Ankara stress in the word. Urbanoglyphs of the capitals of the world

From the book:

A.N. Kononov.
Grammar modern Turkish literary language. 1956

word stress

§ 59. Word stress in Turkish is musical and forceful, and the quantitative side, unlike Russian stress, does not play any role, i.e. a long vowel may be in an unstressed position, and a short one in a stressed position: hâdise (a) "event", âle m (a.) "world", etc.

The ratio of the musical and forceful moment in the stress depends mainly on the nature of the sentence, which, in turn, is explained by the direct connection of the Turkish verbal stress with the phrasal stress.

In a calmly declarative sentence, the determining factor, despite the increase in tone in the stressed syllable, is mainly the work of the speech organs on the stressed syllable.

In exclamations and interrogative sentences the determining factor, despite some increase in the work of the speech organs, is the increase in tone on the stressed syllable.

In addition to the nature of the sentence, the presence or absence of stress in affixes also affects the ratio of musical and power moments in stress: stressed affixes are characterized by a predominance of the power factor; unstressed affixes stress the syllable that precedes them, in which the musical factor appears mainly.

The word stress in a single Turkish word, in relation to its place, is relatively coherent, since it usually gravitates towards the end of the word. The coherence of Turkish word stress is relative in the sense that, depending on the phrasal stress, the word stress can be on any syllable of the word, although each given word has its own specific stressed syllable: in the words of the Turkish root, as a rule, this is the last syllable.

§ 60. According to the place of stress, the vocabulary of the Turkish language can be divided into two groups:

a) words in which the stress falls on the last syllable;

b) words in which the stress does not fall on the last syllable.

The stress on the last syllable is typical for most Turkish words, if there are no unstressed affixes in the middle of the word or at the end of the word: baba "father"; ana "mother"; kundura "shoes"; gönderme k "to send"; arkadaşla r "comrades".

The stress not on the last syllable is typical for; a) a significant number of borrowed words; b) Turkish words (under certain conditions, §§ 62-66).

§ 61. In words borrowed from Western languages ​​(Italian, Greek, French, South Slavic) and ending in a vowel sound (open syllable), the stress is usually distributed - depending on the number of syllables in the word - as follows:

1) In two compound words the stress, as a rule, falls on the first syllable: ba nka (it.) "bank"; po sta (it.) "mail"; ba lo (It.) "ball"; ka blo (It.) "cable"; ta vla (it.) "backgammon" (board game); lâ mba (gr. ?) "lamp"; so ba (Bulgarian) "stove"; çe te (usya "Russia"; Fransa "France"; Fra kya "Thrace"; Lo ndra (L "ondra) "London"; Ko nya "Konia"; Bu rsa "Bursa", etc.

Some two-syllable place names with a final closed syllable also have stress on the first syllable: İ sveç "Sweden"; No rveç "Norway"; İ ran "Iran"; Irak "Iraq"; İzmir "Izmir"; Paris "Paris", etc.

2) In three-syllable and four-syllable words, the stress, as a rule, falls on the penultimate syllable: efe ndi (gr.) "sir", "sir"; kana rya (gr. ?) "canary"; tiya tro (It.) "theater"; kompo sto (It.) "compote"; tulu mba (It.) "pump"; loka nta (l "okanta ata (it.) "lemonade"; termome tre (fr.) "thermometer", etc. The same in geographical names: Avru pa "Europe"; Hola nda "Holland"; İsvi çre "Switzerland"; Alma nya "Germany"; Viya na "Vienna"; Gala ta "Galata" (region of Istanbul); Çankı rı "Çankırı" (vilayet city in Turkey); Ameri ka "America"; Ingilte re "England"; Danıma rka "Denmark".

Separate three-syllable words, mainly geographical names, have stress on the first syllable: Mo skova "Moscow"; Ankara "Ankara"; Tü rkiye "Turkey"; Su riye "Syria"; Ru meli (andıra (It.) "flag", etc.

3) In some four-syllable, ch.arr. geographical names, the stress falls on the second (from the beginning) syllable: Ana dolu "Anatolia"; Kasta monu "Kastamonu" (A. S. Emre. TD, 100).

§ 62. Words borrowed from the above languages, with a closed final syllable, as a rule, have the stress on the last syllable: bile t (French) "ticket": istimbo t (English) "steam boat"; avuka t (French) "lawyer"; iskambi l (gr.) "cards" (games); iskarpi n (it.) "shoes", etc.

Exceptions to this rule fall mainly on the place names Berlin, Samsun, etc.

It should be especially noted that many Turkish nouns that have become the name of a geographical point shift their stress to the first syllable: Kartal, but: karta l "eagle"; Si rkeci "Sirkeci" (Istanbul district), but: sirkeci "vinegar seller"; Çe kmece "Chekmece" (a point in the vicinity of Istanbul), but; çekmece "drawer" (of a table, etc.); To kat "Tokat" (city), but toka t "slap in the face".

§ 63. An explanation of the presence of stresses on various syllables in borrowed words is to be sought in the nature of the stress of the language from which the word is derived or in the nature of the intermediary language through which the given word is borrowed; so, the stress on the first syllable in the words: Tü rkiye, Su riye, I ran, I rak, Ce zayir "Algeria" and some. others should apparently be explained by the influence of Arabic accentuation.

An accent unusual for the words of the Turkish root is found even in such words as terms of kinship, which should also presumably be explained by the assimilation of these words with an Arabic accent: a mca "uncle (by father)"; ha la "aunt (paternal)"; te yze "aunt (by mother)", but: dayı "uncle (by mother)", as a proper Turkish word, has an accent on the last syllable.

Arabic borrowings with an accent not on the last syllable are associated with certain parts of speech: mainly these are adverbs and particles; these parts of speech and of proper Turkish origin often do not have the stress on the last syllable.

Arabic adverbs in -an, -en, as a rule, retain their accent in Turkish ceva ben "in response" (cevap "answer"); iktısa den "economically" (iktısat "savings"); mufa ssalan "detailed" (muffasal "detailed"); ma ddeten "materially" (madde "matter") adverbs formed from nouns in -at, -et (singular) have an accent on the syllable preceding the suffix -at, -et: hakika ten "in reality" ( hakikat "reality").

The following Arabic and Persian borrowings also belong to the number of words with stress on the first syllable: a caba (a.) "really"; bâ zı (a.) "other", "some"; ha yır (a.) "no"; but: hayı r (a.) "good", etc.
he men (p.) "immediately"; he nüz (p.) "just now"; me ğer (p.) "only"; ba ri (p.) "at least", etc.

§ 64. When unstressed affixes (enclitics) are combined with words that are not stressed on the last syllable, the stress is mixed on the syllable preceding the unstressed affix: posta mı? "Is it mail?" (po sta "mail"); soba da "and stove" (so ba "stove").

If an unstressed affix is ​​followed by an enclitic, then the stress moves to the end of the word on the syllable preceding the enclitic: Sen daha küçü ksün "You are still small"; compare:. . . timarı ben yapacağım, derdim - Yapamazsın. — Nicin? — Daha küçüksü n de ondan. ... "I'll take care of it," I said. "You won't be able to do [it]." Why?

When stressed affixes are combined with words that are not stressed on the last syllable, the rest are pronounced clearly, without reduction - Ru syada "In Russia"; A nkaradan "from Ankara"; Ana doluya "to Anatolia"; so balı bir oda "a room with an oven"; ba nkacı "bank clerk".

§ 65. Donation not on the last syllable in Turkish words is connected:

1. Adjacent conditions, the situation of speech, for example, when exclaiming, addressing, when expressing an appeal, command, order, irony, surprise, etc .; in this case, the stress shifts to the first syllable: do stum! "buddy!"; ya vrularim! "kids!"; cf.: kı zla r mektebe gidi yorlar "girls go to school"; kı zlar, mektebe mi gidiyo rsunuz? "Girls, are you going to school?" 2l. plural imperative inflect. characterized by the fact that the stress (as in all "vocative" forms") falls on the stem of the verb: ya zın!, ya zınız! "write!"; in short form (yazın), there is a well-known optionality of the place of stress: ya zın - yazı n. Interjections expressing an impulse to action, etc., have the stress on the first syllable: ha ydi "come on!" (but: haydi n); ha ni! "come on!"; he le! "Here you go!"; a ferin! "Bravo!" and etc.

2. With the morphological form of the word, that is, it depends on the non-stress of affixes, which include, for example:

1) Personal affixes I (§ 451) and short forms of past. temp. (§478), past-subjective temp. (§ 467), conditional tax. and conditional modality (§§ 494, 510): dokto rum "I am a doctor" (doktoru m "my doctor"); işçi ydi "he was a worker"; işçi ymiş "he is said to be a worker"; in the forms of past, - cat. temp. and past-subjective temp. indicative inflect. affix stress: yazdı "wrote", but ya zdı "[it] was summer"; yazmı ş "he, they say, wrote", but: yzmış "[it] was, they say, summer"; docto rsa "if he is a doctor", but: yazsa "if he (on) wrote". yaza rsa, yaza ydı, yazmı ştı.

2) Particles: a) question: mı\mi\mu\mü: hasta mı? ‘sick?’, but: yaralı mı sın? ‘are you hurt?’; gelece k mi? ‘will he come?’, but: gelecek mi siniz? ‘will you come? "; b) da de; ta te: çocukla r da geldiler ‘and the children came."

3) Aff. verb negation -ma -me: yazma k "to write", ya zmamak "not to write"; gelme k "to come", ge lmemek "not to come"; aff. -a ma- e me, forming the form of impossibility, has the stress on the first syllable: yaza mamak ‘not being able to write'; gele memek 'not being able to come'.

4) Aff. -ce-ce-ça-çe (in the formation of adverbs): ru sça "in Russian"; ada mca ‘in a human way’; yazdı kça "as he wrote"; yazı nca "when he wrote"; cf.: güzelce "quite handsome"; çokça "quite a lot"; çekmece "drawer" (of a table, etc.); cf. also: do ğruca, ba şlıca;

5) Aff. gerunds -madan-meden; -maksızın-meksizin; -ken: ya zmadan, ya zmaksızın, yaza rken.

6) Short forms (affixes) of postpositions ile(-la,-le) and için (-çin): seni nle ‘with you’; seni nçin ‘for you’; compare: böyle, şöyle, öyle.

7) Conjunction ki: yazıyor ‘writes‘, yazıyo r ki ‘writes that..‘; cf.: çü nkü "since"; sanki "as if"; be lki "maybe".

8) Aff. -ın...; -casina|-cesine; -leyin, forming adverbs: ya zın "in summer"; öğleyin "at noon"; deli cesine "like a madman".

Full scan in pdf (63 mega) is downloaded from Ilya Frank's website.

Before proceeding to perform phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same thing.

Letters- these are letters, graphic symbols, with the help of which the content of the text is conveyed or the conversation is outlined. Letters are used to visually convey meaning, we will perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read letters aloud, you form sounds - syllables - words.

A list of all letters is just an alphabet

Almost every student knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called Cyrillic. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a certain sequence:

Russian alphabet:

In total, the Russian alphabet uses:

• 21 letters for consonants;
• 10 letters - vowels;
• and two: ь (soft sign) and ъ (hard sign), which indicate properties, but do not in themselves determine any sound units.

You often pronounce the sounds in phrases differently from how you write them down in writing. In addition, more letters than sounds can be used in a word. For example, "children's" - the letters "T" and "C" merge into one phoneme [ts]. Conversely, the number of sounds in the word "blacken" is greater, since the letter "Yu" in this case is pronounced as [yu].

What is phonetic parsing?

We perceive sound speech by ear. Under the phonetic analysis of the word is meant the characteristic of the sound composition. In the school curriculum, such an analysis is more often called “sound-letter” analysis. So, in phonetic parsing, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment, and the syllabic structure of a phrase united by a common word stress.

Phonetic transcription

For sound-letter analysis, a special transcription in square brackets is used. For example, the correct spelling is:

• black -> [h"orny"]
• apple -> [yablaka]
• anchor -> [yakar"]
• tree -> [yolka]
• sun -> [sontse]

The phonetic parsing scheme uses special characters. Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly designate and distinguish between the letter record (spelling) and the sound definition of letters (phonemes).

• the phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets - ;
• a soft consonant is indicated by a transcription sign ['] - an apostrophe;
• shock [´] - with an accent;
• in complex word forms from several roots, a secondary stress sign [`] is used - grave (not practiced in the school curriculum);
• the letters of the alphabet Yu, Ya, E, Yo, b and b are NEVER used in transcription (in the curriculum);
• for double consonants, [:] is used - a sign of the longitude of pronouncing the sound.

Below are detailed rules for orthoepic, alphabetic and phonetic and word parsing with online examples, in accordance with the general school norms of the modern Russian language. For professional linguists, the transcription of phonetic characteristics is distinguished by accents and other symbols with additional acoustic features of vowels and consonants.

How to make a phonetic parsing of a word?

The following diagram will help you conduct a letter analysis:

• Write down the necessary word and say it out loud several times.
• Count how many vowels and consonants are in it.
• Mark the stressed syllable. (Stress with the help of intensity (energy) singles out a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
• Divide the phonetic word into syllables and indicate their total number. Remember that the syllable division in differs from the hyphenation rules. The total number of syllables always matches the number of vowels.
• In transcription, disassemble the word by sounds.
• Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
• Opposite each letter, in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (how it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always identical to letters. The letters "ь" and "ъ" do not represent any sounds. The letters "e", "e", "yu", "I", "and" can mean 2 sounds at once.
• Analyze each phoneme separately and mark its properties with a comma:
  • for a vowel, we indicate in the characteristic: the sound is a vowel; shock or unstressed;
  • in the characteristics of consonants we indicate: the sound is consonant; hard or soft, voiced or deaf, sonorous, paired / unpaired in hardness-softness and sonority-deafness.
• At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.

This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.

An example of phonetic parsing of a word

Here is an example of phonetic analysis by composition for the word "phenomenon" → [yivl'e′n'iye]. In this example, there are 4 vowels and 3 consonants. There are only 4 syllables: I-vle′-ni-e. The emphasis falls on the second.

Sound characteristic of letters:

i [th] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorous [and] - vowel, unstressed in [c] - acc., paired solid, paired sound [l '] - acc., paired soft, unpaired . sound, sonorous [e ′] - vowel, percussion [n '] - consonant, paired soft, unpaired. sound, sonorous and [and] - vowel, unstressed [th] - acc., unpaired. soft, unpaired sound, sonorant [e] - vowel, unstressed ____________________ In total, the phenomenon in the word is 7 letters, 9 sounds. The first letter "I" and the last "E" represent two sounds.

Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. The following is a classification of sound units of the Russian language, their relationship and transcription rules for sound literal parsing.

Phonetics and sounds in Russian

What are the sounds?

All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, are stressed and unstressed. A consonant sound in Russian words can be: hard - soft, voiced - deaf, hissing, sonorous.

