Conclusion

Rational use water resources is currently a very pressing issue. This is primarily the protection of water spaces from pollution, and since industrial effluents occupy the first place in terms of volume and damage that they cause, it is in the first place that it is necessary to solve the problem of their discharge into rivers. In particular, it is necessary to limit discharges into water bodies, as well as to improve production, purification and disposal technologies. Another important aspect is the collection of fees for the discharge of wastewater and pollutants and the transfer of funds collected for the development of new waste-free technologies and treatment facilities. It is necessary to reduce the amount of payment for environmental pollution to enterprises with minimal emissions and discharges, which in the future will serve as a priority to maintain a minimum discharge or reduce it. Apparently, the ways to solve the problem of water pollution in Russia lie primarily in the development of a developed legislative framework, which would really protect the environment from harmful anthropogenic impact, as well as finding ways to implement these laws in practice (which, in the conditions of Russian realities, will certainly face significant difficulties).

Bibliography

1. Yu. V. Novikov “Ecology, environment and man." Moscow 1998

2. I. R. Golubev, Yu. V. Novikov “Environment and its protection.”

3. T. A. Khorunzhaya “Methods for assessing environmental hazards.” 1998

4. Nikitin D.P., Novikov Yu.V. "Environment and Man." - M.: 1986.

5. Radzevich N.N., Pashkang K.V. "Protection and transformation of nature." - M.:

Enlightenment, 1986.

6. Alferova A.A., Nechaev A.P. "Closed systems of water management of industrial enterprises, complexes and regions." - M.: Stroyizdat, 1987.

7. "Methods for the protection of inland waters from pollution and depletion" / Ed. I.K. Gavich. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1985.

1. Novikov Yu.V. Ecology, environment and man: Uch.posob. M.: Fair, 1998.

2. Environment and sustainable development in Kazakhstan. UNDP Kazakhstan Publication Series. Almaty, No. UNDPKAZ 06,2004.

3. Radkevich V.A. Ecology. Minsk: graduate School, 1997.

4. Stadnitsky G.V., Rodionov A.I. Ecology. St. Petersburg: Chemistry, 1996.

5. Tarasov A.O. Ecology and nature conservation. Saratov, 1990.

6. Shilov I.A. Ecology. Moscow: Higher school, 2001.

7. Ecology / Ed. V.V.Denisova Rostov-on-Don: March, 2002.

Additional

8. Akimova T.A., Khaskin V.V. Ecology. Moscow: UNITI Publishing House, 1998.

9. Alekseev S.V., Gruzdeva N.V., Muravyov A.G. etc. Workshop on ecology: Uch.posobie. M.: AO MDS, 1996.

10. Beisenova A.S., Shildebaev Zh.B., Sautbaeva G.Z. Ecology. Almaty: Gylym, 2001.

11. Brodsky A.K. Short course general ecology. St. Petersburg, 1992.

12. Odum Yu. Ecology in 2 volumes. M.: Mir, 1986.

13. Reimers N.F. Nature management. M.: Thought, 1990.

Seminar plan

A week	Name of discipline topics	Reporting Form	Questions
	Introduction. Ecology: subject and tasks	Abstract, oral answer	1. Subject, tasks, research methods of ecologists as a science 2. Structure of modern ecology 3. Relationship of ecology with other sciences 4. Levels of organization of living systems in ecology 5. Types and methods of environmental research 6. Basic environmental problems
	Autecology - the ecology of the individual	Essay, oral response	1.Ecology of an individual - out ecology 2.Basic environments of life essay
	Patterns of organisms	Oral answer, abstract	1. Habitat. 2. Environmental factors. Consider classification environmental factors according to Y. Odum. 3.Basic ideas about adaptations. 4. Limiting factors. 5. Influence of temperature on organisms. Light and its role in the life of organisms. Water in the life of organisms.
		Oral answer, abstract	1.Statistical indicators. 2. Dynamic indicators. 3.Life expectancy. 4. Ecological survival strategies. 5. Regulation of population density.
	Population ecology	Paperwork. Round table.	To study the causes and patterns of manifestation of aggression. Is it possible to build an ideal society where everyone is equal and there is no malice, envy and wars. The role of aggression in our life, as well as in the life of animals.
		Paperwork.	Draw a diagram of the transfer of matter and energy. Ecosystem concept. Draw a diagram of a food chain in a lake. Draw a diagram of the nutritional relationship of organisms in an ecosystem. The principle of biological accumulation.
	Synecology - community ecology	Round table. Prepare messages	ecological pyramids. Cyclic ecosystem. ecological succession. Succession processes and climax.
		Discussion. Prepare messages.	1. Noosphere utopia or reality. 2. Signs of the noosphere. 3. Transition of the biosphere into the noosphere.
		Prepare an abstract.	1. International objects of environmental protection. 2. International Ecological Conference 1972. 3. Ecological Summits 1992. 2002.
		Oral answer, abstract	Non-renewable mineral resources and non-renewable energy resources.
		Round table, group work	Problems of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere
		Oral answer, abstract	Third World Problems. Overcoming backwardness is an urgent problem of sustainable development
		Conversation	Environmental education, education and worldview
		Colloquium	Basic concepts of discipline, terms, definitions
		Abstract, oral answer	Laws "On Environmental Protection", "On Specially Protected Natural Territories", "On Ecological Expertise", 1998 "On Radiation Safety", 200 - Law "On Protection atmospheric air".

