
In ancient European mythology, moray eels became the prototype of huge sea monsters. Some ancients believed that moray eels are fry of sea monsters, when they grow up, they swim far into the ocean.
Photo of dolphins
Perhaps the most beloved marine animals are dolphins. They also exist in many different sizes. Dolphins accompany various ships and bring joy to people with their jumps from the water.
Dolphins are mammals, not fish.
The life of dolphins in captivity is halved, and in nature they live up to 50 years. Probably longing and despondency in captivity depresses them.
Dolphins love to communicate with people, they are kind and social animals by nature. but these marine animals are tactful and never impose.
Photo of seals
Seals live in northern seas and oceans. These are carnivorous pinnipeds that arrange colonies on coastal rocks. Such places serve as a refuge for them from predators.
Their main food is fish, but they do not mind eating shrimp or other crustaceans and molluscs.
See.
One of the most voracious seals is the sea leopard.
This type of seal got its name because of the unique shape of the nose of males and because of its huge size. Males of this species can reach six meters in length and weigh more than four tons.
Another large species of seals lives in the north of Russia - sea hare. The largest sea hares weigh 360 kg.
But despite its size, the sea hare seal can become the prey of a polar bear.
walrus photo
Other pinniped inhabitants of the seas are walruses. They have powerful tusks.
Only males have tusks. They use them as weapons during fights for females during the mating season.
Walruses can stand up for themselves, as they are very large animals. But killer whales and polar bears are a threat to them.
On this we will finish with pinnipeds and move on to mollusks.
Photo of an octopus
"Eight legs" - this was the name of this marine inhabitant in ancient greece. And the octopus lives up to its name.
Octopuses inhabit tropical and subtropical seas. There are more than 200 species in total.
Octopuses are able to change their color by disguising themselves from other predators and using camouflage to wait for their prey. They can even take on the appearance of a predator and copy its behavior.
Photo cuttlefish
The cuttlefish, like the octopus, is a cephalopod.
The cuttlefish has a beak-like mouth. Behind the tentacles it is hard to see in the photo, but believe me, it can bite through the crab shell.
Like octopuses, cuttlefish can change color and blend into the area in order to hide from the enemy or hide in ambush.
In total, about 30 species of cuttlefish are known. The smallest species has a size of 1.5-1.8 centimeters.
Photo of squid
Squids are another cephalopod. Squids inhabit all seas and oceans, including the northern ones. Northern squid species are somewhat smaller and often colorless. Other species also rarely have bright colors.
How many species of squid live on our planet is unknown. Many species live at great depths, which makes it difficult to study them.
Usually the size of a squid is 25 - 50 cm. But there are unique look- a giant squid, its size can reach 18 meters. Some deep-sea squid species are able to glow, so they attract prey in the pitch darkness of the deep sea.
Many species of squid have finned wings on the sides. These organs act as a balancer when swimming, also using their squid can accelerate and jump out of the water to escape from a predator.
Photo of crabs
Let's move on from cephalopods to crabs. These are representatives of the crustacean class.
These marine animals have five pairs of legs, one of which has evolved into claws. A crab can lose a claw in a fight, but then it grows back like a lizard's tail.
There are many types of crabs and they are very diverse in size and color. Different species feed in completely different ways, the diet may consist of algae, crustaceans, small fish or mollusks.
Photo of lobsters
Large crustaceans live in the oceans and seas: lobsters and spiny lobsters. Lobsters are similar to common crayfish, only they have larger claws.
Basically, the color of lobsters of different species is very simple, camouflage. This is due to the presence a large number enemies of these animals. But sometimes there are mutant individuals with an unusual color.
This is a blue lobster, a very rare specimen. This color has one in two million lobsters. Yellow, red, white or bicolor lobsters are even more rare.
Photo of lobsters
Another large crustacean is the lobster. These crustaceans prefer warm waters, unlike lobsters, which are also found in cold waters.
Spiny lobsters do not live at depths above 200 meters. They try to settle in places where they can find shelter. Many predators do not mind eating the lobster.
Lobsters are solitary. All their lives, except for the breeding season, lobsters spend in solitude, not communicating with representatives of their kind.
Marine animals also include seabirds. For example, penguins are peculiar seabirds living in the Southern Hemisphere.
Penguins live not only in Antarctica. There are large colonies of these birds in the south of Australia and South America.
In total, 18 species of penguins are known. They are different in size, there are some differences in color. but the main color is a contrasting black and white.
