Historical essay 1689 1725. Historical essay
Peter 1 essay on the history of the exam
1682 - 1725 - the period of the reign of Tsar and Emperor Peter I the Great in Russia.
Peter the Great was declared king in 1682 and was the co-ruler of his half-brother Ivan V, however, as a result of the Streltsy revolt, Princess Sophia actually ruled the country instead of the brothers. Peter received real power in 1689 after the overthrow of Sophia and her imprisonment in a monastery.
Domestic politics
The priority of Peter's domestic policy was the transformation of Russia into a European power with a developed economy, manufactories and a modern administrative apparatus. One of Peter's main associates was his friend Alexander Menshikov, who, despite numerous allegations of abuse and corruption, played a significant role in Peter's reforms and military successes.
By the beginning of Peter's reign, there were only a few manufactories in Russia, and by the end of his reign there were already 233 enterprises, including more than 90 large manufactories built during his reign. Peter also developed science and culture, trying to instill European culture in the nobles, developing stone construction and opening schools and academies to train officers, engineers and other specialists for state needs.
Foreign policy
Throughout his reign, Peter pursued an aggressive foreign policy aimed at gaining access to the Black or Baltic Sea. Russia's access to the sea and the creation of a modern navy were necessary for the development of trade with Western countries. To achieve these goals, Russia under Peter began wars with Ottoman Empire and Sweden.
Having not achieved success in the south, Peter the Great concluded an alliance with Poland, Saxony and Denmark and declared war on the Swedish king Charles XII. This war, called Northern (1700-1721), ended with the victory of the allies, and as a result, Russia received the territories of the Baltic states and Ingermanland, where Peter founded the new capital of Russia, St. Petersburg, in 1703.
Peter I during the Great Northern War
The results of the reign of Peter I
The personality of Peter 1 is considered, perhaps, one of the most controversial in Russian history. In the historical literature, one can find polar assessments of his activities by contemporaries and historians, some called him the “Antichrist” and the destroyer of Russian traditions, while others considered him the creator modern Russia, which entered the circle of great powers and got a chance to catch up with the advanced European powers in development.
Historical essay on the period 1682-1725
1682-1725 - this is the period of the reign of Peter I. This king carried out many transformations in almost all areas public life states, thanks to which Russia became a powerful economic and maritime power, pushed its borders to the north and east,returnedlands lost during the Time of Troubles received access to the Baltic Sea. As a result of the transformations, a strong regular army and a powerfulfleetI will name the most important of them. As a supporter of the regular state, he heldreform government controlled (1699-1721),provincial reform (1708-1715 and 1719-1720),military reform ((starting from 1699) and many others who contributed to the strengthening of both the state and the power of the king.
The most important event of Peter's time- Northern War (1700-1721), which was fought with Sweden for access to the Baltic Sea and had two stages:
Stage 1 :
1700 - defeat near Narva
1702 - the capture of Noteburg
1708 - capture of Nyenschans
1709 - the capture of Dorpat and Narva
1708 - battle near the village of Lesnoy, the defeat of the Swedish corps of General Levengaupt
06/27/1709 - Battle of Poltava, the army led by King Charles XII was completely defeated.Stage 2
:
1711 - Prut campaign of Peter
07/27/1714 - battle at Cape Gangut (1 naval victory for Russian troops)
1720 victory at Cape Grengam
1721 Nishtad peace, Russia became an empire.
As a result of the war Russia received access to the Baltic Sea, annexed the territory , part , and . Russia has become a great European power, in commemoration of which on October 22 ( ) Peter, at the request of the senators, took the titleFather of the Fatherland All-Russian, Peter the Great .
In the Northern War (1700-1721) it is impossible not to note the roleCharles XII, Swedish king-commander. It was under his leadership that a brilliant victory was won over the Russians near Narva in 1700, although in terms of numbers his army (8.5 thousand) was 4 times smaller (the Russians had 35 thousand). Thus, Charles XII was a worthy adversary, it is no coincidence that after the victory in Poltava battle Peter, having invited the Swedish military leaders during the feast, proposed a toast to the Swedes, whom he called his teachers in the art of war.