Thematic plan disciplines
№	Name of discipline topics	Number of hours
Lek.	Pr/sem	SRS
	Subject "Ecology and sustainable development". Short story development of ecology
	Ecology of the individual - autecology
	Patterns of organisms
	Demecology - ecology of populations
	Population ecology
	Synecology - community ecology
	Synecology - community ecology
	Biosphere - noosphere concept of V.I. Vernadsky
	The concept of sustainable development
	Natural resource potential of the biosphere
	Global environmental problems, causes and consequences
	Socio-ecological problems of our time
	Nature Conservation and Sustainable Development
	Ecological problems sustainable development
	Environmental law, audit and insurance
	Total

Topic 1 Introduction

Definition of ecology as a science. Goals, objectives and methods of ecology. Brief history of the formation and development of environmental knowledge. Sections of ecology: autecology, de-ecology, synecology, global ecology. The relationship of ecology with other sciences. The role of ecology in the decision practical tasks. Environmental problems, their place and role in modern economic and political trends. Definition of the concept of "Sustainable Development" and the role of ecology in the implementation of the concept of Sustainable Development.

Literature: , , , , ,

Theme 2 Ecology of the individual - autecology

limiting factors. Liebig's law of the minimum. Shelford's Law of Tolerance. tolerance range. Stenobiotic and eurybiont organisms. Ecological significance of the main abiotic factors: illumination, temperature, humidity, salinity, etc. Signal value of abiotic factors. Indicative value of organisms. Adaptation and its types.

Literature: , , , , ,

Theme 3 Ecology of populations - demecology

Spatial placement and its nature: random, uniform and group. Survival curves, exponential growth, biotic potential. Factors dependent and independent of population density. Intraspecific regulation of numbers (competition). Ecological niche, potential and realized niche.

Literature: , , , , ,

Theme 4 Ecology of communities - synecology

Energy loss when moving from one trophic level to another, 10% rule. Ecological pyramids (numbers, biomass, energy). Types of relationships between organisms: competition, predation, parsitism, symbiosis, commensalism, amensalism.

Interspecific competition as one of the main mechanisms for maintaining the species structure of the community. Principle of Competitive Exclusion G.F. Gause.

Integrity and sustainability of ecosystems. Ecological succession, primary and secondary. Changes in species diversity during natural succession and anthropogenic impacts.

Literature: , , , , ,

Theme 5.Biosphere and its sustainability

Formation of the concept of the biosphere. Evolution of the biosphere. Teachings of V.I.Vernadsky about the biosphere and noosphere. The concept of living matter. Identification of the global role of living matter. The concept of anthropogenic impact as a powerful geological and geochemical factor. Man's place in the ecological system. Cycle of substances in the biosphere. Global biogeochemical cycles. Basic biogeochemical laws of V.I.Vernadsky. modern biosphere. Growth in production and pressure on the environment. The fundamental role of the doctrine of the noosphere V.I. Vernadsky in developing the concept of sustainable development.