How many sounds are there in Russian live speech?

The correct answer is 42.

Doing phonetic parsing online, you will find that 36 consonants and 6 vowels are involved in word formation. Many have a reasonable question, why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why does the total number of sounds and letters differ for both vowels and consonants?

All this is easily explained. A number of letters, when participating in word formation, can denote 2 sounds at once. For example, pairs of softness-hardness:

• [b] - peppy and [b '] - squirrel;
• or [d] - [d ’]: home - do.

And some do not have a pair, for example [h '] will always be soft. If in doubt, try to say it firmly and make sure that this is impossible: stream, pack, spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution, our alphabet has not reached a dimensionless scale, and the sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.

Vowel sounds in the words of the Russian language

Vowel sounds unlike melodic consonants, they flow freely, as if in a singsong voice, from the larynx, without barriers and tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. And vice versa, the louder you strive to pronounce the consonant, the more vigorously you will close the oral cavity. This is the most striking articulatory difference between these classes of phonemes.

The stress in any word forms can only fall on a vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.

How many vowels are in Russian phonetics?

Russian speech uses fewer vowel phonemes than letters. There are only six percussive sounds: [a], [i], [o], [e], [y], [s]. And, recall, there are ten letters: a, e, e, and, o, y, s, e, i, u. The vowels E, Yo, Yu, I are not "pure" sounds in transcription are not used. Often, when parsing words alphabetically, the letters listed are stressed.

Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels

The main phonemic feature of Russian speech is the clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the strength of exhalation, increased duration of sound, and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced clearly and expressively, sound analysis syllables with stressed vowel phonemes are much easier to carry out. The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retains the main form is called strong position. Only a stressed sound and a syllable can occupy such a position. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain in a weak position.

• The vowel in the stressed syllable is always in a strong position, that is, it is pronounced more clearly, with the greatest force and duration.
• A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less force and not so clearly.

In Russian, only one phoneme “U” retains unchanging phonetic properties: kuruza, plank, u chus, u catch - in all positions it is pronounced distinctly like [u]. This means that the vowel "U" is not subject to qualitative reduction. Attention: in writing, the phoneme [y] can also be indicated by another letter “Yu”: muesli [m’u ´sl’i], key [kl’u ´h’], etc.

Analysis of the sounds of stressed vowels

The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in a strong position (under stress). In such cases, "O" is not subject to reduction: cat [ko´ t'ik], bell [kalako´ l'ch'yk], milk [malako´], eight [vo´ s'im'], search [paisko´ vaya], dialect [go´ var], autumn [o´ s'in'].

An exception to the rule of a strong position for “O”, when unstressed [o] is also pronounced clearly, are only some foreign words: cocoa [cocoa "o], patio [pa" tio], radio [ra" dio], boa [bo a "] and a number of service units, for example, union no. The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter “e” - [o]: turn [t’o´ rn], fire [kas’t’o´ r]. Parsing the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the stressed position will also not be difficult.

Unstressed vowels and sounds in Russian words

It is possible to make the correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of the vowel only after placing the stress in the word. Do not forget also about the existence of homonymy in our language: for "mok - zamok" and about the change in phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):

• I'm at home [ya to "ma].
• New houses [but "vye da ma"].

IN unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, it is pronounced differently than it is written:

• mountains - mountain = [go "ry] - [ga ra"];
• he - online = [o "n] - [a nla" yn]
• witness = [sv'id'e "t'i l'n'itsa].

Similar vowel changes in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative, when the duration of the sound changes. And a qualitative reduction, when the characteristic of the original sound changes.

The same unstressed vowel can change its phonetic characteristic depending on its position:

• primarily with respect to the stressed syllable;
• at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
• in open syllables (consist of only one vowel);
• under the influence of neighboring signs (b, b) and a consonant.

Yes, different 1st degree of reduction. She is subject to:

• vowels in the first prestressed syllable;
• open syllable at the very beginning;
• repeated vowels.

Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the “head” of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock: not-here [n'iz'd'e´shn'y].

(bare syllable) + (2-3 pre-stressed syllable) + 1st pre-stressed syllable ← Stressed syllable → stressed syllable (+2/3 stressed syllable)

• forward-re -di [fp'ir'i d'i´];
• e-ste-ve-nno [yi s’t’e´s’t’v’in: a];

Any other pre-stressed syllables and all pre-stressed syllables in sound analysis refer to reduction of the 2nd degree. It is also called "weak position of the second degree."

• kiss [pa-tsy-la-va´t '];
• model [ma-dy-l’i´-ra-vat’];
• swallow [la´-hundred-ch'ka];
• kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i'-na-vy].

The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in steps: the second, third (after hard and soft consonants, - this is beyond curriculum): to learn [uch’i´ts: a], to become numb [atsyp’in’e´t’], hope [over’e´zhda]. In a letter analysis, the reduction of a vowel in a weak position in a final open syllable (= at the absolute end of a word) will appear very slightly:

• cup;
• goddess;
• with songs;
• turn.

Sound letter analysis: iotized sounds

Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], I - [ya] often denote two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases, the additional phoneme is “Y”? That is why these vowels are called iotated. The meaning of the letters E, E, Yu, I is determined by their positional position.

During phonetic analysis, the vowels e, e, u, i form 2 sounds:

◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:

• At the beginning of the word "Yo" and "Yu" always:
  • - cringe [yo´ zhyts: a], Christmas tree [yo´ lach’ny], hedgehog [yo´ zhyk], capacity [yo´ mkast’];
  • - jeweler [yuv ’il’i´r], yule [yu la´], skirt [yu´ pka], Jupiter [yu p’i´t’ir], briskness [yu ´rkas’t’];
• at the beginning of the word "E" and "I" only under stress *:
  • - spruce [ye´ l '], I go [ye´ f: y], huntsman [ye´ g'ir '], eunuch [ye´ vnuh];
  • - yacht [ya´ hta], anchor [ya´ kar’], yaki [ya´ ki], apple [ya´ blaka];
  • (*to perform sound-letter analysis of unstressed vowels “E” and “I”, a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
• in the position immediately after the vowel "Yo" and "Yu" always. But "E" and "I" in stressed and unstressed syllables, except when the indicated letters are located behind the vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd stressed syllable in the middle of words. Phonetic analysis online and examples for specific cases:
  • - reception mnik [pr’iyo´mn’ik], sing t [payo´t], kluyo t [kl’uyo ´t];
  • -ay rveda [ayu r’v’e´da], sing t [payu ´t], melt [ta´yu t], cabin [kayu ´ta],
• after the separating solid “b” sign “Yo” and “Yu” - always, and “E” and “I” only under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - volume [ab yo´m], shooting [syo´mka], adjutant [adyu "ta´nt]
• after the dividing soft "b" sign "Yo" and "Yu" - always, and "E" and "I" under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - interview [intyrv'yu´], trees [d'ir'e´ v'ya], friends [druz'ya´], brothers [bra´t'ya], monkey [ab'iz'ya´ na], blizzard [v'yu´ ha], family [s'em'ya´ ]

As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stresses are of decisive importance. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the literal analysis of the remaining iotated sounds and see how they can still change their characteristics depending on the environment in the words.

◊ Unstressed vowels"E" and "I" denote two sounds and in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:

• at the very beginning of a word:
  • - unity [yi d'in'e´n'i'ye], spruce [yilo´vy], blackberry [yizhiv'i´ka], his [yivo´], egoza [yigaza´], Yenisei [yin'is 'e´y], Egypt [yig'i´p'it];
  • - January [yi nva´rsky], core [yidro´], sting [yiz'v'i´t'], label [yirly´k], Japan [yipo´n'iya], lamb [yign'o´nak ];
  • (The only exceptions are rare foreign word forms and names: Caucasoid [ye wrap’io´idnaya], Eugene [ye] vge´niy, European [ye wrap’e´yits], diocese [ye] pa´rchia, etc.).
• immediately after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd stressed syllable, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
  • in a timely manner [piles vr'e´m'ina], trains [payi zda´], let's eat [payi d'i´m], run into [nayi zh: a´t '], Belgian [b'il'g'i´ yi c], students [uch'a´shch'iyi s'a], sentences [pr'idlazhe´n'iyi m'i], vanity [suyi ta´],
  • bark [la´yi t '], pendulum [ma´yi tn'ik], hare [za´yi ts], belt [po´yi s], declare [zai v'i´t '], I will manifest [prayi in 'l'u´]
• after a separating hard "b" or soft "b" sign: - intoxicates [p'yi n'i´t], express [izyi v'i´t'], announcement [abyi vl'e´n'iye], edible [sii do´bny].

Note: The St. Petersburg phonological school is characterized by "ekanye", while the Moscow school has "hiccups". Previously, the yottered "Yo" was pronounced with a more accentuated "ye". With the change of capitals, performing sound-letter analysis, they adhere to Moscow standards in orthoepy.

Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel "I" in the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel “I” under stress and without stress is pronounced differently: fair [ya ´marka], but egg [yi ytso´].

Important:

Letter "I" after soft sign"b" also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. (This rule is relevant for syllables in both strong and weak positions). Let's conduct a sample of sound-letter online analysis: - nightingales [salav'yi´], on chicken legs [on ku´r'yi' x "no´shkakh], rabbit [cro´l'ich'yi], no family [with 'yi´], judges [su´d'yi], draws [n'ich'yi´], streams [ruch'yi´], foxes [li´s'yi] But: The vowel "O" after a soft sign "b" is transcribed as an apostrophe of softness ['] of the preceding consonant and [O], although when pronouncing the phoneme, iotization can be heard: broth [bul'o´n], pavillo n [pav'il'o´n], similarly: postman n , champignon n, shigno n, companion n, medallion n, battalion n, guillotina, carmagno la, mignon n and others.

Phonetic analysis of words, when the vowels "Yu" "E" "Yo" "I" form 1 sound

According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the indicated letters give one sound when:

• sound units "Yo" "Yu" "E" are under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: w, w, c. Then they denote phonemes:
  • yo - [o],
  • e - [e],
  • yu - [y].
  Examples of online parsing by sounds: yellow [yellow], silk [sho´ lx], whole [tse´ ly], recipe [r'ice´ Fri], pearls [zhe´ mch'uk], six [she´ st '], hornet [she´ rshen'], parachute [parashu´ t];
• The letters "I" "Yu" "E" "Yo" and "I" denote the softness of the preceding consonant [']. Exception only for: [w], [w], [c]. In such cases in a striking position they form one vowel sound:
  • ё - [o]: voucher [put'o´ fka], light [l'o´ hk'y], honey agaric [ap'o´ nak], actor [act'o´ r], child [r'ib' o´ nak];
  • e - [e]: seal [t'ul'e´ n '], mirror [z'e´ rkala], smarter [smart'e´ ye], conveyor [kanv'e´ yir];
  • i - [a]: kittens [kat'a´ ta], softly [m'a´ hka], oath [kl'a´ tva], took [vz'a´ l], mattress [t'u f'a ´ k], swan [l'ib'a´ zhy];
  • yu - [y]: beak [kl'u´ f], people [l'u´ d'am], gateway [shl'u´ s], tulle [t'u´ l'], suit [kas't 'mind].
  • Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel "E" does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the 20th century. In such cases, when you do phonetic analysis by composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [e] without the preceding softness apostrophe: hotel [ate´ l '], strap [br'ite´ l'ka], test [te´ st] , tennis [te´ n: is], cafe [cafe´], puree [p'ure´], amber [ambre´], delta [de´ l'ta], tender [te´ nder], masterpiece [shede´ vr], tablet [tablet´ t].
• Attention! After soft consonants in prestressed syllables the vowels "E" and "I" undergo a qualitative reduction and are transformed into the sound [i] (excl. for [c], [g], [w]). Examples of phonetic parsing of words with similar phonemes: - grain [z'i rno´], earth [z'i ml'a´], cheerful [v'i s'o´ly], ringing [z'v 'and n'i´t], forest [l'and snowy], blizzard [m'i t'e´l'itsa], feather [n'i ro´], brought [pr' in'i sla´], knit [v'i za´t'], lay down [l'i ga´t'], five grater [n'i t'o´rka]

Phonetic analysis: consonant sounds of the Russian language

There is an absolute majority of consonants in Russian. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow encounters obstacles. They are formed by organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hissing, whistling or sonority occurs in the voice.

How many consonant sounds are there in Russian speech?

In the alphabet for their designation is used 21 letters. However, performing a sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonants more, namely - 36.

Sound-letter analysis: what are consonant sounds?

In our language, consonants are:

• hard - soft and form the corresponding pairs:
  • [b] - [b ’]: b anan - b tree,
  • [in] - [in ’]: in height - in June,
  • [g] - [g ’]: city - duke,
  • [d] - [d ']: dacha - d elfin,
  • [h] - [h ’]: z won - z ether,
  • [k] - [k ’]: to onfeta - to engur,
  • [l] - [l ’]: l odka - l lux,
  • [m] - [m ’]: magic - dreams,
  • [n] - [n ’]: new - n ectar,
  • [n] - [n ’]: n alma-p yosik,
  • [p] - [p ’]: r chamomile - r poison,
  • [s] - [s ’]: with uvenir - with a surprise,
  • [t] - [t ’]: t uchka - t tulip,
  • [f] - [f ’]: flag flag - February,
  • [x] - [x ’]: x orek - x hunter.
• Certain consonants do not have a hardness-softness pair. Unpaired include:
  • sounds [g], [c], [w] - always solid (life, cycle, mouse);
  • [h ’], [u’] and [y ’] are always soft (daughter, more often, yours).
• The sounds [w], [h ’], [w], [u’] in our language are called hissing.

A consonant can be voiced - deaf, as well as sonorous and noisy.

You can determine the sonority-deafness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and participation of the organs of articulation.

• Sonorants (l, m, n, p, d) are the most sonorous phonemes, they hear a maximum of voice and a little noise: lion, paradise, zero.
• If, during the pronunciation of a word, both a voice and noise are formed during the sound analysis, then you have a voiced consonant (g, b, s, etc.): factory, b people, life from n.
• When pronouncing deaf consonants (p, s, t, and others), the vocal cords do not tense, only noise is emitted: stack a, chip a, k ost yum, circus, sew up.

Note: In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of formation: a bow (b, p, d, t) - a gap (g, w, h, s) and the method of articulation: labial-labial (b, p, m) , labio-dental (f, c), anterior lingual (t, d, h, s, c, f, w, u, h, n, l, r), middle lingual (d), posterior lingual (k, d, x) . The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.

Hint: If you are just starting to practice phonetic parsing, try placing your hands over your ears and pronouncing the phoneme. If you managed to hear a voice, then the sound being studied is a voiced consonant, but if noise is heard, then it is deaf.

Hint: For associative communication, remember the phrases: “Oh, we didn’t forget a friend.” - this sentence contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding softness-hardness pairs). “Styopka, do you want to eat cabbage soup? - Fi! - similarly, these replicas contain a set of all voiceless consonants.