In the Northern War, the military talent of Peter's comrade-in-arms was also manifested -Menshikova A.D., which thev June 27, 1709 commanded the cavalry and showed extraordinary courage and diligence. After the battle hepursued the Swedes and forced Levengaupt with the remnants of the army to surrender at Perevolnaya. The tsar, in addition to rich estates, granted Menshikov to field marshalsand appointed President of the Military Collegium.
Another important event of the time of Peter the Great was military reform, as a result of which (starting from 1699) the introduction of recruitment duty (1705), the creation navy ;the establishment by Peter I in 1718 of the Military Collegium, which was in charge of the field army, "garrison troops" and all "military affairs". The final structure of the Military Collegium was determined by decree 1719 year, and Alexander Menshikov became its first president. Very important was the introduction with the help of the "Table of Ranks" (1722) military ranks, common for all of Russia. The career ladder included 14 classes from field marshal and admiral general to ensign. At the heart of the service and The table of ranks was based not on generosity, but on personal abilities. No less important was the creation of military-industrial enterprises (Tula Arms Plant, etc.), as well as military educational institutions. The government of Peter I attached particular importance to the education of the national officer corps. At first, all young nobles were obliged to serve as soldiers in Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky guards regiments for 10 years from the age of 15. With the receipt of the first officer rank, noble children were sent to army units, where they served for life. However, such officers could not fully satisfy the growing need for new personnel, and Peter I established a number of special military schools. In 1701, an artillery school for 300 people was opened in Moscow, and in 1712, a second artillery school was opened in St. Petersburg. For the training of engineering personnel, two engineering schools were created (in 1708 and 1719).
For the preparation of Peter I opened in Moscow in 1701 a school of mathematical and navigational sciences, and in 1715 in St. Maritime Academy. It should be noted the introduction of army discipline and military regulations ( Military (1716) and Marine (1720), thanks to which the the legislative framework regular army. As a result Peter 1 created a formidable regular army, numbering up to 212 thousand people by 1725, and a strong navy. Subdivisions were created in the army: regiments, brigades and divisions, in the navy - squadrons. These reforms contributed to Russia's victory in the Northern War, and also created a springboard for the further success of Russian weapons.
Baron played an important role in the implementation of the military reform. Osterman Andrei Ivanovich: he was a permanent adviser to Peter I in matters of internal administration: according to his instructions, "" was compiled, transformed and many other innovations were made.
A.V. Makarov, one of Peter's associates, made a significant contribution to the victories of Russian weapons on the battlefields of the Northern War, and to the successful actions of Russian diplomacy, and to the construction of a regular army and navy, and to innovations in the cultural life of the country. Thus, he participated in all the transformational undertakings of the king. He was obliged to do this by his position: he was the cabinet secretary of Peter I and, therefore, was involved in drafting decrees, in correspondence with agents and ambassadors of the tsar abroad, in compiling reports and sending tsar orders to the theater of military operations, in checking how the will of the king was carried out.
Let's consider what arecausal connections between these events during the reign of PeterI. Both events - the Northern War and military reform are interconnected: firstly, participation in the Northern War, namely, the first failures of the Russian troops, which revealed the disorganization and unpreparedness of the Russian army, contributed to serious military transformations: the creation of a regular army on the basis of recruitment; navy; secondly, the army and navy needed to be provided with weapons and uniforms, so it was necessary to create a military-industrial complex; thirdly, in order to train professional soldiers, to form their fighting spirit, it was necessary to organize special training in military institutions, develop military decrees, etc.
Both events were dictatedcommon causes : ensure complete victory at sea and on land over Sweden, the strongest state in Europe, and also raise military power Russia.
The results of these events that is, their consequence) became: the transformation of a standing army into a regular one and the construction of a fleet brought Russia to new level development. Thanks to the creation of a regular army, the transition to a new way of warfare was completed - linear tactics. By this time, the necessary material prerequisites had developed in the country: manufactory production fully provided the army with weapons, ammunition, clothing and equipment. The transition to calibrated firearms, standard equipment and a single uniform made it possible to introduce a unified system of combat training for troops. Russia's access to the Baltic Sea contributed to the revival of its trade relations with Europe. In connection with the growth of trade, the importance of such ports as St. Petersburg, Riga and Arkhangelsk, as well as the role of the navy based in these ports, increased.
