Ecological situation in the Far East. Environmental problems Presentation on the environmental problems of the Far East
"Environmental factors" - Barry Commoner (1917) - American biologist and environmentalist. Laws of ecology B. Commoner. Patterns of action of environmental factors. Environmental factors. Minimum. Mutually beneficial relationship. Abiotic factors of the terrestrial environment (climatic). Abiotic factors of the soil cover. Forest. Interspecific interactions characterize the relationships between different species.
"Ways to solve environmental problems" - development of a project for a comprehensive environmental modernization of the Sverdlovsk region. Ecological problems. Sverdlovsk region on the map of Russia. Mining and processing plant "Vanadium". The main task is to reduce negative impact on the environment. Discharges from urban wastewater treatment plants - up to 60% Industrial discharges.
"Ecological Kindergarten" - Here, in nature, the eternal source of children's mind. V.A. Sukhomlinsky. The culmination of the session was practical work with microscopes. The purpose of the seminar: Improving the work on the formation of environmental ideas of preschoolers in preschool educational institutions. Conducted comparative experiments. The children were considering internal structure leaf, skin cells.
"Ecological School" - II stage of the project. Taught preschoolers to take care of their health, love sports and physical education. These activities have the aim to form the ecological atmosphere. Preschoolers, together with high school students, cleared and landscaped the territory of the Tikhiy spring. From now on we are together - a big family - Flowers and trees, birds and me!
"Ecological culture" - Participation of children in various competitions. The goals, objectives, forms and methods, as well as the content of environmental education are determined. Children have become more responsible for their actions. Expected results. The students, for the most part, have mastered the practical skills of tourism within the framework of the program. The environmental problem is one of the most important in the modern world.
"Solution of environmental problems" - So in Novokuznetsk a waste processing plant was created. Use the acquired knowledge to find ways to solve environmental problems. Air pollution. Water pollution. Actively advocate for environment. Area pollution. We must be more attentive to the nature and behavior of the people around us.
Description of the presentation on individual slides:
1 slide
Description of the slide:
2 slide
Description of the slide:
Russia is one of the most environmentally polluted countries in the world. This is facilitated primarily by technogenic factors, such as deforestation, pollution of water bodies, soil and atmosphere with factory production waste. This is a problem not only for individual countries, but for the entire planet as a whole. Let's look at what ecological problems exist in Russia, global and basic.
3 slide
Description of the slide:
Deforestation. In Russia, uncontrolled and illegal deforestation is carried out. These are global environmental problems of entire regions of Russia. Most of these are observed in the Far East and north-west of the country. In addition to the fact that poachers cut down valuable species of trees, which are already scarce, there is an acute problem of the rapid deforestation of Siberian regions. Land is also being cleared for agricultural land and for mining.
4 slide
Description of the slide:
Deforestation entails the following consequences: * Displacement of animals and birds from their original habitats. * Violation of established ecosystems, an increase in the greenhouse effect on the planet. As a result, global warming occurs, which, to one degree or another, leads to a change in almost all ecosystems of the Earth. In particular, the water cycle is disrupted, which leads to a more arid climate on the planet. * Accelerated destruction of the upper layers of the soil and their weathering. Especially dangerous is the deforestation of areas with mountainous and hilly terrain, as it causes landslides and flooding.
5 slide
Description of the slide:
POLLUTION. The problem of pollution is one of the most urgent today. Let us consider in more detail the main types of pollution.
6 slide
Description of the slide:
Pollution of water and reservoirs. This problem is most acute in the industrial and densely populated areas of the country. Experts say that most diseases in residents of large settlements associated with the problem of polluted water. At this rate of pollution, there could be a shortage soon enough. drinking water, as chemical waste enters the soil, thereby poisoning groundwater. In many springs throughout Russia, the water has already become undrinkable due to soil contamination.
