French publishing houses. Books - foreign literature

04.05.2020

Amis et compagnie is a new textbook that brings four teenagers on stage outlining the contents of a textbook to be used by students in the classroom. Easy to use, inspiring, rich in material, designed for 4 levels, Amis et compagnie is a textbook based on the principle of developing speaking and writing skills as a means of communication.

Amis et compagnie is a new textbook that brings four teenagers on stage outlining the contents of a textbook to be used by students in the classroom. Easy to use, inspiring, rich in material, for 4 levels, Amis et compagnie is a textbook based on the principle of developing speaking and writing skills as a means of communication.

Goals

Amis et compagnie offers a real workout in oral speech and communication.
The 4 levels of the textbook cover levels A1-B1 of the Pan-European Recommendations.
The textbook was created with the goal of providing a seamless transition from school to college. So the tutorial gives an efficient solution to this problem.
Amis et compagnie stimulates the interest and motivation of the student with interactive activities, comics, study tips, self-assessment tests, projects, games, search activities, dramatization.

Approach and structure

12 sections of 4 lessons lasting about 1 hour 30 minutes each.
Gradual familiarization with grammatical and lexical structures is provided.
Amis et compagnie offers numerous cultural and local history elements.
Oral and written communication takes place in specific communicative situations. The principles of the communicative approach are implemented by placing the student in a variety of communicative situations that are important to him.
A literary work, in the form of a comic book, runs like a red thread through each level. This allows students to familiarize themselves with literature: The Three Musketeers by Alexandre Dumas in the first level, Les Misérables by Victor Hugo in the second.
Each section ends with two pages summarizing achievements in grammar, vocabulary, phonetics, speech activity, and learning strategies.
The cultural content of the textbook encourages students to compare with their own culture and life experience.
Assessment is presented in all components of the kit:
- Self-assessment in workbook and portfolio;
- Assessment and preparation for DELF in the book for the student;
- Tests in the teacher's book and workbook.

"Pros" of the textbook

Amis et compagnie is a ready to use tutorial.
Amis et compagnie 1 covers the content of elementary school textbooks. Continuity between elementary school and college for pupils who studied French in elementary school is ensured by a simple transition to Amis et compagnie 2.
The complementarity of a notebook (writing) and a book (speaking) is very effective.
Active cultural content. A book for a teacher which combines numerous recommendations regarding the conduct of lessons, visibility and control tests that can be photocopied.
Internet site with a large number of various tasks.
Audio recordings: dialogues, songs, funny rap, dubbed comics.
Drawing attention to French literature (Alexandre Dumas and Victor Hugo) through adapted comics.

ISBN	Name
9782090354904	Amis et compagnie 1 Livre
9782090354911	Amis et compagnie 1 Cahier d`activities
9782090354928	Amis et compagnie 1 guide pedagogique
9789662583182	Amis et compagnie 1 Audio CD
9782090324907	Amis et compagnie 1 TBI
9782090354935	Amis et compagnie 2 Livre
9782090354942	Amis et compagnie 2 Cahier d`activities
9782090354959	Amis et compagnie 2 Guide pedagogique
9789662583199	Amis et compagnie 2 Audio CD
9782090325607	Amis et compagnie 2 TBI
9782090354966	Amis et compagnie 3 Livre
9782090354973	Amis et compagnie 3 Cahier d`activities
9782090354980	Amis et compagnie 3 Guide pedagogique
9789662583335	Amis et compagnie 3 Audio CD
9782090325614	Amis et compagnie 3 TBI
9782090383232	Amis et compagnie 4 Livre
9782090383249	Amis et compagnie 4 Cahier d`activities
9782090383256	Amis et compagnie 4 Guide pedagogique
9786175980378	Amis et compagnie 4 Audio CD
9782090325621	Amis et compagnie 4 TBI

Echo Junior

The well-known training complex Echo Junior, which has already proven itself as an effective interactive method, brings to your attention Fichier d`évaluation, issued as a separate booklet with audio CD. This publication will be an excellent assistant for the teacher in organizing the control of mastering the material in accordance with the lessons of the main textbook.
Fichier d`évaluation A1, like the textbook, contains 12 lessons, each of which offers test tasks, among which the following headings are presented: écouter et comprendre; lire; ecrire; situation orales; connaissance et correction de la langue. Thus, the teacher and the student can check their progress and pay attention to unfinished topics.
At the end of the book, each lesson has a transcription for listening and answers, which allows the student to work independently, plus a few tips for the teacher regarding the use and conduct of control.
All Fichier d`évaluation materials are copyable and easy to use.