Literature: , , , , ,

Topic 6. The concept of sustainable development

The history of the concept of "sustainable development": The Club of Rome, Meadows and Forester (Limits to Growth, 1972). Declaration of the First UN Conference on the Environment (Stockholm, 1972). World Summits in Rio de Janeiro (1992) and Johannesburg (2002). Charter for Sustainable Development of European Cities (Aalborg, Denmark, 1994). Factors of sustainable development: environmental (the border of the corridor in which civilization should develop), economic factor (transformation of the market system), social (agricultural production, human rights, demography). Strategies and principles of sustainable development.

Literature: , , , , ,

Theme 7. Natural resources and their rational use of natural resources as one of the aspects of sustainable development

Optimization of the environment as a theoretical basis for rational nature management. Characteristic natural resources Earth: lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere. Classification of natural resources: exhaustible, inexhaustible, renewable, non-renewable. Biological resources and food security. Protection of Nature.

Literature: , , , , ,

Topic 8. Anthropogenic factors for the emergence of instability in the biosphere

Differentiation of the anthropogenic load on the environment depending on the type of civilization at various stages of its development. The role of nature in the formation and development of human society. The history of the interaction between nature and society: the main stages (biogenic, agricultural, industrial, informational), features and lessons.

Literature: , , , , ,

Topic 9. Socio-ecological problems of our time and sustainable development

Socio-ecological crisis and sustainable development. Population growth and change in its quality. Factors affecting fertility, methods and methods of family planning. Problems of urbanization. Poverty and inequivalence of income distribution. Problems of the energy crisis and ways to solve them. World food problem, solutions. Resource crisis, causes and consequences, solutions.

Literature: , , , , , ,

Topic 10. Nature Conservation and Sustainable Development

Principles and methods of environmental protection. Protected areas as one of the forms of environmental protection. Protection of genetic diversity. biosphere reserves. The Red Book and its role in biodiversity conservation. Development of the foundations for rational nature management and environmental protection as necessary condition transition to sustainable development. The role of environmental education and enlightenment in ensuring the sustainable development of mankind.

Literature: , , , , , , , , , ,

Topic 11. Actual environmental problems of sustainable development of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Processes of destabilization of the natural environment in the Republic of Kazakhstan, causes and consequences. Socio-ecological problems of the Aral Sea region. Consequences of nuclear tests for mankind. Semipalatinsk nuclear and other test sites on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Anti-nuclear movement Nevada-Semey. Methods and criteria for assessing the state of the environment. Environmental monitoring principles of its organization. Chemical, physical and biological monitoring. Legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of environmental protection. Environmental education and upbringing of the population in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Literature: , , , , ,

Topic 12 Global environmental problems of our time

Global environmental problems of our time: climate change, ozone depletion, acid rain, desertification, biodiversity reduction. Environmental issues associated with intensification Agriculture and industry. Environmental consequences the use of pesticides. Formation of forms of agricultural pests resistant to pesticides. Biological methods of pest control in agriculture. The effect of environmental pollutants on living organisms.

Literature: , , , , , ,

Abstract topics:

1. Environmental problems of Kazakhstan

2. Radiation and life

3. Socio-ecological problems of the Aral Sea region

4. Nuclear tests. Consequences. Semipalatinsk nuclear test site and other test sites on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Anti-Nuclear Movement Nevada–Semey

5. Reserves of the Republic of Kazakhstan

6. Red Book of the Republic of Kazakhstan

7. Ecological state of land resources of Kazakhstan

8. Evolution of the Earth

9. Theories of the origin of life

10. Theory of biopoiesis

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Ecology, environment and man. Novikov Yu.V.

3rd ed., rev. and additional - M.: 2005. - 736 p.

This manual outlines the basic concepts and laws of ecology, considers the problems of preserving the environment, its impact on human health. The problems of preserving the atmosphere, water reserves of the planet, its bowels, flora and fauna are described in detail. Tutorial designed for university, college and high school students; can be recommended to teachers and lecturers of higher educational institutions who read the course "Ecology" and "Environmental Protection", as well as to everyone who is interested in the problems of nature protection.