7 slide
Description of the slide:
Air pollution. Air pollution affects human health. Climate change due to air pollution and global warming significantly affects human life and has much more serious consequences than we can imagine. For example, it leads to a reduction in land suitable for cultivation, thereby reducing the area of agricultural land. Which, in turn, threatens to reduce the possible amount of food and the onset of general hunger.
8 slide
Description of the slide:
radioactive contamination. The main danger of radioactive radiation lies in the fact that radioactive isotopes cause death or mutation of the cells into which they penetrate. Radioactive substances can enter the human body together with the inhaled air, water and food, as well as settling on unprotected areas of the skin.
9 slide
Description of the slide:
Along with the above, the problem of disposal of household waste and environmental pollution is no less relevant in Russia. At present, it is one of the most serious environmental problems in the country: about 400 kg of household solid waste is generated per year per inhabitant of Russia. A effective ways utilization of inorganics has not yet been invented. The problem of household waste in Russia.
10 slide
Description of the slide:
What steps need to be taken to improve our planet? In order to solve the environmental problems of Russian forests and reduce their deforestation, it will be necessary to: * establish less favorable conditions for the export of timber, especially its valuable species; *improve working conditions for foresters; *strengthen control of felling trees directly in forests. Water treatment requires: * reorganization of treatment facilities, most of which cannot cope with their functions due to outdated and largely faulty equipment; *revision of technologies for processing and disposal of production waste; *Improvement of the processes of utilization of household non-organic waste. To clean the air, you need the following: * the use of more modern and environmentally friendly fuels that would make it possible to significantly reduce emissions harmful substances in atmosphere; * Improvement of filters at the enterprises of the heavy industry.
11 slide
Description of the slide:
Held complex measures aimed at stabilizing and mitigating the environmental situation in the industrial regions of Siberia and the Urals, which often use innovative technologies. Energy-saving programs are being introduced throughout the country. Supervision of hydraulic structures is being strengthened. Below is a map of Russia's environmental problems, cities and regions of comfortable living are indicated. Despite the fact that the map was made in 2000, it is still relevant today. Solving environmental problems in Russia.
One of critical issues far east there is still an inefficient use of the raw material base and resources in general. A significant national economic complex has been created in the Far East. However, the needs of the economy dictate the need to further increase the scale of the economic potential of the Far East. The fact is that western regions, where the main part of the national economic complex is concentrated Russian Federation, in their development can no longer rely only on their own resources of many types of raw materials and therefore need its supplies from the East. One of the most important problems of the Far East is still the inefficient use of the raw material base and resources in general. A significant national economic complex has been created in the Far East. However, the needs of the economy dictate the need to further increase the scale of the economic potential of the Far East. The fact is that the western regions, where the main part of the national economic complex of the Russian Federation is concentrated, in their development can no longer rely only on their own resources of many types of raw materials and therefore need to be supplied from the East.
At the same time, the task of meeting the needs of the economy of the European part of the country in natural resources does not mean at all that the economy of the Far East should have only a highly specialized raw material orientation. The problems of the development of the Far East should be considered, first of all, not only from the point of view of the current situation in the western part, but also from the standpoint of a long-term perspective, that is, as the most important long-term regional comprehensive program, the successful implementation of which depends on the growth of the country's economic potential, optimization its territorial proportions and, ultimately, ensuring the successful functioning of the entire national economic complex of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the task of meeting the needs of the economy of the European part of the country in natural resources does not mean at all that the economy of the Far East should have only a highly specialized raw material orientation. The problems of the development of the Far East should be considered, first of all, not only from the point of view of the current situation in the western part, but also from the standpoint of a long-term perspective, that is, as the most important long-term regional comprehensive program, the successful implementation of which depends on the growth of the country's economic potential, optimization its territorial proportions and, ultimately, ensuring the successful functioning of the entire national economic complex of the Russian Federation.