ISBN	Name
9782090387186	Echo Junior A1 Livre de L`eleve + portfolio + DVD-ROM
9782090387193	Echo Junior A1 Cahier D`Activites
9782090387278	Echo Junior A1 Fichier d'evaluation + CD audio
9782090387209	Echo Junior A1 Livre Du Professeur
9782090387216	Echo Junior A2 Livre de L`eleve + portfolio + DVD-ROM
9782090387223	Echo Junior A2 Cahier D`Activites
9782090387285	Echo Junior A2 Fichier d'évaluation + CD audio
9782090387230	Echo Junior A2 Livre Du Professeur
9782090387247	Echo Junior B1 Livre de L`eleve + portfolio + DVD-ROM
9782090387254	Echo Junior B1 Cahier D`Activites
9782090387261	Echo Junior B1 Livre Du Professeur

Alex and Zoe

Alex et Zoé is an engaging and good humored textbook with quirky characters who become the heroes of the fairy tales of Charles Perrault (Level 1), the fables of Jean La Fontaine (Level 2) and the novels of Jules Verne (Level 3).
Very easy to use, with rich motivational material, Alex et Zoé is the favorite textbook for teachers and primary school students.

Alex et Zoé is an engaging and good-humoured textbook with eccentric characters who become the heroes of the fairy tales of Charles Perrault (Level 1), the fables of Jean La Fontaine (Level 2) and the novels of Jules Verne (Level 3).
Very easy to use, with rich motivational material, Alex et Zoé is the favorite textbook for teachers and elementary school students.

Approach and structure

The textbook is divided into lessons that correspond to the school ones.
Gradual acquaintance with grammatical and lexical structures.
Inducement to verbal expressions in specific communicative situations.
Sensory activities, games, songs and stories to role-play.
The presence in each section of the comic, the purpose of which is the introduction of the necessary written text.
Evaluation of achievements by the student himself, together with the classical method of evaluation by the teacher.
Constant introduction of cultural and local history elements in the lesson.

"Pros" of the textbook

Three complete levels.
A teacher's book that offers numerous guidelines regarding the lesson, visibility and control tests that can be photocopied.
CD-Rom for level 1.
An original reading book that accompanies each level.
Very lively and funny audio recordings.
Bringing attention to the classical cultural milieu: Perrault's tales, Lafontaine's fables and Jules Verne's novels. In the third level, children discover the French-speaking world.

After Alex et Zoé, to continue learning French in high school, the textbook Amis et compagnie is recommended, which takes into account the linguistic and communicative content of Alex et Zoé at all three levels.

ISBN	Name
9782090383300	Alex et Zoe Nouvelle 1 Livre de L`eleve + Livret de civilization + CD-ROM
9782090383317	Alex et Zoe Nouvelle 1 Cahier d`activite`s + CD audio DELF Prim
9782090383324	Alex et Zoe Nouvelle 1 Guide pedagogique
9789662583229	Alex et Zoe 1 Audio CD
9782090354874	Alex et Zoe 1 Apprendre a lire et a ecrire avec Alex et Zoe fichier photocopiable
9782090320947	Alex & Zoe 1 CD-ROM
9782090316650	Alex and Zoe a Paris 1
9782090383331	Alex et Zoe Nouvelle 2 Livre de L`eleve + Livret de civilization
9782090383348	Alex et Zoe Nouvelle 2 Cahier d`activite`s + CD audio DELF Prim
9782090383355	Alex et Zoe Nouvelle 2 Guide pedagogique
9786175980286	Alex et Zoe 2 Audio CD
9782090325645	Alex & Zoe Nouvelle 2 TBI
9782090316803	Alex and Zoe en vacances 2
9782090383362	Alex et Zoe Nouvelle 3 Livre de L`eleve + Livret de civilization
9782090383379	Alex et Zoe Nouvelle 3 Cahier d`activite`s + CD audio DELF Prim
9782090383386	Alex et Zoe Nouvelle 3 Guide pedagogique
9786175980293	Alex et Zoe 3 Audio CD
9782090325652	Alex & Zoe Nouvelle 3 TBI
9782090316926	Alex et Zoe font Le tour du monde 3