Format: pdf

The size: 12.4 MB

Watch, download: drive.google

Table of contents
INTRODUCTION 3
Chapter 1. ECOLOGY: SUBJECT, BASIC CONCEPTS AND LAWS 11
Doctrine of the biosphere 17
Habitat and human health 27
Chapter 2. ATMOSPHERIC AIR 31
Anthropogenic emissions into the atmosphere 33
Greenhouse effect 46
Earth's ozone shield 52
Acid rain 58
Vehicle exhaust 62
Atmospheric air protection 109
State control for the protection of atmospheric air 134
Chapter 3
Sources of water pollution 164
Reservoirs and hydraulic structures 174
Self-purification of reservoirs 181
Ecological problems of Baikal and Ladoga 184
Sanitary conditions sewage disposal 195
Water protection 204
Chapter 4 SEA AND OCEAN 234
Pollution and self-purification of the seas and oceans 244
Environmental problems of the Caspian, Azov and Black Seas 259
Protection of the seas and oceans 271
Chapter 5. NEDRA 288
Mining and environment 290
Rational use and protection of mineral resources 294
Chapter 6 SOILS 313
Soil formation factors 318
Preservation of the fertility of agricultural land 321
Soil erosion and its control 322
Soil aridization 330
Land degradation and pollution 331
Protection and use of soils and land resources 339
Soil and human health 349
Chapter 7. CHEMICALIZATION OF AGRICULTURE 354
The use and importance of pesticides 355
Consequences of the use of pesticides 361
Biological plant protection 366
Transgenic plants 371
Agrochemicals and the environment 381
Environmental protection when using pesticides and agrochemicals 387
Chapter 8. PLANT WORLD 400
Recreational use of forests 410
Destruction and degradation of forests and vegetation 413
Forest protection 418
Specially protected natural areas 446
Chapter 9. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF ENERGY 463
Thermal power engineering 473
Hydrogen energy 501
Hydropower 508
Nuclear power 517
Fusion Energy 552
Non-traditional renewable energy sources 557
Chapter 10. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF URBANIZATION 573
Environment and public health major cities 577
Urban planning code Russian Federation 583
Urban planning for the development of the territories of the Russian Federation 605
Zoning of territories for the implementation of urban planning activities 611
Underground city space 615
Green spaces 622
Green areas 630
Chapter 11. WASTE OF PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION 632
Disposal of municipal solid waste 636
Disposal of certain types of consumer waste 656
Disposal of solid industrial waste 674
Hazardous waste 682
Control in the field of waste management 693
CONCLUSION 696
RECOMMENDED READING 722

"Man is a part of nature" - the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The very concept of progress was invented by people. Man is a biosocial being. Fundamentals of forest legislation. Birds delight us with their singing. Responsibility for environmental offenses. Top of the pyramid or link in the chain? Do not tear flowers, do not tear! Man - the crown of nature?

"Nature of Light" - Philosophical Dictionary. About two main meanings of the word LIGHT. Scientific and technical dictionary. Plane of polarization polarizer polarized light is unpolarized light. The nature of light is a physics lesson in grade 11. Rectilinear distribution. Uncreated. Wave optics. Group 1 "Theologians" Group 2 "Linguists" Group 3 "Physicists".

"Man and nature" - Nature and man. Do not touch the chicks and cubs of animals. Don't pollute waterways. Living is non-living. Do not destroy bird nests and anthills. FRANCE 1948 Group work. Nature protection rules. FIRE LILY or SARDANA. Nature. Red is the color of anxiety. Don't make noise in the forest. Red Book. STERKH or WHITE CRANE.

"Nature society man" - Sensual (sensory) knowledge. Communication. General (determine success in various activities). Permanent, temporary. Diversity and unity of the world. A way of behavior determined by the status of a person. Scientific and technological revolution - scientific and technological revolution. Destructive. Underestimated. Conflicts. Temple construction. Social norms (legal, moral).

"The surrounding world Man and nature" - Man is the king of nature (! ?) Nature - a temple or habitat? Remains of plants and animals. Vladimir Soloukhin. What will you do? For seagulls to curl in the blue sky. What advice would you give to a brother? These applications can be used in the work on this topic additionally. Ivan Bunin Leaf fall. Creative. Do not touch.

"Nature and Man" - Climatologists. Amazing discoveries await you if you… Why is the weather different? Physics! Is there a relationship between atmospheric pressure and precipitation? What is the difference between a breeze and a monsoon? You have to uncover the secret of the following events and phenomena: Will water boil on Elbrus at 100°C? Who is in charge of the weather kitchen?