In the conditions of transition to mass development natural resources Far East, the scale of sending goods from the East to the West of the country is sharply increasing, which makes it necessary to constantly expand the network of transport communications. However, the historically established remoteness of the raw material bases of the Far East from consumers makes it difficult to transport raw materials from the eastern region of Russia. In the context of the transition to the mass development of the natural resources of the Far East, the scale of sending goods from the East to the West of the country is sharply increasing, which makes it necessary to constantly expand the network of transport communications. However, the historically established remoteness of the raw material bases of the Far East from consumers makes it difficult to transport raw materials from the eastern region of Russia.
The sectoral structure of the economy of the Far East has a number of specific features. In the northern zone, back in the 1990s, a period of large-scale development of mineral resources began. In our time, this process does not have the same pace as in the 1990s, but nevertheless it continues. However, the extreme conditions of the zone, the spatial remoteness from large industrial centers, the lack of permanent transport communications and social infrastructure caused a sharp increase in the cost of building economic facilities. Therefore, the most expedient here is the predominant development of specialized extractive industries in combination with the industries serving them (transport, repair services, etc.). The sectoral structure of the economy of the Far East has a number of specific features. In the northern zone, back in the 1990s, a period of large-scale development of mineral resources began. In our time, this process does not have the same pace as in the 1990s, but nevertheless it continues. However, the extreme conditions of the zone, the spatial remoteness from large industrial centers, the lack of permanent transport communications and social infrastructure caused a sharp increase in the cost of building economic facilities. Therefore, the most expedient here is the predominant development of specialized extractive industries in combination with the industries serving them (transport, repair services, etc.).
The regions of the Far East have many environmentally friendly energy resources that are superior in capacity to those already known. But, unfortunately, these environmentally friendly resources are not currently used in the economy. The reserves of only geothermal energy in Western Siberia and the Far East exceed the energy potential of oil, gas and coal combined. Very little is known about the wind energy resources of the eastern territories, but even according to rough estimates, they are at least as good as any of the traditional fuel resources. Even less is known about the energy potential of the ocean, and they are many times greater than hydropower resources. The regions of the Far East have many environmentally friendly energy resources that are superior in capacity to those already known. But, unfortunately, these environmentally friendly resources are not currently used in the economy. The reserves of only geothermal energy in Western Siberia and the Far East exceed the energy potential of oil, gas and coal combined. Very little is known about the wind energy resources of the eastern territories, but even according to rough estimates, they are at least as good as any of the traditional fuel resources. Even less is known about the energy potential of the ocean, and they are many times greater than hydropower resources.
Speaking about the tasks of the long-term development of the Far East, one should especially emphasize the complexity of implementing the program of social and economic development of the territories, since the scale of economic development here is quite large - it will take every effort of the whole country to allocate various resources: labor, financial, material, scientific and technical. But still, this region can be saved, although it will have to try. Speaking about the tasks of the long-term development of the Far East, one should especially emphasize the complexity of implementing the program of social and economic development of the territories, since the scale of economic development here is quite large - it will take every effort of the whole country to allocate various resources: labor, financial, material, scientific and technical. But still, this region can be saved, although it will have to try.
The experts of our Center have already discussed the draft law on the creation of a state development corporation Eastern Siberia and the Far East. Now we present to you our vision of the main problems of the Far Eastern region (detailed in the monograph "The National Idea of Russia", chapter "Territorial Integrity")
Problems of the Far East
The Far East is the most remote region from the capital and the historical center of the country. This fact alone creates quite serious problems, given the size of the state. V Soviet time a lot of efforts were made to develop the Far East - to increase the population density, develop infrastructure, build naval bases, and develop resources. As a result of the collapse of the USSR, the Far East found itself in a very vulnerable position: the local Russian population began to leave the region, the industry degraded, and there is an acute shortage of jobs.
At the same time, birth rates continue to rise in neighboring Japan and China, and the economy is booming. These states are experiencing serious economic and environmental problems due to extreme overpopulation, while in the neighborhood there is a huge and practically uninhabited territory rich in natural resources.
It is also important that Japan has territorial claims against Russia, and dissatisfaction with the borders drawn by the tsarist government in the 19th century is spreading more and more widely in China.