Positional changes of consonant sounds in Russian

The consonant sound, like the vowel, undergoes changes. The same letter can phonetically denote a different sound, depending on the position it occupies. In the flow of speech, the sound of one consonant is likened to the articulation of a nearby consonant. This effect facilitates pronunciation and is called assimilation in phonetics.

Positional stun/voicing

In a certain position for consonants, the phonetic law of assimilation by deafness-voicedness operates. The voiced double consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:

• at the absolute end of the phonetic word: but [no´sh], snow [s’n’e´k], garden [agaro´t], club [club´p];
• before deaf consonants: forget-me-not a [n’izabu´t ka], hug [aph wat’i´t’], Tuesday [ft o´rn’ik], tube a [corpse a].
• making sound letter parsing online, you will notice that a voiceless double consonant standing before a voiced one (except for [d'], [v] - [v'], [l] - [l'], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n '], [r] - [r ']) is also voiced, that is, it is replaced by its voiced pair: surrender [zda´ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba´], threshing [malad 'ba´], request [pro´z'ba], guess [adgada´t'].

In Russian phonetics, a deaf noisy consonant does not combine with a subsequent voiced noisy consonant, except for the sounds [v] - [v’]: whipped cream. In this case, the transcription of both the phoneme [h] and [s] is equally acceptable.

When parsing by the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter "G" is replaced by the phoneme [v].

According to the rules of sound-letter analysis, in the endings of the "-th", "-his" names of adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant "G" is transcribed as a sound [v]: red [kra´snava], blue [s'i´n'iva] , white [b'e'lava], sharp, full, former, that, this, whom. If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school program on phonetics, this process is called contraction of consonants: separate [ad: 'il'i´t'] → the letters "T" and "D" are reduced to sounds [d'd'], silent smart [b'ish: u ´many]. When parsing by composition, a number of words in sound-letter analysis show dissimilation - the process is the opposite of assimilation. In this case, the common feature of the two adjacent consonants changes: the combination “GK” sounds like [hk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l'o′h'k'y], soft [m'a′h' k'iy].

Soft consonants in Russian

In the phonetic parsing scheme, the apostrophe ['] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.

• Softening of paired hard consonants occurs before "b";
• the softness of the consonant sound in the syllable in the letter will help determine the vowel that follows it (e, e, i, u, i);
• [u’], [h’] and [th] are only soft by default;
• the sound [n] always softens before the soft consonants “Z”, “S”, “D”, “T”: claim [pr'iten'z 'iya], review [r'icen'z 'iya], pension [pen 's' iya], ve [n'z '] spruce, face [n'z '] iya, ka [n'd '] idat, ba [n'd '] um, and [n'd '] ivid , blo[n'd'] in, stipe[n'd'] ia, ba[n't'] ik, wi[n't'] ik, zo[n't'] ik, ve[n' t '] il, a [n't '] personal, co[n't '] text, remo[n't '] to edit;
• the letters "N", "K", "R" during phonetic analysis of the composition can soften before soft sounds [h '], [u ']: glass ik [staka′n'ch'ik], changer ik [sm'e ′n'shch'ik], donut ik [po′n'ch'ik], mason ik [kam'e′n'sh'ik], boulevard ina [bul'var'r'shch'ina], borscht [ Borsch'];
• often the sounds [h], [s], [r], [n] in front of a soft consonant undergo assimilation in terms of hardness-softness: wall [s't'e'nka], life [zhyz'n'], here [ z'd'es'];
• in order to correctly perform sound-literal analysis, consider the words of exception when the consonant [r] before soft teeth and lips, as well as before [h ’], [u’] is pronounced firmly: artel, feed, cornet, samovar;

Note: the letter "b" after a consonant unpaired in hardness / softness in some word forms performs only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic load: study, night, mouse, rye, etc. In such words, during literal analysis, a [-] dash is placed in square brackets opposite the letter “b”.

Positional changes in paired voiced-voiced consonants before sibilant consonants and their transcription in sound-letter parsing

To determine the number of sounds in a word, it is necessary to take into account their positional changes. Paired voiced-voiced: [d-t] or [s-s] before hissing (w, w, u, h) are phonetically replaced by a hissing consonant.

• Letter analysis and examples of words with hissing sounds: visitor [pr'iye´zhzh y], ascension [your e´stv'iye], izzhelta [i´zhzh elta], take pity [zhzh a´l'its: but].

The phenomenon when two different letters pronounced as one, is called complete assimilation in all respects. Performing sound-letter parsing of a word, you should designate one of the repeated sounds in transcription with the longitude symbol [:].

• Letter combinations with hissing "szh" - "zzh", are pronounced as a double solid consonant [zh:], and "ssh" - "zsh" - like [w:]: squeezed, sewn, without a tire, climbed.
• The combinations "zh", "zhzh" inside the root during sound-letter analysis is recorded in transcription as a long consonant [zh:]: I drive, squeal, later, reins, yeast, burnt.
• The combinations "sch", "sch" at the junction of the root and the suffix / prefix are ​​pronounced as a long soft [u':]: account [u': o´t], scribe, customer.
• At the junction of the preposition with the next word in place "sch", "zch" is transcribed as [sch'h']: without a number [b'esch' h' isla´], with something [sch'ch' em mta] .
• With a sound-letter analysis, the combinations "tch", "dch" at the junction of morphemes are defined as double soft [h ':]: pilot [l'o´ch': ik], young man ik [little´h ': ik], report ot [ah': o´t].

Cheat sheet for likening consonants at the place of formation

• mid → [u':]: happiness [u': a´s't'ye], sandstone [n'isch': a´n'ik], peddler [razno´sh': ik], cobbled, calculations, exhaust, clear;
• zch → [u’:]: carver [r’e´shch’: hic], loader [gru´shch’: hic], storyteller [raska´shch’: hic];
• ZhCh → [u’:]: defector [p’ir’ibe´ u’: ik], man [mush’: i´na];
• shh → [u’:]: freckled [v’isnu′shch’: common];
• stch → [u’:]: tougher [zho´shch’: e], whip, rigger;
• zdch → [u’:]: traverser [abye´shch’: ik], furrowed [baro´shch’: whit];
• ss → [u’:]: split [rasch’: ip’i′t ’], generous [rasch’: e′dr’ils’a];
• van → [h'sh']: split off [ach'sh' ip'i′t'], snap off [ach'sh' o'lk'ivat'], in vain [h'sh' etna], carefully [h' sh'at'el'na];
• tch → [h ':] : report [ah ': o't], homeland [ah ': izna], ciliated [r'is'n'i'ch ': i'ty];
• dh → [h’:] : underline [patch’: o’rk’ivat’], stepdaughter [pach’: ir’itsa];
• szh → [zh:]: compress [zh: a´t '];
• zzh → [zh:]: get rid of [izh: y´t '], ignition [ro´zh: yk], leave [uyizh: a´t '];
• ssh → [sh:]: bringing [pr’in’o′sh: th], embroidered [rash: y´ty];
• zsh → [w:] : inferior [n'ish: y'y]
• th → [pcs], in word forms with “what” and its derivatives, making a sound-literal analysis, we write [pcs]: so that [pcs about′by], ​​not for anything [n'e′ zasht a], anything [ sht o n'ibut'], something;
• thu → [h't] in other cases of literal parsing: dreamer [m'ich't a´t'il'], mail [po´ch't a], preference [pr'itpach't 'e´n' ie] and so on;
• ch → [shn] in exception words: of course [kan'e´shn a′], boring [sku´shn a′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard plaster, rag, and also in female patronymics ending in "-ichna": Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc.;
• ch → [ch'n] - literal analysis for all other options: fabulous [fairytale'n], country [yes'ch'n], strawberry [z'im'l'in'i´ch'n th], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc.;
• !zhd → in place of the letter combination “zhd”, a double pronunciation and transcription [u ’] or [pcs ’] in the word rain and in the word forms formed from it: rainy, rainy.

Unpronounceable consonants in the words of the Russian language

During the pronunciation of a whole phonetic word with a chain of many different consonant letters, one or another sound may be lost. As a result, in the orthograms of words there are letters devoid of sound value, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. To correctly perform phonetic analysis online, the unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in the transcription. The number of sounds in such phonetic words will be less than letters.

In Russian phonetics, unpronounceable consonants include:

• "T" - in combinations:
  • stn → [sn]: local [m’e´sny], reed [tras’n ’i´k]. By analogy, you can perform a phonetic analysis of the words ladder, honest, famous, joyful, sad, participant, messenger, rainy, furious and others;
  • stl → [sl]: happy [w’: asl ’and’vy "], happy ivchik, conscientious, boastful (exception words: bony and spread, the letter “T” is pronounced in them);
  • ntsk → [nsk]: gigantic [g’iga´nsk ’y], agency, presidential;
  • sts → [s:]: sixs from [shes: o´t], eat up I [vzye´s: a], swear I [kl’a´s: a];
  • sts → [s:] : tourist cue [tur'i´s: k'iy], maximalist cue [max'imal'i´s: k'iy], racist cue [ras'i´s: k'iy] , bestseller, propaganda, expressionist, hindu, careerist;
  • ntg → [ng]: roentgen en [r'eng 'e´n];
  • “-tsya”, “-tsya” → [c:] in verb endings: smile [smile´ts: a], wash [we´ts: a], look, fit, bow, shave, fit;
  • ts → [ts] for adjectives in combinations at the junction of the root and the suffix: children's [d'e'ts k'y], fraternal [brother's];
  • ts → [ts:] / [tss]: athlete men [sparts: m’e´n], send [acs yla´t ’];
  • ts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes during phonetic analysis online is written as a long “ts”: bratts a [bra´ts: a], ottsepit [atz: yp'i´t'], to father u [katz: y'];
• "D" - when parsing by sounds in the following letter combinations:
  • zdn → [zn]: late [po´z'n' y], starry [z'v'o´zn y], holiday [pra′z'n 'ik], gratuitous [b'izvazm' e′zn y];
  • ndsh → [nsh]: mundsh tuk [munsh tu´k], landsh aft [lansh a´ft];
  • ndsk → [nsk]: Dutch [gala´nsk ’y], Thai [taila´nsk ’y], Norman y [narm´nsk ’y];
  • zdts → [sts]: under the bridles [pad sts s´];
  • nds → [nc]: Dutch s [gala´nts s];
  • rdts → [rc]: heart [s’e´rts e], evina’s heart [s’irts yv’i´na];
  • rdch → [rch "]: heart-ishko [s’erch ’i´shka];
  • dts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes, less often in roots, are pronounced and when parsing the word it is written as a double [ts]: pick up [pats: yp'i´t '], twenty [two´ts: yt '] ;
  • ds → [ts]: factory [zavats ko´y], kinship [rational tvo´], means [sr’e´ts tva], Kislovods to [k’islavo´ts k];
• "L" - in combinations:
  • sun → [nc]: sun e [so´nts e], sun state;
• "B" - in combinations:
  • vstv → [stv] literal analysis of words: hello [hello uyt'e], feelings about [h'u´stva], sensuality [h'u´stv 'inas't'], pampering about [pampering o´], virgin [d'e´st 'in: y].

Note: In some words of the Russian language, with the accumulation of consonant sounds “stk”, “ntk”, “zdk”, “ndk”, the phoneme [t] is not allowed: trip [paye´stka], daughter-in-law, typist, agenda, laboratory assistant, student , patient, bulky, Irish, Scottish.

• Two identical letters immediately after the stressed vowel are transcribed as a single sound and a longitude character [:] in literal parsing: class, bath, mass, group, program.
• Doubled consonants in pre-stressed syllables are indicated in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [tane´l '], terrace, apparatus.

If you find it difficult to perform a phonetic analysis of a word online according to the indicated rules or you have an ambiguous analysis of the word under study, use the help of a reference dictionary. The literary norms of orthoepy are regulated by the publication: “Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Dictionary - reference book. M. 1959

References:

• Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: a short theoretical course for schoolchildren. – Moscow State University, Moscow: 2000
• Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. – Enlightenment, M.: 1967
• Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Rules of Russian spelling with comments.
• Tutorial. - "Institute for advanced training of educators", Tambov: 2012
• Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. A guide to spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. - M .: CheRo, 1999

Now you know how to parse a word into sounds, make a sound-letter analysis of each syllable and determine their number. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in the format of a school curriculum. They will help you phonetically characterize any letter.

When choosing options for stressing domestic geographical names, first of all, it is necessary to pay attention to the local underlining of words. There is a lot of controversy about how to put it correctly. However, if the accent in the local name diverges from the generally accepted one, then the traditional version, which is typical for the literary language, should be taken. For example: Murm BUT nsk - M At Rmansk and Kandal BUT ksha - K BUT Ndalaksha (Murmansk region), Obsk BUT i lips BUT – ABOUT bskaya lips BUT(Tyumen region), Tiks AND- T AND xi (Yakutia), Cher E Povets - Cherepov E c (Volgorod region).

In some cases, orthoepic dictionaries give different recommendations: ABOUT ndopoga and kondop ABOUT ha. Such an unpronounceable name of a city in Karelia is presented in the directory as Kondop ABOUT ha (adjective - kondop ABOUT zhsky).

The following words have become widespread in speech practice, having become familiar to us: Elist BUT(Kalmykia), N E rungri (Yakutia) and K AND Rishi (Leningrad region).

Recently, they began to pronounce the names of the city and its environs near Smolensk differently: Kat S n and k BUT tyn, Kat S nsky forest - K BUT Tyn forest. But the most common options are as follows: S uh, kat S nsky forest.

There is also a discrepancy in the declination of the city of Osh, which is in Kyrgyzstan. However, the dictionary allows Osh, ABOUT sha, in ABOUT she.

At geographical names foreign countries there is no divergence of local and literary origin. But sometimes the traditional approach to placing stress when borrowing foreign words leads to discrepancies with the underlining of the original. For example, in Russian it is customary to pronounce: Ankar BUT, Belgre BUT d, pan BUT ma, Amsterdam BUT m, Washington ABOUT n, Ostr BUT wah, Manchest E r, floor AND yes Hiros. AND ma. Although the traditional options are: Ankh BUT slave E lgrad, Panama BUT, BUT msterdam, U ABOUT shington, ABOUT strava, M BUT nchester, fl ABOUT rida, hir ABOUT sim. But sometimes in the speech of some journalists and commentators there are fluctuations in the choice of stress. They pronounce: BUT shington, fl ABOUT rida, Panama BUT, the pronunciation of which does not correspond to tradition. However, dictionaries take into account some extralinguistic factors:

• active knowledge of a foreign language
• strengthening economic and political ties with other countries
• bringing radio and television to a unified system
• etc

Recently, one can notice how the stress in foreign proper names is approaching the original words.