Peter I ruled for a long time - 43 years. His reign cannot be unequivocally assessed:
On the one hand, he really did a lot for the development of Russia:established strong army and the fleet, powerful industrial production, which made it possible to achieve access to the sea, to turn into a world power, reducing the gap with the countries of the West.
Russia has become one of the strongest civilized countries in the world, which was facilitated by numerous transformations and reforms in the social and cultural sphere.
Successful policy in the west and south: Russia gained access to the Baltic Sea, conquered the territories around it, annexed the western and southern territories Caspian Sea.
But in other way,the enslavement of the peasants intensified significantly, their situation worsened, resulting in numerous popular uprisings.
Reforms were often carried out by force, without taking into account the traditions that have developed in the country for centuries.
The very figure of Peter I is also ambiguously assessed by domestic and foreign historians of both the past and the present. Image of PeterIquite controversial in historiography.Energy, wealth of nature, industriousness, activity, inquisitive mind were combined in him with cruelty, sometimes with rudeness, with idleness.Some historians, for example , pointed out that the reforms of Peter the Great were only a natural continuation of the changes that took place during the 17th century. Other historians (eg. ), on the contrary, emphasized the revolutionary nature of Peter's transformations.In spite of various points view of the activities of Peter I, it is impossible not to give him his due as a great reformer who transformed Russia.
So the era1682-1725 as a whole became an important and critical period during which Russia became a great power.
1689-1725 in national history refers to the period of the sole reign of Peter I. At this time, many reforms (changes in any area of life introduced by law) and transformations were carried out in the country.
The role of Peter the Great
The role of Peter the Great in the history of Russia can be called a key one, with his policy he was able not only to achieve access to the Baltic Sea, but also to radically transform the country into an advanced power. One of the most significant events in domestic politics of the state was the issuance of a decree on the uniform inheritance of 1714, according to which the noble estate (a kind of land ownership provided for military or public service and not inherited) was equalized in rights with the boyar patrimony (ancestral hereditary land ownership), and they could now be transferred only to one from sons. The reason for the adoption of the decree was the desire of Peter I to prevent the fragmentation of estates, which, in his opinion, led the nobles to ruin; however, the main goal of the king was to force public service young nobles (representatives of the privileged class), left without an inheritance. The consequence of such social policy there was a sharp increase in the number of employees among the nobility and the formation of the Russian bureaucracy. At the same time, this decree caused massive dissatisfaction among the nobles, which is why it was canceled under Anna Ioannovna in 1731.
Northern War: foreign policy of the period 1689-1725.
The most important and fateful event of this period, and of Russian history as a whole, was the victory in the Northern War, which lasted 21 years. main reason entry into the war against Sweden for Russia was the need for access to Europe through the Baltic Sea. In order to fight such a powerful power, the Northern Alliance was formed in 1699, which, in addition to Russia, included Denmark, Saxony, and the Commonwealth. During the war, battles took place that demonstrated the increased power of the Russian army and thereby strengthened Russia's international prestige. The Russian troops, in addition to Peter himself, were led by such commanders as F. Apraksin and A. Menshikov, thanks to whose skill Russia ultimately won. The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Nystadt in 1721. The consequences of victory in the war was the entry of Russia into the Baltic Sea, which contributed to trade and ties with Europe. Russia became one of the world powers, and Peter I received the title of emperor.
Period Policy Evaluation
In general, the policy of Peter I caused controversy both among contemporaries and in the future among historians. Historians such as: V.N. Tatishchev, Lomonosov considered Peter's reforms the basis for the flourishing of states, others (V.O. Russian national foundations. But despite the contradictions regarding the reforms, all historians recognize the greatness of Peter I in foreign policy, since it was under him that Russia became a great European power.
February 2016 Amendment: guidelines it is indicated that for each personality (K2) it is necessary to indicate 2 areas of activity, bringing them into the role (!)