In view of its geographical location and economic situation in the country the Far East exists in the conditions of a number of negative factors. First of all, these are difficult, including extreme natural and climatic conditions, poor development and remoteness of the region from the industrialized regions of the country, impassability, instability and outflow of the population. In this situation, the Trans-Siberian Railway and BAM play an important role, although now the Baikal-Amur Railway, the construction of which required huge state capital investments and was carried out by all republics former USSR, loaded lessthan half of its carrying capacity.
One of the main constraining factors is the existing structure of the national economy. The inefficient sectoral structure of the economy, in which the share of extractive industries in the volume of production is 30%, and industries of specialization (fishing, non-ferrous metallurgy, forestry) with backward technologies and equipment - more than 50%, causes an extremely unfavorable situation right now, during the transition to market relations in the economy.
This creates numerous additional environmental problems.
The chronic lag in the production infrastructure, primarily transport and energy, was reflected and supplemented by the difficult situation in the industries of specialization. The gold mining industry is in a depressed state, where, due to a sharp reduction in appropriations, exploration work is being curtailed, there is a mass exodus of workers from enterprises and a significant drop in production in its main areas - the Magadan Region and Yakutia.
It was not possible to stabilize the situation in the fuel and energy complex. A significant number of enterprises in Transbaikalia and the Far East operate in the mode of severe restrictions on the supply of energy resources due to a lack of financial resources to pay for them. An extremely difficult situation has developed in the mining industry, which is aggravated by the lag in the growth of explored reserves of mineral raw materials, a sharp decrease in the pace of geological exploration. In essence, the process of reproduction of the region's mineral resource potential has been disrupted. The timber and fishing industries are in crisis.
The decline in production, chronic insolvency, inflationary processes had a catastrophic effect on the financial position of enterprises. All this has a particularly painful effect on the Far Eastern territories with resource specialization, where, due to the weak investment opportunities of enterprises, the main burden of financing production, infrastructure and social programs falls on the federal and regional budgets. But local governments, of course, cannot cope with a huge number of problems that exist in the region, including environmental ones.
The most difficult living conditions, the raw material orientation of the economy, the high capital intensity of the economic development of the territory and the increased transport costs due to geographical remoteness in modern, dramatically changed conditions put the region in a deliberately disadvantageous position.
Under the conditions of the independence of producers and the unsettled practice of contractual relations, shortages of food supplies to the Far East have become chronic. At the same time, the share of local food production does not exceed 30% of needs.
Weak support for farms, and sometimes simply a lack of food, force the population to engage in poaching. Poaching flourishes in the Far East, which causes significant damage to the environment. Due to the general crisis in the country, most enterprises in the 1990s. was idle, while others were not working at full capacity, which, however, slightly improved the state of the environment. But the consequences of the same crisis (the spread of poaching, the difficult social situation of the population, etc.) worsen it. Many diseases are spreading: for example, Vladivostok has one of the highest rates of cancer.
So, the Russian Far East is in a rather precarious position and requires special attention from the federal center. Otherwise, Russia risks geopolitically losing this region and, accordingly, losing access to Pacific Ocean, which means losing the last hopes of being reborn as a superpower.
Ecological problems
Many of the environmental problems in the Far East are related to the economic problems described above. The general state of the environment in the Far East is characterized by an imbalance in nature management in almost all regions.
The unique spatial and temporal variability of natural conditions, especially the hydrotechnical regime, the widespread development of seasonal and permafrost determine the much lower stability of the Far Eastern ecosystems relative to the western regions of Russia. Instability increases from south to north, which can be seen at least in the example of climate.
Sometimes the nature of inter-resource relations, aggravated by the low stability of ecosystems, makes it extremely difficult, and sometimes completely excludes the exploitation of several resources on the same territory at the same time. For example, the development of alluvial deposits and the extraction of red fish, the development of the chemical industry in coastal areas and the creation of mariculture plantations on the shelf, etc. These examples are typical for the Far East region, since the seas and rivers are very important for it.