The name of one state in South America should be highlighted. For many years, the traditional version of "P" was used. E RU". But later, in connection with the development of relations between our states, “Per At". Double stress can be seen in the name of the state - Sri Lanka (South Asia).

As we found out, when choosing a variant of phonetic underlining, extralinguistic factors and the degree of their use are taken into account. There are some cases when the traditional version becomes obsolete and they are replaced by options close to the original: B ABOUT ston (USA), Kar BUT Cas (Capital of Venezuela) ABOUT Oxford (UK). The following names are widely used: E lburn and s AND days (Australia), K BUT tar (Asia), K ABOUT rdova (Spain), R ABOUT stock (Germany). But in the "Dictionary of Proper Names of the Russian Language" the following options are given: AND days, M E lburn, K BUT tar, K ABOUT rdova, R ABOUT stock.

Sometimes the traditional version is used: Reik I vik, balat ABOUT n, Potsd BUT m (Germany), Buchenw BUT ice (fascist German concentration camp), Ai ABOUT wa (a state in the US). However, in the original sources they are pronounced differently: R E ykjavik, B BUT laton, P ABOUT tsdam, BUT yova.

Capital: its streets and avenues

Very often, professional radio and television workers have difficulty pronouncing the names of city streets, alleys, parks, and squares. In speech practice, you can hear: st. You AND lia b ABOUT tylev and st. You AND lia Botylyova, pr. D E zhnev and pr. Dezhnev, st. Kon E nkova and st. Konenkov, st. Bor AND sa Zhigulenkova and st. Bor AND sa Zhigul E nkova. They should be pronounced as the carriers themselves pronounced their surnames: st. Vasily Botylev, Dezhnev Ave., st. Konenkov, st. Boris Zhigulenkov.

It is recommended to follow the accent characteristic of this object in those names that are associated with geographical names. For example, the variant name is Derbenevskaya embankment. It must be pronounced like this: Derb E Neva embankment, but not Derbenevskaya. Sometimes people use the option "Re At tovskaya street" instead of "R E utovskaya. It is named after the city of R near Moscow. E Ut. It is also worth remembering the following names: Collar ABOUT vskiy per., Belgor ABOUT dsky per. and B E lgorodsky per., Novgorod ABOUT dskaya st. and H ABOUT vgorodskaya st., Golik ABOUT vskiy per. and G ABOUT likovskiy per., st. Cargop ABOUT lskaya and st. TO BUT rgopolskaya, Stavrop ABOUT lskaya st. and St BUT vropolskaya st., Zvenigor ABOUT dskaya st. and Link AND city ​​street, Bolsh ABOUT th Nest ABOUT vskiy per., Bolsh ABOUT y and m BUT ly Nikolovor ABOUT binsky lanes.

In addition to difficulties with choosing the correct stress, there may be difficulties with the pronunciation of such foreign words as, for example: st. BUT mundsen [se], st. Olof P BUT lme [me].

Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen was a Norwegian polar explorer. Remember that the stress in his last name is on the first syllable.

Names and surnames

In borrowed surnames, the following underlining is accepted: Avra BUT m L AND ncoln - Avra BUT m Link ABOUT flax (traditional), George V BUT shington, X BUT rmens van R E yn R E mbrandt - X BUT rmens van R E yn Rembre BUT ndt, Isaac New YU tone – Isaac Newt ABOUT n (traditional), John Dalt ABOUT n(D ABOUT lton), dol ABOUT res Ibarre At Rea, George Byrne BUT nd Shaw, Bert ABOUT lt Br E xt, karm E well AND lyam shexp AND RU ABOUT lt disn E d (consumer variant), P BUT blo Peak BUT sso and p BUT blo picass ABOUT(pronounced by the French), Mar AND i am stu BUT rt (common variant), Constant AND n Balm ABOUT nt (pronounced his name as a poet) and Constant AND n B BUT lmont (option in the dictionary), D E view K ABOUT pepperfield and dove AND d Copperf AND ice (traditionally), "Maqb E t" (in Shakespeare) and "M BUT kbet” (work by N.S. Leskov).

How do they lean?

Surnames ending in -iya decline as follows: Chkonia Lamar - Chkonia Lamara and Gabunia Nodar - Gabunia Nodara. And those with the ending -ia do not bow: Faria Jesus - Faria Jesus and Garcia Ponce Guillermo - Garcia Ponce Guillerma.

Pronunciation

Consonants before "e"

Most proper names borrowed from other languages ​​are pronounced with softening of the consonant before " e»:

beth ABOUT veins [B ']

budap E pcs [P’]

Burley ABOUT s [B ']

But there are examples in which consonants are hard:

Albr E xt [re] Wallensht E yn [te]

Anna Br ABOUT dele [de]

Bert ABOUT lt Brecht [re]

B E njamin br AND ten [te]

Volt E r [o, te]

R ABOUT nald R E jigan [re]

"Decamer ABOUT n" [de]

Ren E Dec BUT rt [de]

Gust BUT to flob E r [be]

In some names, one can observe an unjustified softening of consonants before " e»:

G E rih neig BUT uz [n '] Heinrich Neuhaus [ne]

"Hobbes E k "[s'] instead of "Gobsek" [se]

Kam AND le Saint-Saens [c'] Camille Saint-Saens [se]

At AND lyam f ABOUT lkner [n'] William Faulkner [ne]

Consonant sounds "zh", "sh", "zh" and "ts"

According to the rules of Russian orthoepy, these consonants are mostly pronounced firmly:

W E li [she]

Gilbe E p [zhy]

C E tkin [Tse]

However, in some cases, variants with soft consonants are used, although they do not correspond to orthoepic norms:

Jules Massene E[ne, don't]

Julien Sor E l [re, no zhu]

Alg AND with jury BUT itis [not zhu]

Jules Ren BUT r [re, not zhu]

Louis Saint-Just [se, don't]

C YU rih [not tsu]

Louis Antoine Saint-Just - leader of the French Revolution

Every day in the press, in the information of television and radio, we meet with many of our own names. Surnames of statesmen, political figures of the countries of the world, names of cities, means mass media, objects of culture, names of firms, corporations, concerns - how to navigate in this sea of ​​not always familiar proper names? They somehow enter into our speech, live in it. The culture of a person's speech obviously suffers if he does not know how to pronounce this or that name, surname. First of all, this applies to persons speaking in public: announcers, presenters, observers, television and radio correspondents. Our Dictionary of Proper Names of the Russian Language will help to cope with this task. stress. Pronunciation. word change".

This is a unique dictionary. In it, proper names, in addition to information about stress, are provided with notes about pronunciation and inflection. This is its difference from many encyclopedias, general and private (literary, theatrical, musical, film dictionary, etc.), in which this information is not provided. The dictionary provides in a concentrated form a wide range of material, including personal names, surnames (about 16 thousand), geographical names of various types (more than 21 thousand) and other categories of proper names (more than 1 thousand) according to the principle of difficulty in placing stress, in pronunciation and declination. In total, it contains more than 38 thousand proper names.

The dictionary is a standard edition. Its main task is to consolidate the literary norm in the field of stress, pronunciation and inflection of proper names and to help eliminate inconsistency in speech. Therefore, of the coexisting in modern Russian literary language accentual, pronunciation and grammatical variants, only one is given, which is traditionally used in the field of mass media or is the most common in today's language practice. The criterion for selecting material is the difficulty in stress, pronunciation and inflection of proper names - the most significant, commonly used, corresponding to the requirements of today.

The discrepancy in television and radio speech, which is now observed on television and radio, causes dissatisfaction with viewers and listeners. In addition, it complicates the work of teachers in schools, who sometimes do not know which norms to focus on. This is evidenced by their numerous letters.

Previously, the standard of literary pronunciation and stress was the speech of television and radio announcers. The whole country knew them: on television - I. Kirillov, N. Kondratova, V. Leontieva, A. Shilova, V. Balashov, A. Shatilova, A. Likhitchenko, V. Shebeko, E. Suslov, G. Zimenkova, S. Zhiltsova, A. Vovk, S. Morgunova, D. Grigorieva and many others. others; on the radio - Y. Levitan, O. Vysotskaya, E. Tobiash, V. Solovyova, E. Goldina, E. Otyasova, V. Gertsik, N. Dubravin, T. Vdovina, N. Tolstova, A. Zadachin, M. Ivanova , Vl. Balashov and many others. etc. Now their place has been taken by journalists, presenters, correspondents. But their language leaves a lot to be desired.

The Dictionary of Proper Names of the Russian Language is intended to help stabilize literary norms and eliminate inconsistencies in stress, pronunciation, and declension of proper names. The pronunciation, accentological and grammatical recommendations of the Dictionary are correlated with the latest data from theoretical works on accentology, orthoepy and grammar.

The sources of the Dictionary are materials related to the practice of television, radio and the press, data from reference and information services of television and radio, numerous reference books, universal and industry encyclopedias, general and special philological dictionaries, information bulletins (see bibliography), as well as materials of the author's file cabinets.

The dictionary is addressed to the widest readership. First of all, these are people professionally associated with public speaking: television and radio workers (presenters, columnists, journalists), as well as other media (newspapers, magazines, agencies), actors, lecturers, teachers, students, lawyers, judges , politicians, preachers. The dictionary is also of interest to all those who care about the literacy of their speech.

The author expresses his gratitude to Doctors of Philology A.V. Superanskaya and L.P. Kalakutskaya, Candidates of Philology I.P. Litvin and G.I. Donidze, who in different years at different stages of work on the dictionary with their advice and consultations helped to improve the quality books. She is grateful to T. A. Lazutova, T. I. Retukova, and G. P. Romanchenko, members of the reference and information service of the TV Center, for their painstaking and efficient work, which helped the author in creating the Dictionary.

History and content of the Dictionary

The prehistory of the Dictionary is as follows. Especially for the speakers, a Stress Dictionary was created, which included common nouns and proper names. The first two editions were issued by the Radio Committee back in the 50s. last century for internal use as a manuscript. From 1960 to 2000 eight editions of the Dictionary were published in state publishing houses (authors F. L. Ageenko and M. V. Zarva): 1st edition of the Dictionary (1960) (scientific editor - Professor K. I. Bylinsky) - in the State Publishing House of Foreign and National Dictionaries, subsequent editions (from the 2nd to the 6th) were edited by Professor D. E. Rosenthal. From the 2nd to the 4th edition (1967, 1970, 1971), the dictionary was published by the Soviet Encyclopedia publishing house, from the 5th to the 7th (1984, 1985, 1993) - by the Russian Language publishing house, 8- e edition (2000) - in IRIS PRESS. The first six editions of the dictionary were called "Dictionary of Stress for Radio and Television Workers", the 7th and 8th were published under the name "Dictionary of Stresses of the Russian Language". The dictionary was improved, its lexical composition was enriched, recommendations were taken into account latest works in the field of accentology and orthoepy. From the 1st to the 4th edition, common nouns and proper names were given in the general alphabet; in the 5th edition, two sections "Common nouns" and "Proper names" appeared. In 2001, two sections that are part of the dictionary were published as separate books by the publishing house "NC ENAS" under the titles: "Proper names in the Russian language. Stress Dictionary (author F. L. Ageenko) and Russian Word Stress. Dictionary” (author M. V. Zarva). The book “Proper names in Russian. Dictionary of Accents” was the first attempt to create a dictionary of proper names.

Behind last years a large number of new proper names were involved in active use, the placement of stress in which caused difficulties. Therefore, there was a need to republish the Dictionary in a more expanded and updated composition.

And here before you, dear reader, is a new edition of the Dictionary of Proper Names of the Russian Language. stress. Pronunciation. word change".

Dictionary contains:

1. geographical names (domestic and foreign);
2. names of state, public organizations, parties, movements, as well as scientific and educational institutions;
3. names of state and public figures, politicians, scientists and cultural figures (scientists, inventors, astronauts, writers, artists, composers, actors);
4. names of mass media (media) (newspapers, magazines, news agencies, television and radio companies);
5. names of industrial enterprises, trading firms, corporations, concerns, banks;
6. names of cultural objects (theaters, libraries, museums, concert halls, art galleries, film studios, archaeological and architectural monuments);
7. names of works of art fiction, painting, operas, ballets, operettas, films), as well as the names of the characters in these works;
8. names associated with religion (names of holidays, names of major religious figures, names of cult books);
9. sports-related names (sports clubs, names of famous athletes);
10. names of famous pop singers and musicians;
11. biblical and mythological characters.

In this edition, the vocabulary has been significantly replenished, more than three thousand new dictionary entries. At the same time, proper names that have fallen into disuse or have ceased to exist are excluded from the Dictionary.

All renames have been made to the Dictionary geographical objects recent years, both in our country and abroad, using the data of the information bulletin "Changes in the geographical names of the CIS countries" (Federal Service of Geodesy and Cartography of Russia, 1997) and Appendixes No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3 to the specified edition.

The book contains significant innovations:

1. for the first time, explanations are given for all geographical names, a generic word such as city, village, river, mountain, etc. is indicated, as well as the location of the toponym;
2. the number of explanations to the names of heads of state, major political and public figures has significantly increased, indicating in some cases chronological information;
3. the problem of vocabulary normativity was developed in more detail using a system of links and font selections;
4. the names of streets, lanes, avenues, squares of Moscow and some capitals of foreign countries have been introduced, causing difficulty in stress, pronunciation and declension;
5. for the first time, grammatical information is given to all vocabulary units.

Dictionary Structure

Material supply

1. Proper names are listed in the Dictionary in alphabetical order. Heading words are in bold.

2. To quickly search for the desired name of the person, the surnames are typed in capital letters.

3. If a dictionary entry (geographical name, name of a press agency, personal name and surname) consists of several words, then the alphabet of subsequent words is also taken into account, for example:

Velikie Dederkaly - Velikie KoroVinci - Veliki Krynk;

CARPINSK Alexandr - CARPINSK Vyacheslain;

"Journale de Genetin"[de, ne], non-cl., well. (gas., Switzerland) - "Journale du dimansh", non-cl., well. (gaz., France).

4. All non-single words are stressed: CYPRUSNSKY Orest. The stress is also placed on monosyllabic significant words in the compound names of foreign press organs, news agencies, etc. for the correct pronunciation of transliterations:

"New York taymes", non-cl., well. (gaz., USA);

new zeeLand Press Associateation[le, re], non-cl., Wed. (a-vo, New Zealand).

Non-monosyllabic service words, in turn, may not carry stress, for example, in the Italian names of press organs "della", "dello":

"Corrierre della sera"[re, de, se], neskl., m. (Vestn., Italy);

"Gadzetta dello sport"[ze, de], neskl., well. (gaz., Italy).

In words that have a side (secondary) stress, it is also put:

BarrakabermeHa, -i (mountains, Colombia);

VerhnedneproSun, -а (gor., Ukraine);

BENKATARAMAN Ramaswami, Venkatara mana Ramaswami (Indian statesman).