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1682-1725 - the period of the reign in Russia of Peter I Alekseevich, from October 22, 1721 - the emperor, known as Peter the Great. In 1682-1689 Peter reigned together with his brother Ivan V under the regency of his elder sister Sophia, he ruled independently in 1689-1725.
In foreign policy, the main goal of Peter I was to get Russia access to the seas, so the main directions foreign policy were western, northwestern and southern. In the south, Peter I in 1695-1700. waged war with the Ottoman Empire for access to the Black Sea, and with Iran in 1722-1723. - for the western and South coast Caspian. In the west, in Europe, Peter I sought to find allies to fight Turkey, to borrow advanced industrial and military experience. To this end, he in 1697-1698. organized the Great Embassy to Europe. In the northwest, Peter I sought access to the Baltic Sea. To this end, he in 1700-1721. waged war with Sweden.
In domestic policy, the goal was to turn Russia into a developed European power. Peter I carried out large-scale reforms in Russia. To strengthen the army in 1705, he introduced conscript service, in 1716 he adopted a new military charter. A number of military educational institutions were created to train officers. To streamline the administration of the state in 1708, Russia was divided into 8 provinces, divided into provinces; in 1710, the highest authority was established - the Senate, and in 1718-1720. new central governing bodies were created - boards that replaced orders. In 1718-1720. a system of magistrates was created to govern cities. In 1714, the legal merger of estates and estates was fixed. Peter I subordinated the church to secular power: in 1700 he forbade the election of a new patriarch, and in 1721 he created a Synod, headed by a civil official - the chief prosecutor. To equalize the old and new aristocracy, Peter I introduced the Table of Ranks in 1722. In 1722, Peter I introduced a new order of succession to the throne, according to which the emperor himself appointed a successor. To streamline taxation in 1710, a census was carried out, and in 1724 a poll tax was introduced. The actions of the king often caused discontent among the people. The forced introduction of European customs led to an uprising in Astrakhan in 1705-1706. Attempts to limit Cossack self-government caused an uprising of 1707-1708. headed by K. A. Bulavin. New taxes and disrespect for national customs caused the Bashkir uprising in 1705-1711.
The period of the reign of Peter I by historians, for example, S. M. Solovyov, is generally assessed positively: Peter's reforms strengthened the state and introduced the elite to European culture with the simultaneous strengthening of absolutism. Russia's military, technical and economic lag behind Europe was overcome, access to the Baltic Sea was won, and many spheres of life in Russian society were transformed. At the same time, the forces of the people were extremely exhausted, the prerequisites for a crisis of supreme power were created, which led to the "epoch of palace coups."
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1689-1725 is the period of the reign of Peter the Great. This period went down in history under the name of the great transformations of Peter and was characterized by large-scale reforms that affected almost all spheres of society.
One of the key events of this period was the Northern War of 1700-1721. The main reason for the war was the desire of Russia to achieve access to the Baltic Sea and return the coast of the Gulf of Finland (Ingria). The victories of the Russian army near the village of Lesnaya in 1708 and near Poltava in 1709 led to a radical change in the course of the Northern War, the initiative passed to the Russians. It is difficult to overestimate the importance of victory in this war, since as a result of the victory under the Treaty of Nystadt (1721), Russia received the territories of the Baltic states, part of Karelia and access to the Baltic Sea.
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One of the key personalities in this war was the Swedish king Charles 12, whose imperial policy and desire for dominance in the Baltic became one of the causes of this war.
Peter's domestic policy was also successful. In 1714, Peter issued a decree on single inheritance, according to which the legal merger of the patrimony and estate into the estate was finalized, it could not be mortgaged, sold, or divided into parts between heirs, it could only be transferred to one heir. The reason for this was the need for a large number of officials and officers for the army and the bureaucracy. By forbidding the division of the estate, it was easier to force the young nobles to serve. The consequence of this decree was the completion of the process of formation of the nobility.
Thus, the reign of Peter was indeed one of the most fruitful in the history of Russia. The result of his reforms was centralization, regulation of the life of society, a noble empire was formed. According to historians, thanks to Peter's transformations, Russia became a great power and joined the European civilization.
Updated: 2018-02-14
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