Many enterprises associated with the mining, chemical industries dump their waste directly into wastewater, which become the main sources of marine pollution. Moreover, the shelf of the Far Eastern seas, and especially the South Primorye, of all the water areas of our country is the most favorable for breeding mariculture.
Almost all the beaches of the Ussuri and Amur bays are contaminated with heavy metals. The equipment of the Far Eastern ports with treatment facilities is extremely unsatisfactory, so oil seeps into the beach areas.
Serious pollution occurs due to morally and physically obsolete equipment. Currently, about 70% of the fleet of the fishing industry in the Far East basin are completing their standard operating life. There are many decommissioned and abandoned ships in the bays of the Far East. A large amount of radioactive waste is stored in obsolete and overcrowded naval bases.
In the Far East, virgin forests are being illegally cut down - the main wealth of the region, and wood, falling into a reservoir, emits highly toxic phenolic compounds.
Among the environmental problems of the Far East are also forest fires, the consequences of typhoons and earthquakes, floods, the collapse of oil tankers, accidents at oil and gas fields and other industrial facilities. At the same time, it should be noted that only 75% of the plots can be reclaimed.
The emergence of some additional environmental problems is now inevitable due to the economic crisis, but further environmental degradation will only exacerbate the overall crisis, and will hit primarily the population and non-renewable resources.
Extensive, exhausting nature management has undermined the potential for self-reproduction of renewable natural resources and, along with the development of environmentally harmful industries, has led to the emergence of potential centers of social tension.
Political situation
In September 2007, the second Far Eastern International Economic Forum was held in Khabarovsk. The forum was attended by 19 delegations from the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and 16 delegations from foreign countries. The subject of discussion was the economic development of Siberia and the Far East. However, after a few years, no radical changes in the situation occurred.
In view of the growing understanding that Russia's pressing problems are not being solved, there is an increase in protest moods in the country. The Far East plays a special role in this. Traditionally, along with the Kaliningrad region, this region, as the most remote from Moscow and experiencing fundamental economic problems, is the mouthpiece of protest moods.
The fact that in the case of nationwide protests, for natural reasons, they start in the Far East is also of symbolic significance.
At the same time, the authorities demonstrate complete disregard for the opinion of the inhabitants of the region. Moreover, it uses armed violence against civilians.
A vivid example is the demonstrative rally organized by the Moscow, Khabarovsk and Dagestan riot police in Vladivostok at the end of 2008, when riot policemen brutally dispersed people, gathered for a protest against the increase in duties on foreign cars.
An important problem is the uncertainty in relations with the largest power in the region - China. Russian-Chinese relations are broad and varied. Steadilygrowing trade between the two countries. China is Russia's largest trading partner, developing and military cooperation. A huge number of Chinese specialists and students are studying at Russian universities.
And yet, talking about a strategic partnership between the two countries would be a big stretch. China and Russia, despite the coincidence or similarity of positions on a wide range of issues, do not have a coordinated position even on the situation that arises in a common geostrategic space - within the framework of the SCO. There is also no program of long-term economic cooperation.
The main drawback of bilateral relations is the lack of trust in each other among the elites of both countries. Pro-Western liberal propaganda in Russia has gone to great lengths to portray the Chinese as an enemy by emphasizing the problem of the "yellow threat". The Russian mass media, engaged by Western and domestic oligarchs, have for a long time been implanting in the minds of Russians the myth of the insidious Chinese, seeking to seize the Far East and Siberia on the sly.
Zbigniew Brzezinski in his book The Grand Chessboard spoke unambiguously about the desirability of partnership with the PRC at the expense of a weak and doomed to collapse Russia, and even offered to pay the Chinese for the loyalty of Russian territory- Amur and Primorye. It is possible that such proposals were also heard in the behind-the-scenes conversations of American diplomats with some Chinese leaders.