In compound names, two main stresses are usually indicated:

CalaCh-on-Don(city, Volgograd region, RF);

Novograd-Oxennsky(gor., Ukraine).

If both components are monosyllabic, then the first part is collaterally stressed, and the second is the main one, for example:

Fert-of-fort, F erth of Fort (Hall, UK).

Do not put an accent mark over the letter yo: Goethe, Gothenburg, DENYOV, Koln, KONYONKOV, NEYOLOV(this letter indicates not only the pronunciation, but also the place of stress). In compound words, if there is a main stress, then the letter yo can indicate collateral stress: DÖBEREYNER Yogann Volfgang[re, ne], but if the letter yo occurs in the word two or three times, then the stress is also placed over the letter yo: BörölöX(r., Yakutia).

5. The names of information and telegraph agencies, television and radio companies are given in the Dictionary twice: in expanded form and in the form of abbreviations. For each abbreviation, information about its pronunciation is given in square brackets, including stress, and also a grammatical label indicating the gender. If there is a transliteration in the dictionary entry, it is separated from the abbreviation by a dash and is provided with a pronunciation mark, if necessary. Further, in parentheses, the decoding of the name is given. For example:

AP[a-pe], non-cl.,Wed. - Associate ed Pre ss [te, re] (a-vo, USA),

Associateed press - AP[te, re; a-pe], non-cl.,Wed. (a-vo, USA);

BBC, non-cl., well. - British Broadcasting Corporetion [re] (British Broadcasting Corporation),

Breetish broDcasting Corporeation - BBC[re], non-cl., well. (British Broadcasting Corporation).

The names of agencies and radio and television companies are given without quotation marks.

6. With abbreviations of political, public and sports organizations, information is usually given in one dictionary entry:

ICAO[ika o], uncl., w.- International Civil Aviation Organization;

FAPSI[fapsy], neskl., cf.- Federal Agency for Government Communications and Information;

FIDE[fide], uncl., w.- International Chess Federation.

7. Explanations are given for all geographical names. The following information is given in parentheses: a term indicating the type of object - mountains. (city), hall. (bay), cape, lake. (lake), island (island), r. (river), Mt. (ridge), etc., and the location of the object. With domestic geographical names, the name of the republic, region, autonomous region, autonomous district is given and their state affiliation is indicated, for example:

Zadonsk, -a (mountain, Lipetsk region, RF); Calachinsk, -a (gor., Omsk region, RF).

With foreign toponyms, the term is also given and the location of the object is indicated:

Ploermeeh, -i (mountain, France); Yesllas, -а (horizontal, USA).

7.1. When naming a state, its name is given in parentheses. official name, after the term in other parentheses is the name of the continent:

Gabon, -a (Gabon Republic) (state in Central Africa);

Guatemala, -s [te] (Republic of Guatema la) (state in Central America).

7.2. With the word capital, the name of the state is given in the form genus. pad. in brackets:

Gaboronot[ne], neskl. (capital of Botswana); KaiR, -a (capital of Egypt).

7.3. When submitting the names of the subjects of the Russian Federation, the traditional Russian name is given in the first place, and the official name adopted in the Constitution of the Russian Federation is indicated in brackets, for example:

Kalmycue, -i (Republic of Kalmykia) (Russian Federation);

Yakutiya, -i (Republic of Sakha) (Russian Federation).

In everyday practice, i.e. when reading ordinary information and other programs, it is recommended to use traditional options: Kalmycue, Yakutiya. If we are talking about diplomatic documents (agreements, treaties, etc.), then it is recommended to use the official name: Republicanthe glare of Kalmacue, Republicanglare Sakha; also with the names of neighboring states, for example:

BeloruRussia, -i (Belarus) (Republic of Belarus);

Moldawiya, -i (Republic of Moldova).

In everyday life, preference is given to options: BeloruRussia, Moldawiya, in official speech - options: Republicanglare Belaracamping, Republicanglare Moldowa.

7.4. If the name refers to several objects, the terms denoting these objects are separated from the place name of the object by a dash:

Halveston, -а (hall, mountains - USA); HeraT, -a (mountain, prov. - Afghanistan).

In cases where objects of the same name are located in different states, the corresponding term is separated with a dash, and a semicolon is placed between the names of the states, for example:

HaI, -i (gor. - India; Niger); Garonna, -s (r. - Spain; France).

If there are several terms and, accordingly, places of objects, they are separated from each other by a semicolon:

deepkaya, -oy (settlement, Sverdlovsk, region, RF; r., Rostovsk region, RF).

7.5. If an object (river, lake, mountain range, etc.) is located on the territory of two or more states and has different names, respectively, each of them is given in a separate dictionary entry, while its names are given in neighboring countries:

Guerirad, -a (p. - Afghanistan; Iran); on the territory. Turkmenistan - Teje n;

tejen, -a (r., Turkmenistan); on the territory. Afghanistan; Iran - Guerira d;

Eforehead, -s (b., Germany); on the territory. Czech Republic; Slovakia - La ba;

Laba, -s (r. - Czech Republic; Slovakia); on the territory. Germany - Elba.

7.6. An explanation is also given for unofficial names:

Gebriislands(unofficial Hebrides, -and d) (architect in the Atlantic. c.),

Hebrides, cm. Gebriislands.

8. In some cases, chronological information is given in explanations of surnames. This applies to heads of state, major political and public figures, representatives of famous dynasties, family groups, etc., for example:

IURKEL Angela, Angela Merkel (Chancellor of Germany since 2005);

PERES DE CUELYAR JavierR, Perez de Cue llar Javier ra [re, de] (UN Secretary General in 1982-1991);

VALUA, neskl. (Dynasty of French kings in 1328-1589).

When submitting borrowed surnames belonging to the same family, the dictionary entry is given in the following form:

GRIMM, -but; Grimmy, -ov; Icob And Wilgelm;

brothers Grimm (German philologists);

LUMIERR, -but; Lumiere, -ov;

Louisjean And Ogust; brothers Lumier (French inventors).

There are fluctuations in the use of borrowed surnames in combination with the word brothers. As practice shows, the use of the singular has become entrenched in the Russian language, for example: brothers GRIMM, brothers LUMIER R1.

When difficulties arise when submitting the names of family groups, in particular, when declension, the material is presented in the form of separate articles:

FDNDA Genri, Funds Henry (American actor);

FDNDA Jane, Fondy Jane (American actress; daughter of G. Fonda);

FDNDA Piter, F undy Peter [te] (American actor; son of G. Fonda).

9. Normative and non-normative pronunciation options associated with the spelling of toponyms and anthroponyms are indicated by using a system of links and font selections. Recommended options are in bold, non-recommended options are in light.

9.1. When submitting pronunciation variants of toponyms, the dictionary entry is given in the following form:

BUThyung, -a (A Aachen) (gor., Germany),

Aachen cm. BUThyung;

BUTre(A are) [re], neskl. (b., Switzerland),

And are cm. BUTre;

haeju(Haeju), neskl. (mountain, North Korea),

haeju, cm. haeju.

The preferred options are: BUThyung,BUTre And haeju printed in bold type.

9.2. When submitting pronunciation variants of anthroponyms, after the recommended variant printed in bold type, another variant (outdated or less common) typed in light type is given in parentheses. Then the name is given, then the form genus is indicated in full. case - last name and first name and pronunciation marks (if necessary). The non-recommended variant is also given in a separate dictionary entry in its alphabetical place, printed in light type, with a reference cm. to the normative version in bold type:

GAZENKLEVER(Hazenkle ver) Waalter, Gazenkle faith (Hazenkle faith) Walter [ze, ze, te] (German poet and playwright),

HA ZENKLE VER Walter, cm. Hazenklever(Hazenkle ver) Waalter.

9.3. In cases different from the previous ones, there is such a presentation of surnames:

GART(Hart) Freynsis bret, Ga rta (Ha rta) Francis Breta (Bre t-Ga rt) (Amer. writer),

Bre t-ga rt, cm. Garth(Hart) Freynsis bret.

9.4. For the first time, the names of streets, lanes, avenues, squares of Moscow and some capitals of foreign countries have been introduced into the Dictionary, causing difficulty in stress, pronunciation and declension, for example:

grayvoronovskaya st.(in Moscow);

Gas pipelined, st.(in Moscow);

Golikovskiy per.(in Moscow);

Derbenevskaya st.(in Moscow);

Tiananmeny, neskl., well. (area in Beijing).

9.5. For the first time, the Dictionary provides grammatical information for all vocabulary items, i.e. the problem of inflection of different types of proper names is solved (see section "").

System of notes and explanations

Many words are given various kinds of explanations and marks, directly or indirectly related to the purpose of the Dictionary.

1. In parentheses are:

1.1) Explanations for surnames with the same spelling but different stress:

KAPICA Mihail, Kapiza Mihai La (Russian historian, diplomat);

KAPICA Sergeth, Sergey Kapitsy (Russian physicist);

1.2) pronunciations associated with writing:

Haid-park(Ha id-pa rk), Ga id-pa rka (Ha id-pa rk) (in London);

GAUV(ha uh) Wilgelm, Ga ufa (Kha ufa) Wilge lma (German writer);

1.3) adjectives formed from geographical names and having a different accent from them:

Barbados, -but ( adj. - Barbadian);

Hambiya, -And ( adj. - Gambian);

1.4) other names of the same geographical objects:

Bely nile(Ba hr-el-A byad);

1.5) former place names:

Yekaterinburg, -a (in 1924-1991 Sverdlo vsk) (city, Sverdlovsk region, RF);

Sverdlo vsk, cm. Yekaterinburg;

1.6) explanations for the names of press organs (indicating the type of publication and the name of the state where it is published), news agencies, works of art, etc.:

"Finensl times", neskl., well. (gaz., Great Britain);

Associateed press - AP[te, re; a-pe], neskl., Wed. (a-vo, USA);

"Ivengo"[ve], neskl., m. (novel by W. Scott);

1.7) explanations for indeclinable borrowed female surnames and given names indicating the profession and litter f. (female) if it is not clear in the description, for example:

SHELiusid, neskl. (American astronaut, woman);

A BUSINESSRM Denmarkeh[de, ie], neskl. (French actress);

1.8) explanations for ancient Greek and ancient Roman names:

AsklePius, -I ( other Greek myth.); other rome. Aescula p;

AesculaP, -but ( other Roman myth.); other Greek. Asclepius;

1.9) explanations when submitting the names of some domestic and foreign figures of science and culture:

GAMALEI am Nikolath, Gamale and Nikola I (Russian microbiologist and epidemiologist);

NOTRO FraNCO[ne], neskl. (Italian actor);

1.10) explanations for submitting pseudonyms famous figures literature and art:

GREEN Alexandr, Gris on Alexa ndra; present fam. Grinevsky (Russian writer);

GREENEVS Alexandr (pseudo. - A. Green);

GORKYI Maxim, Maxim Gorky; present name And fam. Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov (Russian writer);

PESHKOV Alexey 2 , Alexey Peshkova ( pseudo. - Maksim Gorky).

With the names of Russian writers and poets, the word Rus is given. (Russian), since the determinant is the Russian language in which they wrote or write.

2. In square brackets are given:

2.1) marks indicating the normative pronunciation:

BAUDUEN DE COURTAINS, baudueon de Courtenay[de, tene] (Russian and Polish linguist);

BONN Charles, Bonnet Charles [ne] (Switzerland naturalist);

Byrt-au-prens, Port-au-Prince nsa [re] (the capital of Haiti);

2.2) labels warning against incorrect pronunciation, for example:

AVIJUS YoUS, Avi jusa Yo nasa [ not zhu; ё] (Lithuanian writer);

JUREYITIS Algis, Zhura Itis Algis [ not zhu] (conductor);

Qiurich, -but [ not zu] (mountains, Switzerland);

JUPPEalen, Juppe Ale on [ne; not zhu] (French statesman);

2.3) marks fixing the syllable section in words with side stress: for example, Folxuni[s/u], neskl. (party, Belgium).

3. In quotation marks are the names of the press, literary works, operas, ballets, as well as publishing companies, industrial enterprises, concerns, musical ensembles, sports clubs:

"Frankfurter algemeine[te, ne], neskl., well. (gaz., Germany);

"Banyuta", “Ba nuta” (opera by A. Kalnins);

"Glazgo Reingers[re], neskl., m. (football club, Scotland).

4. Without quotes, the names of news and telegraph agencies are given:

APA[a-pe-a], neskl., Wed. - A ustria Pre sse-A gentur [re, se] (a-vo, Austria).

5. Litter neskl. means that the proper name does not change in cases:

Thatkio, neskl.; SCARLATTI, neskl.; Orly, neskl. (airport in Paris).

6. Notes printed in italics b. - former, neskl. - indeclinable (word), m. - male (genus), well. - feminine (genus), woman, local. - local, Wed. - neuter gender); official. - official, adj. - adjective, unfold. - colloquial cm. - Look; terr. - territorial, Tibet. - Tibetan, actual. - actually; some explanations are also given for proper names of persons and geographical names.

Special terms found in the Dictionary

anthroponym- a person's own name: personal name, patronymic, surname, nickname, pseudonym.

Toponym(geographical name) - the name of any geographical object: ocean, mainland, country, city, river, village, etc.

microtoponym- own name of a small physical-geographical object: the name of a grove, spring, tract, street, district, etc.

1 Cm. Rosenthal D. E.

2 The bearer of the surname himself pronounced it with an accent at the end (PESHKO B), but in the Dictionary, in accordance with tradition, the variant PESHKOV is given.

Stress and pronunciation

1. Emphasis in geographical names

The Dictionary includes proper names that cause difficulties in determining the place of stress.

1.1. When choosing stress options for domestic geographical names, attention is paid to local stress. The departments of announcers of the All-Union Radio and Central Television periodically sent inquiries to local committees on television and radio broadcasting, to the permanent missions of the republics, to special television and radio correspondents in different cities about the stress in certain geographical names. Their answers were taken into account in the preparation of this edition of the Dictionary. The recommendations of special dictionaries of geographical names were also used, cm. , Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary. But in the approach to the stress norm of domestic and borrowed toponyms, the existence of two opposite tendencies is taken into account: 1) the desire to get closer to the local pronunciation and 2) the desire to preserve the traditional stress characteristic of the Russian language. Unconditional adherence to one or another trend is wrong; an approach is required specifically for each case. If the accent in the local name differs from the generally accepted one in the Russian literary language, does not correspond to the accent system of the Russian language, then the traditional variant characteristic of the literary language is accepted.

One of the important factors that plays a decisive role in choosing the accent option is the reliance on the tradition of the Russian language. For example, options have come into wide use: Ob Bay (Tyumen region), Tiksi (bay and town - Yakutia), Murmansk (Murmansk region), Kandala ksha (mountains, Murmansk region), Cherepovets (city, Vologda region), etc. Official sources cite these traditional variants. But the local accents are different: Obska I Guba, Tiksi, Murmansk, Kandalaksha, Chere povets.

In other cases, dictionaries give different recommendations about the stress in certain names, for example, the name of a city in Karelia: Kondopoga and Kondopoga ( adj. - kondopozhsky and kondopozhsky). This name, which is difficult to pronounce in Russian, is presented in the Dictionary as follows: Ko ndopo ha, -And ( adj. - kondopozhskiy).

Dictionaries give different indications about the stress in the names of the capital of Kalmykia - Elista and the cities - Kirishi (Leningrad region) and Neryungri (in Yakutia). Based on letters from local television and radio broadcasting committees, they should be pronounced: Elista, Kirishi, Ne rungri ( adj. - Neryungri). This Dictionary lists these options. They have become widespread in the practice of speech and have become familiar to the Russian language.

Recently, on television and radio, the names of the city and the tract near Smolensk have been pronounced differently: Katyn, Katyn forest and Katyn, Katyn forest. In response to our request, the Smolensk television and radio company reported: “The name Katyn (a place, a village, later a station) comes from the ancient name of the Katynka River and the nearby Katyn burial mounds - the Katyn site, one of the oldest in Europe ... ". But now the most common options are: Katyn, Katyn forest.

There is a discrepancy in the declension of the name of the city of Osh in Kyrgyzstan. The Dictionary gives: Osh oh sha, in oh sha ( local in Osh) cm. A. A. Zaliznyak. Grammar Dictionary of the Russian Language: Inflection. - M., 2008, p. 780.

1.2. Geographical names of foreign countries are borrowed from the literary, official, state language countries where the named objects are located. Therefore, in this case, there is no discrepancy between local and literary pronunciation. But when borrowing foreign toponyms, as a rule, the traditional approach is used in setting the stress. This leads in some cases to discrepancies with the accent of the original.

There are a number of traditional geographical names, well mastered by the Russian language, the stress in which does not correspond to the stress of the source language. For example, in the literary language it is customary to pronounce: Amsterda m ( niderl. - A msterdam), Ankara ( tour.- A nkara), Belgrade d ( Serbian-Croatian. - Be fences), Washington n ( English. -Woshington), Manche erased ( English. - Manchester), Island ( Czech. - O Strava), Pana ma ( Spanish. - Panama), Hiroshi ma ( jap. - Hiro Shima), Florida Yes ( English. - Florida). It is these traditional variants that are given in this Dictionary: Amsterdam, Ankara, Belgrade, Washington, Manchester, Ostrava, Panama, Hiroshima, Florida.

But sometimes in the speech of individual commentators and journalists there are fluctuations in the choice of stress for some names. They say Florida, Washington, Panama, but this pronunciation does not correspond to the established tradition. The Dictionary also takes into account some non-linguistic factors: strengthening political and economic ties with foreign countries, active knowledge of foreign languages, the unifying role of television and radio, etc. As practice shows, in recent decades there has been a tendency to bring the stress in foreign proper names closer to the source languages.

Special mention should be made of the accent in the name of the state in South America - Peru. For many years, the traditional version of Peru was used, it was recorded in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 2nd ed., M., 1955, but in the 3rd ed., M., 1975, the version of Peru is already given. Previously, this name was rarely used, contacts with the country were insignificant. But in connection with the expansion of economic and political ties between our states, the variant Peru, close to the source language, has become widespread in the practice of speech. It is given in all dictionaries of recent years. This Dictionary also accepts this option: Peru.

The confrontation between the two options is noted in the use of the name of the state in South Asia - Sri Lanka ( b. Ceylon). In the Dictionary, it is given with an accent on the last syllable - Sri Lanka, in accordance with the recommendation of the leadership of the Main Editorial Office of Radio Broadcasting to the Countries of Asia, the Near and Middle East ("Voice of Russia"). Numerous entries statesmen Sri Lanka, available to the editors, confirm the correctness of this recommendation. Dictionaries recommend Sri Lanka with a final accent - Sri Lanka, and in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary Sri Lanka is given with two accents: Sri La nka.

Thus, when choosing stress options for foreign geographical names, in some cases, extralinguistic factors, the degree of use of certain options in speech practice, are taken into account. Sometimes traditional options become obsolete, and options that are close to the original get “citizenship” rights, for example: Caracas (capital of Venezuela), Boston (city, USA), Oxford (city, UK). All the above dictionaries, as well as this Dictionary, prefer these options. The following variants have become widespread in television and radio speech: Qatar (state in South-West Asia), Cordoba (mountain, Spain), Melbourne (mountain, Australia), Rostok (mountain, Germany ), Si days (mountains, Australia).

in dictionaries ( cm. bibliography), various recommendations are given:

Katar -; Kata r - ( official. Katar);
Kordova -; Ko rdo va -;
Melbourne - ; Melbu pH -;
Si days -; Si day th -;
Ro stock - ; Ros one hundred k - .

In this Dictionary - "Dictionary of proper names of the Russian language" are given: Qatar, Kordova, Melbourne, Si days, Rostock.

In other cases, the traditional variants are used, which are given in the Dictionary: Ayowa (state, USA), Potsda m (mountains, Germany), Buchenva ice (German-fascist concentration camp), Balato n (lake, Hungary), Reykja vik (the capital of Iceland), although in the source languages ​​they are pronounced differently: A yova, Po tsdam, Bu henvald, Balaton, Reykjavik.

2. Emphasis in the names of streets, lanes, passages, squares in Moscow

The microtoponymic names of the capital are part of its culture, its history. Correct pronunciation metropolitan toponyms is of particular importance.

Professional television and radio workers (presenters, commentators, observers, correspondents, journalists) often have difficulty pronouncing the names of squares, streets, lanes in Moscow.

In order to establish greater uniformity in the pronunciation of this category of vocabulary and, if possible, to minimize discord in this area, the State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company published F. L. Ageenko’s dictionary-reference book “Accents in the names of the streets of Moscow and in the geographical names of the Moscow region”1 edited by Professor D. E Rosenthal. This manual was the first experience in the study of the orthoepy of the microtoponymy of Moscow2, the only reference book at that time that provided information on the stress, pronunciation and inflection of the names of Moscow streets, squares, lanes. A small certificate about the origin of the names of the streets of Moscow was also attached.

The list of Moscow street names included in this publication has been significantly expanded. It also includes microtoponyms of some capitals of foreign countries, for example: Shte fan-platz [te], neskl. (main square of Vienna), etc.

They are divided into several types of names associated with: 1) with Russian surnames, 2) with foreign-language surnames, 3) with geographical names, 4) with the names of churches, 5) with professional activity of people.

1. In practice, speech can be heard: Dezhnev Ave. and Dezhnev Ave., st. Vasily Botyleva and st. Vasily Botyleva, st. Bory sa Zhigulenkova and st. Bori sa Zhigule nkova, st. Konenkov and st. Horse nkova. It is recommended to pronounce all these names in the same way as their carriers themselves pronounced their surnames, after whom the streets are named, namely: Dezhnev Ave., st. Vasily Botylev, st. Boris Zhigulenkov, st. Konenkov.

2. Along with the difficulties of choosing the correct stress, there may be difficulties associated with pronunciation in words of foreign origin, for example, U lofa Palme, st. [me], A mundsen, st. [se]. In these cases, after the name, the pronunciation mark [me], [se] is given in square brackets.

3. In the names associated with geographical names, it is recommended to follow the stress characteristic of this object. Variation is noted when using the name Derbenevskaya emb. It is named after the Derbe Nevka tract, it is recommended to pronounce: Derbe Nevskaya Embankment, and not Derbenevskaya Embankment.

Sometimes they use the option Reutovskaya st. instead of Reutovskaya. It is named after the mountains near Moscow. Reutov.

There is a discrepancy in the use of names: Golikovskiy per. and Golikovsky lane, Stavropolskaya and Stavropolskaya st., Belgorodsky avenue and Belgorodsky avenue, Novgorodskaya st. and But vgorodskaya st., Kargopolskaya st. and Kargopolskaya st., Zvenigorodskaya st. and Zveni city street. There are certain regularities here. In adjectives with the suffix - ck formed from geographical names, the stress is more often placed on the same syllable as in the name from which it is formed (Tambo v - Tambo vovsky, U glich - U glichsky, Goliki (from the tract Goliki) - Golikovskiy per., but sometimes there is a shift of stress towards the end of the word: Stavropol - Stavropolskaya st., Belgorod - Belgorodsky pr., But in the city - Novgorodskaya st., Kargopol - Kargopolskaya st., Ring the city - Zvenigorodskaya st.

The name Vorotnikovsky lane fluctuates in use. Named after being here since the XV century. Vorotnikovskaya settlement, whose inhabitants - "collars" - guarded the gates of the Kremlin, Kitay-Gorod and the White City. In the adjective, formed from the word "vorotnik" (guard at the gate), the stress moves closer to the end of the word: vorotkovskiy.

4. In some cases, the names are associated with the names of churches. The names Bolshoi Nikolovorobinsky and Maly Nikolovorobinsky lanes arose in the 19th century. according to the Church of Nicholas "in Vorobin", located here since the 17th century. This is how the names should be pronounced.

Of interest is the name Bolshoi Devyatinsky Lane, associated with the name of the Church of the Nine Martyrs. The name was assigned to the lane in the 18th century. It should be pronounced: Bolshoi Devyatynsky per.

5. Some names are associated with the professional activities of people, for example: Bolshoi Gnezdnikovsky per. The modern name arose in the 18th century, given by the foundry masters who lived here. The name is recommended to be pronounced: Bolshoi Gnezdnikovskiy per.

3. Stress in surnames and personal names

The correctness of the recommendations in setting the stress in the surnames was checked by the author by referring to the bearers of the surnames - in some cases, studying the issue on the basis of documentary data and evidence of contemporaries - in others. The recommendations of encyclopedic dictionaries were also taken into account. But in a number of cases, the indications of dictionaries and encyclopedias regarding the placement of stress in certain surnames do not correspond to how the carriers themselves pronounced them. For example, the Russian poet Konstantin Balmont pronounced his last name with an accent on the last syllable (Balmont). This is evidenced by the statement of his daughter Bruni-Balmont, who participated in one of the radio programs dedicated to the poet. The poetess Marina Tsvetaeva3 also wrote about this. In this Dictionary, this surname is given with the final stress: Balmo nt. In the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary (M., 2005), it is given with an emphasis on the first syllable: Balmont.

In borrowed surnames, the stresses in some cases are set in accordance with those adopted in the source languages, for example, RE MBRANDT Harmens van Rijn [re] (dad. artist), LEE NCOLNE Abraham (16th US President), WASHINGTON George (1st President of the United States). Here, the degree of use of stress variants in television and radio speech is taken into account.

In other cases, the Dictionary gives traditional variants that are widely used in the practice of speech: SHO U George Berna rd (English writer), DALTO N (Dolton) John (English physicist and chemist), BRE HT Bertolt (German writer, director), NEWTO N Isaac (English mathematician, astronomer and physicist), IBARRU RI Dolo res (Spanish statesman), KARMEN (Spanish name). Shakespeare's surname retains the traditional stress on the last syllable. The transcription itself does not correspond to the true pronunciation of the surname (Sheikspear). Probably, the transfer of stress (Shakespeare) is associated with the influence French. The variance of the use of Shakespeare's name is noted: William and William. Recently, in the press, as well as in the reprinting of the writer's works, a variant close to the original, William, has been used. The Dictionary gives: Shakespeare Williams.

In recent years, the version of Mary I Stuart has become common in television and radio speech. This pronunciation can be heard in the speech of actors, directors in various television programs. The Dictionary cites: STU ART Gilbert, Stu Art Gilbert (Amer. artist); STU ART James, Stuart James (English economist); but: STU RT Marie I, cm. Mary Stuart; Marie I Stuart, Marie and Stuart (Scottish queen in 1542-1567). The Marie Stuart variant is widespread in the practice of speech, so it is given with the traditional stress.

Variation is noted in the use of the surname of Shakespeare's hero Macbeth. In accordance with the rule of placing stress in English language should be pronounced Macbe t, since the Scottish prefix Mac is never stressed. This version, close to the original, is increasingly used in television and radio programs. The Dictionary gives: Macbeth (tragedy by W. Shakespeare; opera by G. Verdi; ballet by K. Molchanov); but: “Lady Ma kbet of the Mtsensk district” - a story by N. Leskov. As you can see, the traditional version is preserved in the title of the work by N. Leskov.

Accent variation is observed when using the name of the American animator Walt Disney. As practice shows, the norm is shifting towards the traditional option: Disney th. The dictionary gives: DISNEY Y Walt, Disney I Walt [ne], Disney nd, -a [ne, le] (children's park, California).

The emphasis fluctuates in the use of the name of the French artist (of Spanish origin) - PICASSO Pablo. He was a French citizen and most lived his life in France. The French pronounce this surname with the final stress - PICASSO. This option came to Russian culture through the French language and was widely used.

But, as practice shows, in recent years, the variant of PIKA SSO, corresponding to the stress of the source language, has become widespread in the Russian language. This edition gives: PIKA MTR Pa blo.

4. Rules for placing stress in proper names borrowed from other languages

4.1. The stress in non-Russified surnames, geographical names is usually motionless, that is, when declensed, it remains in the same place: Balza k, -a, Dvo rzhak - Dvo rzhak, Limo zh - Limo zha, Myu nchen - Myu nhena.

4.2. In words borrowed from French, the stress is always at the end of the word: Zola, Stend le, Flaubert, Lyon, Bordeaux, "France Catholic" (gaz., France).

4.3. In proper names that came into Russian from English, the stress in most cases is on the first syllable: Byron, Darwin, Cardiff, but: Manchester, Liverpool.

4.4. In German words, the stress is placed on the root of the word and rarely on the suffix or ending: Baden, Egmont, Schumann, Gendel, but: Burley n.

4.5. In Swedish, Dutch, Norwegian, Icelandic and Danish, the stress is usually placed on the first syllable: U psala, Bergen, O slo, Groningen, O rhus.

4.6. In words that came into the Russian language from Finnish, Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, Estonian, Latvian, the stress is on the first syllable: Helsinki, Tallin, Sigulda, De bretsen, Baldone, “Helsingin sa nomat” (gas ., Finland), “Ne psabadshag” (gaz., Hungary), “Ze medelske but viny” (gaz., Czech Republic).

4.7. In words from the languages ​​of Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, the stress is placed mainly on the second syllable from the end of the word, much less often on the third and only in some cases on the last: Tole do, Sarago sa, Peruja, Pale rmo, Da nte Alighier ri, Mige l Servantes de Saave dra, but: Evora (mountain, Portugal), Valladoli d (mountain, Spain).

4.8. In Polish, the stress is on the penultimate syllable: Szczecin, Gdynya, Wlotsla vek, Senkiewicz, Veniawski, “Gaze ta vyborcha” (gaz., Poland).