At the same time, objective logic suggests that cooperation with Russia is more beneficial for China than cooperation with the United States. Russian energy resources and high technologies (of course, provided that the degradation of the scientific and industrial potential of the Russian Federation is overcome) can serve the Chinese economy better than American securities.
Demographics and Chinese immigration
One of the main demographic characteristics of the Far East is a small population in comparison with its area (36.4% of the area of the Russian Federation). In this regard, since the XIX century. the government of tsarist Russia attracted the population there to raise virgin lands and create infrastructure. The Soviet government attracted the population to the Far East with the help of high wages and better conditions life. However, after the collapse of the USSR, state support ceased, and the region lost its attractiveness for the population.
If in 1991 the population of the Far East was 8 million people (5.4% of the total population of the Russian Federation), then by January 1, 2004 there were already only 6.6 million people in the region (4.62% of the total population of the Russian Federation) .According to the results of the 2010 census - 6.3 million people.
Before the collapse of the USSR, the Chinese border areas of the northeast of the PRC were very poor. After the abolition of barter in 1996, in order to boost the economy in these regions, the State Council of the PRC decided to make part of the border cities of the northeast and northwest free economic zones, in the manner of Chinese coastal cities (Tianjin, Shanghai, Guangzhou, etc.) .
Cross-border trade companies were established in China's free economic zones. Gradually, border trading companies, taking advantage of the imperfection of Russian legislation, forced their Russian partners out of the market and, having opened their own branches on the Russian side, began to trade with themselves.
The shortage of labor in sectors of the economy that require labor-intensive manual work became noticeable in the Far East as early as the 1980s. Having learned about the industriousness of the Chinese, their unpretentiousness in terms of living conditions, and acceptance of low wages, employers began to prefer the Chinese labor force to guest workers from the CIS countries. Vwhy the Chinese labor force in terms of numbers currently prevails over the labor force from other countries in the Far East region.
In addition, serious problems in the region are crime, smuggling, large-scale exports of cash currency and plunder of the resources of the Far East. As for products imported from China, they often contain a high content of pesticides and nitrates in products imported to Russia from China.
Economic features
With the beginning of the economic reform in the Russian Federation, the foreign trade of the Far East received an impetus for intensive growth. If in the pre-reform period the average annual growth rate of exports was about 5%, then in the post-reform period they exceeded 17%. At the same time, as the reform progressed, foreign trade began to acquire a special, previously uncharacteristic value.
In the context of a sharp reduction in centralized financing of the economic development of the Far East, as well as a colossal increase in transport costs, which led to a decrease in the competitiveness of Far Eastern products in the domestic market of the country, foreign trade has become a survival factor.
The transition to an open economy that emerged with the collapse of the USSR, along with a sharp change in the geopolitical position of Russia, significantly increased the role of border regions with a high share of the mining industry in the country's foreign trade cooperation, thereby predetermining changes in the territorial structure of Russia's foreign economic relations. One of these regions is the Far Eastern economic region, as evidenced by the positive dynamics of the share of its exports in Russia's total exports.
***********
Thus, the situation in the Far East requires the prompt intervention of the state and the adoption of measures in a number of areas. These are economics, politics, administrative management, migration policy, ecology, demography, transport policy, energy supply, etc.
Otherwise, Russia is highly likely to lose this region in the medium term, especially since neighboring states are showing increasing interest in it - primarily Japan and China, as well as the United States of America and transnational corporations.
First of all, it is necessary to radically improve the economic situation in order to stop the outflow of the population from the region, as well as to take measures aimed at improving the demographic situation. It is necessary to tighten control of Chinese immigration in the Far East, provide a more reliable transport link between the region and Siberia and the rest of the country, and create attractive conditions for small and medium-sized businesses.
Until now, the significant recreational potential of the Far East is practically not used. The ecological and sanitary situation in the region requires urgent action, as the region is experiencing a general decline in life expectancy and a deterioration in the health of the population.