4.9. In words that came into the Russian language from Turkish, Tatar, and also from some Caucasian languages, for example, Dagestan, Kabarda, etc., the stress is placed at the end of the word: Musa Jali l, Nazy m Hikmet, Ankara, Stambu l, " Gulsara" (opera by R. Glier), "Millie t" (gaz., Turkey).

4.10. In Japanese surnames and names, the stress, as a rule, is on the penultimate syllable: Yamaga ta, Akira Kurosa wa, but: “Sanke i simbu n” (gaz., Japan), O saka, To kyo.

4.11. In words that came into Russian from Chinese, the stress is placed on the end: Shanha y, Urumqi, Pek n, Deng Xiaop n, Sun Yat-sen, but: Qingda o, “Renmi n zhiba o” (gaz., PRC).

4.12. In Korean and Vietnamese surnames and names, the stress is placed on the end of the word: Hano y, Seoul, Pyongyang n, Ho Chi Minh, Pham Van Do ng, “Nodo n sinmu n” (gaz., DPRK).

4.13. Sometimes the same names, names and surnames are pronounced differently in different languages, for example, the names Ahmed, Hassan, Muhammad (Mohammed) Tatars, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Afghans, Iranians, Pakistanis pronounce with an emphasis on the last syllable: Ahmed d, Hasa n, Muhammad d (Mohammed d), and the Egyptians, Syrians, Sudanese, Libyans, residents Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Iraq, Tunisia - with an accent on the penultimate one: A khmed, Kha san, Mukha mmed (Mokha mmed), these differences in the place of stress in Russian are preserved.

4.14. In some borrowed surnames and names in Russian, the stress is traditionally placed on a different syllable than in the source languages, for example, Washington n (gor.), Balato n, Reykja vik, Shakespeare, Manchester, Hiroshima , but in English they pronounce: Washington, Manchester, Sheikspear, in Hungarian - Balaton, in Icelandic - Reykjavik, in Japanese - Hiro Sima.

5. Pronunciation

The Dictionary provides partial information about pronunciation. Some orthoepic features are noted in it: 1) the lack of softening of a number of consonants before e, 2) softening in some cases of hissing well, c And w.

Pronunciation of consonants before e

Most borrowed proper names are pronounced with softening of the consonant before e in accordance with the norms of Russian literary pronunciation: [B"] erlio z4, [B"] etkho ven, Buda [n"] e pcs, etc. However, you can give a lot of foreign proper names in which the consonants in this position are pronounced firmly: B [RE]HT Bertolt, BRI T[TE]N Benjamin, WALLENCH[TE]IN A lb[re]ht, BRO [DE]LE A anna.

Sometimes in the speech of speakers on television and radio, an unjustified softening of consonants before e, for example: [C "] E N-SA NS Camille, GOB [S "] E K, [N "] EYGA UZ Heinrich, FO LK [N "] ER William instead of [SE] H-CA HC Kami le, GOB[SE]K, [NE]YGA UZ Henrikh, FO LK[NE]R William.

Information about the hardness of consonants before e in proper names are given in square brackets, for example, MATE YKO Yang [te].

Pronunciation agree x w, c and w

Letters well, c And w always denote solid consonants [zh], [ts] and [w]: Zhilbe r - [Zhy] lbe r, She lly - [She] li, Tse tkin - [Tse] tkin. However, in some borrowed proper names in high style speech, it is preferable to use variants with soft [w], [g] and [c], although this does not correspond to the rules of Russian orthoepy. In such cases, the Dictionary gives the appropriate notes, for example: MASSNET Jules [ne; not zhu]; RENA R Jules [re; not zhu]; SORE LE Julier n [re; not zhu]; JURA YTIS A lgis [ not zhu]; SE N-JU ST Louis [se; not zhu]; Qiurich [ not zu].

However, the number of proper names where it is preferable to use variants with soft [w], [g] and [c] is small. In most cases, these consonants are pronounced firmly in accordance with the rules of Russian orthoepy.

1 The dictionary-reference book was published by the Main Editorial Board of Letters and sociological research Gosteleradio of the USSR (1st ed. - 1980; 2nd - 1983).

2 In such publications as Encyclopedia "Moscow" (1998), "Big Illustrated Encyclopedia" Moscow ". Moscow Studies from A to Z” (compiled by M. I. Vostryshev) (2007), microtoponyms of Moscow are given selectively. The most complete information on these topics was presented in the book "Names of Moscow streets". Toponymic dictionary. - M., 2007.

3 M. Tsvetaeva. "Prose" (section "Balmont and Bryusov", p. 129). - The Netherlands, 1969 (Zetchworth, Hertfordshire). A footnote is made to the name of K. Balmont: “I ask the reader, according to the carrier, to pronounce it with an accent on the end” (Balmont). In the book "Konstantin Balmont". - St. Petersburg, 1997 in the preface, the emphasis is on the names of Balmont nt.

4 Softness of consonants before e denoted by the sign ": [B"] erlio h.

declination

1. Place names

1.1. If the geographical name is not inflected, then it is marked neskl. In other cases, for each toponym, the form genus is given. pad. It is given in full:

1) with monosyllabic names: Belz, Belza; Gzhel, Gzhe;

2) in non-single-word names, which are ordinary phrases: Stary Oskol, Stary Oskol;

3) in compound words written with a hyphen: Baba -Durma s, Baba -Durma for; Ba den-Ba den, Ba den-Ba dena [de].

In other cases, the form genus. pad. given in a truncated form: Badhy s, -a; Babad g, -a; Bavle ny, -e n; Badajo s, -a.

1.2. With some toponyms, forms of other cases are also given: with geographical names on - evo, -ovo, -ino, -yno forms are given genus., creative. and suggestion. pad., since in speech practice, in the press, in television and radio programs, these names are sometimes not declined, which contradicts the traditional norm of the Russian literary language, for example: Bagerovo, -a, -om, in Bagerovo (Ukraine) ; Ko sovo, -a, -om, in Kosov (Rep. Serbia); Gabrovo, -a, -om, in Gabrow (gor., Bulgaria).

1.3. East Slavic names ending in - about with a preceding consonant, do not decline: Dubno, neskl. (gor., Ukraine); Ro no, neskl. (gor., Ukraine); Gro bottom, neskl. (gor., Belarus).

1.4. In geographical names on - ev, -yov, -ov, -in genitive and instrumental forms are given: Belev, -a, -om (city, Tula region, RF); Bobro in, -a, -om (city, Voronezh region, RF); Bardejov, -a, -om (gor., Slovakia); Babi n, -a, -om (lake, Canada).

1.5. Foreign toponyms ending in a vowel - but, experience significant fluctuations in inclination:

many borrowed geographical names mastered by the Russian language are declined according to the type of noun. female kind on - but percussion, for example: Bukhara, -s; Bugulma, -s; Ankara, -s;

do not inflect toponyms French in origin with final stress: Jura, neskl. (mountains - France; Switzerland);

inflected Japanese place names ending in - but unstressed: O saka, -i; Yoko bitch, -i [yo];

do not inflect Estonian and Finnish names ending in - but, -I unstressed: Sa wonlinna, neskl. (mountains, Finland); Yu vaskyla, neskl. (mountains, Finland); Sa aremaa, neskl. (Island, Estonia);

Abkhazian and Georgian toponyms ending in unstressed - experience fluctuations in declension - but. In the Dictionary, the names are given in a declined version: Шха pa, -ы (city - on the border of Georgia and Kabardino-Balkaria, RF); Ochamchi ra, -s (gor., Rep. Abkhazia); Gudau ta, -s (gor., Rep. Abkhazia);

complex geographical names are not inclined to - but unstressed, borrowed from Spanish and other Romance languages: Bai ya Blanca, neskl. (mountains, Argentina); Bai ya-la ypa, neskl. (mountains, Argentina); Here s de la Fronte ra [re, de, te], neskl. (mountains, Spain);

decline as nouns compound Slavic names that are nouns in the presence of derivational signs of adjectives, for example: Bya la-Podlya ska, Bya la-Podlya ski (gor., Poland); Banska-Bi Strica, Banska-Bi Stritsy (gor., Slovakia); Zielona-Gura, Zielona-Gura (mountains, Poland);

both parts are inclined in names with the word river, for example: Moscow-river, Moscow-river, on the Moscow-river, etc. But in colloquial speech there are cases of inclination of the first part of these combinations: beyond the Moscow-river, on the Moscow-river, etc. e. However, this use does not correspond to the standard of the literary language.

1.6. Toponyms ending in vowels - And, -s and not perceived in Russian as plural forms. numbers are given in indeclinable form, for example: Burli, neskl. (s., Kazakhstan); Karshi, neskl. (s., Turkmenistan); Ismayilli, neskl., (gor., Azerbaijan); Mary, neskl. (gor., Turkmenistan); Dzhusaly , neskl. (town, Kazakhstan).

1.7. With monosyllabic names ending in a soft consonant, the forms of genus, dates are given. and suggestion. pad., since they experience fluctuations when declining: Rus, Rus, to Rus, in Rus; Ob, Ob, to the Ob, to the Ob; Perm, Perm, to Perm, about Perm; Kerch, Kerch, to Kerch, to Kerch. In the latter case, the stress was fixed on the base.

1.8. With names ending in consonants - well, -c, -sh, the forms of the genus are indicated. and creativity. pad., as in creative. pad. under stress is written - about, and without the accent - e, for example: Fate w, -a, -em (gor., Kursk region, RF); Kirzha h, -a, -o m (city, Vladimir region, RF).

1.9. Some foreign names such as Saint-Catarins [se] are not declined, neskl., (mountain, Canada); Pe r-Lache s [pe], neskl. (cemetery in Paris); Pla ya-Hiro n (Pla ya-Hiro n), neskl. (pos., Cuba).

1.10. In an indeclinable form, some foreign-language names from the area of ​​​​urban nomenclature are given with the second part - straight, -square: Wall Street, neskl.; Washington n-square, neskl. etc.

2. Male and female surnames ending in -o, -e, -i, -u, -yu

about, -e, -And, -at, -Yu, are presented in the Dictionary in an indeclinable form, for example: SHI LO Nikolay i, Shi lo Nikolay i (Russian geologist); Craft Vasily, Craft Vasily (Russian breeder); Durnovo Ivan, Durnovo Ivan (Russian statesman); VA YKULE Laima, Vaikule Laima (Latvian pop singer); VESKY And anna, neskl. (Est. pop singer); BASILASHVI LI Ole g, Basilashvi li Ole ha (Russian actor); ILIIE SCU Io n, Ilie sku Io na (Rom. statesman); BENTO yu Pasca l, Bento yu Pasca la (rum. Composer).

3. Male and female surnames and personal names ending in -ah, -ya, -ya, -ya, -oy

Male and female surnames and personal names ending in - but, -I, -and I, -and I, -oya are usually inclined. But there are also cases of their non-declension, which is associated with the place of stress in the word and the tradition of their use in Russian:

3.1. Male and female surnames and personal names ending in - but, -I unstressed, as a rule, bow; for example: TO MA Svetlana, That we are Svetlana (Russian actress), DO GA Evgeny, Dogi Evgenia (Mold. composer).

3.2. Japanese given names and surnames ending in - but unstressed, recently in the press, in television and radio programs, in literature, they are regularly declined. The Dictionary gives: KUROSA WA Aki ra, Kurosa you Aki ry (Japanese director); HATOYA MA Ichi ro, Hatoya we Ichi ro (jap. statesman).

3.3. Georgian names and surnames specified type experience fluctuations in declension, but in accordance with the norm of the Russian literary language, they should be declined, for example: OKUJA VA Bula t, Okudzha you Bula ta; HORA WA Aka cue, Hora you Aka cue; VA ZHA Pshave la, Va zhi Pshavely. But the name of the Georgian poet, ending in - but shock, Shota Rustavi is traditionally not declined in Russian.

3.4. Finnish given names and surnames ending in - but unstressed, mostly not inclined, for example: KE KKONEN Urho Kaleva, Kekkonen Urho Kaleva, PE KKALA Ma yno, neskl.

3.5. Names and surnames ending in - but with the preceding - And, do not decline, for example: GAMSAHU RDIA Konstantin n, Gamsahu rdia Konstantin na (Georgian writer).

3.6. Slavic surnames ending in - but percussion, decline: SKORODO Gregory, Skovorody Gregory (Ukrainian philosopher); POTEBNYA Alexa ndr, Potebnya Alexa ndra (Ukrainian and Russian philologist-Slavist).

3.7. French surnames and personal names ending in - but percussion, do not decline: TALMA François, neskl. (French actor); THOMA Ambrois s, Thomas Ambrois for (French composer); GAMARRA Pierre, Gamarra Pierre (French writer); DUMA Alexa NDR, Dumas Alexa Ndra (French writer).

3.8. Some African surnames on - but the shock experience fluctuations in declination: BABANGIDA Ibragi m, Babangida Ibragi ma (government figure of Nigeria); YAMARA Semoko [se], neskl. (common leader of Chad).

3.9. Women's personal names and surnames ending in - and I are inclined according to the pattern of declension of personal names such as Ra I, Ta I, Agla I. The Dictionary gives the forms genus, dates. and suggestion. pad., for example: GULA I I nna, Gula and I nna, to Gula e I nna, about Gula e I nna (Russian actress); SANA Ya Marina, Sana and Marina, to Sana e Marine, o Sana e Marine (Russian figure skater).

3.10. Male surnames ending - oya decline according to the type of declension n. “needles”, for example: PIHO I am Rudolf, Pikho and Rudolf, to Pikho e Rudolf, about Pikho e Rudolf (Russian statesman).

3.11. Georgian surnames ending in - and I, are inclined according to the model of the name Mariya (Mariya, born, dated, proposition. AndAnd), although in speech practice, on TV and radio, in the press, surnames of this type are sometimes not declined, which does not correspond to the norm of the Russian literary language. Correct: DANELIA Georgy, Daneliya Georgiy, to Daneliya Georgiy, about Daneliya Georgy [ne] (Russian film director); ALEXA NDRIIA Na na, Alexa ndria Na na, to Alex andria Na ne, about Alexandria Na ne (Georgian chess player); Chkonia Lamar, Chkonia Lamara, to Chkonia Lamar, about Chkonia Lamar (Georgian actress).

3.12. For personal names And I, Li I, Vi I, Ti I, Gi I (masculine Georgian name) are given the forms of genus, dates. and suggestion. pad. ending - ai: And I, And and, to And and, about And and. There is a second way of inflecting these names: And I, And and, to And e, about And e. The dictionary prefers the first, i.e.: And I, AND and, to AND and, about AND And.

3.13. Personal names and surnames of eastern origin such as Ali I, Alfie I, Zulfi I forms are given genus., dates. and suggestion. fall: Zulfi I, -And And; to Zulfi e Oh Zulfi e.

4. Male and female surnames and personal names ending in a consonant (including th)

4.1. Male surnames and personal names ending in a consonant (hard or soft) are inclined: DAL Vlad And world, D but la Vlad And peace; BRECHT Bert about lt, Br e hta bert about lta [re].

4.2. Male and female surnames ending in - them, -s, do not decline: RAV E NSKIKh Nikol but y, Rav e Nsky Nikolai but me (Russian director); CHEREMN S X Micha And l, Cheremn s x Micha And la (Russian artist); Cheremn s X, neskl. (female f.).

4.3. To male names and surnames ending in hissing and - c, the forms of the genus are given. and creativity. pad. Emphasis on creativity. pad. written - about, and without the accent - e, for example: SHEET F e renz, L And hundred F e renz, L And stomy F e Rents (Hungarian composer, pianist, conductor); B BUT RENTZ V And llem, B but renz V And llema, B but ranz B And llem (netherl. navigator); BIL BUT Sh Alex but ndr, Bilash but Alex but ndra, Bilash about m alex but ndrom (Russian composer); B BUT LJ (B but lash) B e la, b but crap (B but lash) B e ly, B but we're screwed (B but lash) B e loy (Hungarian writer). However, there are exceptions, for example: T E LESHOV Nikol but th, T e Leshova Nikol but I (Russian writer); VLAD AND MIRTSOV Bor And s, Vlad And Mirtsova Bor And sa (Mongolian scientist); COOK ABOUT VTSOV P but led, Kok about vtsova P but vla (Russian scientist and Semitologist).

4.4. Male surnames of East Slavic origin that have a fluent vowel during declension can have two declension options - with and without loss of a vowel, depending on the tradition of their use in literary speech. The Dictionary gives: Z BUT Yats Anat about ley, Z but Yatsa Anat about liya (Russian poet); COURT E C Vlad And peace, judgment e tsa Vlad And peace (Russian military leader); GRITSEV E C Serg e y, Gritsevts but Serg e I (Russian pilot); LUCHEN ABOUT TO AND gore, Luchenko but AND grief (Belarusian composer); KOVALENOK Vlad And peace, Kovalenka Vlad And the world (Russian cosmonaut); MAZUR ABOUT TO YU Riy, Mazur about ka YU ria (Russian singer).

4.5. For male surnames and personal names of West Slavic and West European origin, the gender forms are given. pad. without dropping a vowel, for example: G BUT SHEK Yaroslav but c, g but Sheka Yaroslav but va (Czech writer); G BUT VRANEK B about guslav, G but vraneka B about guslava [ne] (Czech linguist); GOTT K but rel, G about tta K but rela [re] (Czech singer).

4.6. Male Polish, Czech and Slovak surnames on - sky, -tsky are usually given with full endings in nominative case and are inclined according to Russian models (following the model of adjective declension), for example: OLBR S HSK Dani e l, Olbre s khskogo Tribute e la [ie] (Polish actor); OG AND NSK (Og And English) M And hal cle about face, og And nsky (Og And nsky) M And challah cle about face (Polish composer). But sometimes surnames of this type are used in an indeclinable form, for example: FLOOR BUT NSKI Rum but n, Paul but nsky rum but on (Polish film director), although on the recommendation of experts they should be declined. Dictionary gives: Gender BUT NSK (Gender but nski) Rum but n, Paul but nsky (Pol but nski) Rum but on the.

4.7. Women's surnames can be issued in different ways: with full endings (- skye, -tskaya) and with truncated (- ska, -tska). In both cases, they are more often declined according to Russian models (following the pattern of declension of full adjectives), for example: BANDR ABOUT VSKA-T At RSKA E wah, bandr about vskoy-T at Russian E you (Polish singer); BR S LSKA Barb but ra, br s lskoy barb but ry (Polish actress); H E RNY-STEF BUT NSCA Gal And on, h e rny-steph but nsk gal And ny (Polish pianist). Quite often the name Br s lskoy is pronounced incorrectly, with an emphasis on the first syllable: B but rbara. But in Polish, the stress is always placed on the penultimate syllable: Barb but ra. The Dictionary gives: BR S LSKA Barb but ra.

4.8. With borrowed male surnames ending in unstressed - ov, -in, the forms of the genus are given. and creativity. pad. ending - ohm:D BUT RWIN Charles, D but Rvina Ch but rlza, D but rvinom Ch but rlzom (English naturalist); H BUT PLIN Charles Sp e nser, Ch but plate H but rlza sp e nsera, Ch but plinom H but rlzom sp e nser [pe, se] (Amer. film actor, film director); FL ABOUT TOV Fr And dryh, FL about Comrade Fr And dryha, Fl about Comrade Fr And dryh (German composer). Similar Russian surnames are in creation. pad. ending - th.

4.9. European female surnames on unstressed - ov, -in are presented in the Dictionary in indeclinable form: X ABOUT JKIN D about roti, neskl. (English scientist, f.); H BUT PLIN Gerald And on, h but Plin Gerald And us (amer. actress).

4.10. The Dictionary also includes male surnames with stress - in. If these are Russian and Russified male surnames, then they are inclined according to the general rule, that is, they have to create. pad. percussion - th. Therefore, this form is not given in the Dictionary, for example: KARAMZ AND N Nicol but y, Karamzin but Nicol but I; BUTURL AND H you And Liy, Buturlin but You And liya.

4.11. Female surnames of the given type are also inclined according to the Russian model: ROSTOPCHIN BUT Evdok And I, Rostopchin about th Evdok And and (Russian poetess).

4.12. To borrowed non-Russified male surnames with stress - in the form of creation is given. pad. with unstressed - ohm: RAS AND N Jean, Ras And on F but on, Ras And Mr. Zh but nome (French playwright); BARTOL AND H Er but zm, Bartol And on Er but zma, Bartol And Mr. Er but zmom (Dat. scientist).

4.13. Female surnames of this type are presented in the indeclinable version: DENEV Qatr And n [de], neskl. (French actress), BIRK AND N Jane, neskl. (French actress).

4.14. Female surnames and names ending in a consonant (hard or soft) are given in indeclinable form, for example: ABOUT YNICH Et e le lily but n [te], neskl. (English writer); WELL E L Nick about l [se], neskl. (French actress).

4.15. Women's personal names of biblical origin (Ag but rah, rah And l, Ruth, Shulam And f, esf And ry, yud And ph) are inclined according to the type of declension of the word "salt" (salt, with about li, s s about lol, oh about whether), for example; Ag but r, Ag but ri, with Ag but ryu, oh ag but ri. The Dictionary lists the forms of the genus, creation. and suggestion. pad. The name Rush is inclined according to the same pattern. e le (Rush e le, Rush e Lee, with Rush e lew oh rush e li), but the stage name of the French actress RASH E L ( present fam. - Al And for Rush e l Fel And ks) does not decline.

4.16. The name Love is declined without dropping out a vowel, the Dictionary contains the forms of genus, dates. and suggestion. fall: Love about wow, love about vee k love about uh oh love about in and. Nin's names e le and ass about l fluctuate when declining. Dictionary gives: Ning e l, -i [ne] (female name); Ass about eh, neskl. (f. name).

5. Complex borrowed names and surnames

5.1. In complex Western names and surnames connected by a hyphen, the last word is inclined: BELMOND ABOUT F but n-p about l, Belmond about F but n-p about la (French actor); RUSS ABOUT F but N-F but k, Russ about F but N-F but ka (French writer and philosopher); CAPABL BUT NCA Haws e-Ra at le, Capable but nk haws e-Ra at la [se] (Cuban chess player). If the second name is not inclined, then the first name takes over the inflection function, for example: TRENTIN I N F but n-lu And, Trentigne I on F but on-lu And(French actor); G E Y-LUX BUT K Joz e f-lu And, G e i-Luss but ka jose e fa-lu And[ze] (French chemist and physicist).

5.2. In compound names and surnames of Vietnamese, Korean, Burmese, Cambodian, Chinese, etc., the last part is inclined: Ngu e n Thi Binh, Ngu e n thi b And nya [en] (Vietnamese statesman); Kim Young Nam, Kim Young N but ma (northern-kor. statesman); BA THEIN TIN, Ba Thein T And na [te] (Burmese statesman); H E A SIM, H e a C And ma (cambodian statesman); LI PENG, Li P uh on (Chinese statesman).

6. Double surnames

In Russian double surnames, both parts are declined if their endings can be declined, for example: SOKOL ABOUT V-MIKIT ABOUT V, Falcon about va-mikit about va (Russian writer); GOLEN AND SHEV-KUT At CALL, Golen And shcheva-kut at Zova (Russian poet, philologist, literary critic), but: FALCON ABOUT V-SCAL I, Falcon about va-skal I(Russian artist).

If the first part is not used as an independent word, it is not declined: D E MUT-MALIN ABOUT VSKY, D e mut-malin about vsky (Russian sculptor); GROOM-GRZHIM BUT YLO Vlad And peace, Grum-Grzhim but ylo Vlad And the world (Russian scientist-metallurgist); B ABOUT LF-BRU E HIV, B about h-bru e vicha (Russian military figure).

Bibliography

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1. Ageeva R. A. Hydronymy of the Russian North-West as a source of cultural-historical information. - M., 1989.

2. Ageeva R. A. The origin of the names of rivers and lakes. - M., 1985.

3. Ageenko F. L. Mass media bodies of foreign countries. International political, public and sports organizations: Pronunciation, stress, translation of names into Russian. Handbook / Ed. prof. D. E. Rosenthal. - M., 1986.

4. Ageenko F. L. Proper names in Russian: Dictionary of stresses. - M., 2001.

5. Ageenko F. L. Accents in the names of streets in Moscow and geographical names of the Moscow region: Dictionary-reference book / Ed. prof. D. E. Rosenthal. - M., 1980 and 1983.

6. Ageenko F. L., Zarva M. V. Dictionary of stresses of the Russian language / Ed. M. A. Studiner. - M., 2000.

7. Alekseev D. I., Gozman I. G., Sakharov G. V. Dictionary of abbreviations of the Russian language / Ed. D. I. Alekseeva. - 3rd ed. - M., 1983.

8. Atlas of the world. - M.: PKO "Cartography" federal agency Geodesy and Cartography of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation, 2007.

9. Baranova L. A. Dictionary of abbreviations of foreign origin. - M., 2009.

10. Baskakov N. A. Russian surnames of Turkic origin. - M., 1979.

11. Big Dictionary of Geographical Names / Ch. ed. Academician V. M. Kotlyakov. - Yekaterinburg, 2003.

12. Big explanatory dictionary of the Russian language / Ch. ed. S. A. Kuznetsov. - St. Petersburg, 1998.

13. Bukchina B. Z., Sazonova I. K., Cheltsova L. K. Spelling dictionary of the Russian language. - 4th ed., Rev. - M., 2009.

14. Ganzhina I. M. Dictionary of modern Russian surnames. - M., 2001.

15. Gilyarevsky R. S.,Starostin B. A. Foreign names and titles in the Russian text. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M., 1978.

16. Gorbanevsky M.V. Names of the land of Moscow. - M., 1985.

17. Gorbanevsky M.V. Russian urban toponymy. - M., 1996.

18. Gorbanevsky M. V., Maksimov V. O. Onomastics for everyone. - M., 2008.

19. Graudina L. K. The modern norm of declension of toponyms (in combination with a geographical term) // Onomastics and Grammar. - M., 1981.

20. Graudina L. K., Itskovich V. A., Katlinskaya L. P. Grammatical correctness of Russian speech. Stylistic dictionary of variants. - 2nd ed., corrected. and additional - M., 2001.

21. Eskova N. A. Difficulties in inflection of nouns. - M., 1990.

22. Zaliznyak A. A. Grammar Dictionary of the Russian Language: Inflection. - 5th ed., Rev. - M., 2008.

23. Foreign Press: A Brief Reference. - M., 1986.

24. Ivanova T. F. New orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: Pronunciation. stress. Grammar forms. - M., 2004.

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26. Names of Moscow streets: Toponymic dictionary. - M., 2007.

27. Kalakutskaya L.P. Declination of surnames and personal names in the Russian literary language. - M., 1984.

28. Kalakutskaya L.P. Surnames. Names. Patronymic. Writing and declension. - M., 1994.

29. Kalenchuk M. L., Kasatkina R. F. Dictionary of the difficulties of Russian pronunciation. - M., 1997.

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34. Lopatin V. V., Cheltsova L K., Nechaeva I. V. Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language: Capital or Lowercase? - M., 1999.

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41. Pospelov E. M. Illustrated ATLAS OF THE WORLD. GEOGRAPHY OF THE WORLD. The latest toponymic dictionary. - M., 2007.

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The materials of the Dictionary are reproduced on this site on the basis of a license issued by the copyright holder of the Dictionary, Mir i Obrazovanie publishing house. Reproduction of dictionary materials without the permission of the copyright holder is prohibited.

Romanova or Romanova?! Wow, buy yourself a dictionary of accents of proper names and forget everything you once knew. It's incredible, but I counted more than 50 words (more precisely, proper names) that everyone pronounces differently. In order for you to pronounce correctly, I suggest that you carefully read the list below. All words are written in small letters on purpose. The stressed letter is capital.

accents

• ny YU tone, r E mbrant, b E nard sh ABOUT wow, picas ABOUT, Emily br ABOUT nte, d E type of copperf AND ld, car BUT cas, b ABOUT stnon, k BUT nzas, ark BUT nzas, lane At, DAVID GETHA, MELEN PHARME, SERGIY OF RADONEZH, SALVAD ABOUT r gave AND, alex AND y, falcon ABOUT v-mikit ABOUT c, balash AND ha, led AND cue At styug, to AND live, stavrop ABOUT lsky region, nikar BUT gua, queb E to, with AND days, sri lanka BUT, in BUT Shington (first President of the United States).

Pronunciation

deck BUT rt (de), flob E p (be), decamer ABOUT n (de), r E jigan (re), shop E n (pronounced through "o"), volt E p (pronounced through "o"), jules E n (w"), w YU le (g").

Controversial cases:

1. makb E t (in Shakespeare). As for Leskov's work "Lady Makbet of the Mtsensk District" and Verdi's opera "Makbet", the traditional stress ("a") is preserved here.
2. ankara BUT(however, in Turkish the stress falls on the first syllable - Ankara)
3. picasse ABOUT- if we consider the artist a Frenchman and picAsso - if we remember his Spanish roots.
4. ha AND ti (Spanish people pronounce HaitI)
5. pan BUT ma (Spanish people pronounce panama)
6. chiros AND ma (Japanese pronounce hiroshima)
7. belgr BUT e (Serbs emphasize E)

Features of declension of surnames

Surnames that end in - and I, bow: Chkonia Lamar, Chkonia Lamar. Surnames that end in - ia, do not bow: Faria Jesus, Faria Jesus. You can add to this article. If you know a complex example - indicate it in the comments. I'm sure everyone will benefit. Yuliana Romanova.