1 slide
The problem of pollution of the Amur. The project was prepared by: Gorokhovskaya Anastasia, Borisova Anna, students of the 10th grade "A". Project manager: Ufimtseva I.V. ©
3 slide
Targets and goals. To form an idea of the degree of pollution of the Amur River. Analyze statistical data on the pollution of the Amur What is the main cause of pollution How do the residents of our city relate to this problem.
4 slide
Relevance of the topic. Attracting the attention of city residents to the problem of pollution of the Amur River.
5 slide
Children 55% - can't swim 41% - drinking water problem 17.4% - can't eat fish 13% - can't fish 14.5% - flora and fauna suffer 10% - negative impact on health. Adults 63% - negative impact on health 47% - problem of drinking water 23% - not to eat and fish
6 slide
To the question: “Do you litter on the banks of the Amur?” - we received the following answers: Children 56% - no 41% yes Adults 91% - no 9% yes
7 slide
Introduction. V last years there was concern about the disastrous state of the waters of the Amur: it is no longer possible to drink or swim in it. And he is a real sea of moving water.
8 slide
The waters of the Amur flow not only through Russian territory, but also wash the shores of China and Mongolia. On the banks of the Amur there are Russian cities as Amursk, Blagoveshchensk, Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, and also chinese city Heihe.
9 slide
Table 1: Fresh water use per 1 inhabitant Water use for household needs, mln. Water consumption per 1 inhabitant 2005 2006 2005 2006 Total for the region 153.4 153.2 297.5 298.7 Khabarovsk 82.4 86.6 390.4 410.7 Komsomolsk 320.6
10 slide
Water resources: Water resources, their quantitative and qualitative state play an important role in ensuring sustainable socio-economic development. The main source of centralized domestic and drinking water supply for the inhabitants of the Khabarovsk Territory is an open reservoir - the Amur River in the lower third of its course, which is subject to anthropogenic and technogenic impact.
11 slide
A significant factor worsening the ecological situation in the region is the discharge of domestic and industrial wastewater into surface water bodies.
12 slide
Table 2: Dynamics of pollutants entering water bodies with sewage 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Volume of waste water discharge mln. 393.45 392.01 357.25 353.96 324.88 Wastewater discharged: Sulphates thousand tons 3.87 3.69 3.93 3.24 3.83 Chlorides thousand tons 8.52 7.55 5.67 5.70 9.96 Ammonium nitrogen tons 894.75 938.33 713.4 663.26 528.41 Phosphorus tons 362.87 405.36 216.9 295.52 328.30 Oil products thousand tons. 0.06 0.07 0.98 0.07 0.05 Phenol tons 0.78 1.13 1.39 1.17 1.08 Lead tons 0.08 0.44 0.31 0.21 0.13
13 slide
According to the data of hydrochemical observations of surface waters, 94 cases of high and 22 cases of extremely high pollution were found. surface water on the territory of the region. The main pollutants of the Amur basin are coastal facilities of the river fleet, gold and coal mining enterprises, railway transport, enterprises for the production of electricity, collection, purification and distribution of water.
14 slide
A significant contribution to the pollution of the Amur River is made by the Songhua River in the adjacent territory of China (Heilongjiang Province), where more than 50 million people live and "a significant number of plants for the production of chemical fertilizers, synthetic rubber, plastic, etc. are located. On November 13, 2005, an accident occurred at a chemical plant in Jilin Province (PRC), as a result of which toxic substances were dumped into Songhua, about which the Chinese government officially informed the Russian side on November 24, 2005. According to the Chinese side, about 100 tons of nitrates, benzene, aniline, xylene, toluene.
15 slide
The situation with emergency transboundary pollution of the river. Cupid made it possible to reveal the following problems: there is no effective intergovernmental agreement with the PRC on cooperation in the field of environmental protection, there is no mutual responsibility for the state of the Amur; ongoing monitoring of the pollution of the Amur is insufficient for taking measures for protection, many toxic substances are not controlled; obsolete base of Russian laboratories;
16 slide
Scientific research problems are independent and scattered; there are no methods for determining many toxic substances in fish, as well as standards for their quantity.