A quick and effective course for adults who don't have the time or patience, but want to learn French quickly and successfully. The textbook contains the basic communicative elements and sufficient lexical and grammar base necessary for oral and written communication. This course will be useful in intensive French courses and for self-study. VITE et BIEN has 2 levels, each for 100-120 hours. The course allows the student to simultaneously learn French and discover the realities of life in France, cultural differences and the peculiarities of French everyday communication. Simple and necessary vocabulary reflects situations Everyday life: business meeting, conferences, ordering at a restaurant, booking a hotel room, talking about traveling, visiting various shops, household issues.

Course components: a textbook with a notebook and an audio CD in one book.

ISBN	Name
9782090352726	Vite et Bien 1 Livre + CD audio
9782090352757	Vite et Bien 2 Livre + CD audio

ISBN

Name

9782090352726

Vite et Bien 1 Livre + CD audio

9782090352757

Vite et Bien 2 Livre + CD audio

Vocabulary en dialogues

The series "en Dialogues" allows you to learn French in a variety of ways and with great pleasure. She appeals to teenagers and adults. Each manual includes an audio CD for listening to dialogues and keys to exercises, which contributes to independent work. The extremely flexible structure of the manuals allows them to be adapted to all types of activities in the lesson.

Lili, la petite grenouille is a lively and dynamic textbook that meets all the goals of learning French for preschool and primary school children.
Goals

Lili, la petite grenouille is a lively and dynamic textbook that meets all the goals of learning French for preschool and primary school children.
Goals

Three tales in each level bring the main characters and Lily the frog onto the stage to immerse children in the real and fictional world, and allow the introduction of the first speech structures.
Each story has its own theme:
- level 1: colors, musical instruments, food;
- level 2: meeting new heroes in different situations.

Approach and structure
Lili, la petite grenouille offers a simple structure and the ability to change, according to circumstances, the work on each level.

For the development of oral speech (basic program) is used:
- book of fairy tales;
- workbook.
For the development of reading and writing (advanced program), additionally used:
- a book to read;
- notebook for reading and writing.
The core program provides French language acquisition for all types of classes. The Extended Program is recommended for bilingual classes, courses and in-depth study French.
The approach to reading is pragmatic, global, with the study of the alphabet and sounds.

"Pros" of the textbook

Interesting, beautifully illustrated stories.
Incredibly versatile set.
More than 80 tasks and games in the workbook for listening, search and discovery, coloring, making crafts.
A book for reading, which is a real mini-textbook for learning to read.
Acquaintance with several types of writing: printed and capital.
Elaboration of the ratio of sound and graphic image in a notebook for reading and writing.
Complete and detailed teacher's book.
Audio CD for listening to songs at home.

Course components: textbook, notebook, teacher's book, reading book, reading and writing notebook, audio CD.

ISBN	Name
9782090335378	Lili, La petite grenouille 1 Livre de L`eleve
9782090335385	Lili, La petite grenouille 1 Cahier d`activities
9782090335392	Lili, La petite grenouille 1 Cahier de Lecture
9782090335408	Lili, La petite grenouille 1 Cahier Lecture-ecriture
9782090335415	Lili, La petite grenouille 1 Guide pedagogique
9782090320664	Lili, La petite grenouille 1 CD audio individual
9782090335422	Lili
9782090335439	Lili, La petite grenouille 2 Cahier d`activities
9782090335446	Lili, La petite grenouille 2 Cahier de Lecture
9782090335453	Lili, La petite grenouille 2 Cahier Lecture-ecriture
9782090335460	Lili, La petite grenouille 2 Guide pedagogique
9782090321074	Lili, La petite grenouille 2 CD audio pour la classe

Each grant offers training exercises by 4 types of speech activity (reading, writing, listening, speaking), grouped by levels (A1.1 and C1 / C2).

As part of an activity-oriented approach, practice tasks provide proper preparation for taking exams. Concrete examples help not only students, but also examiners. Designed in the best tradition of the "Nouvel Entrainez-vous" series, these extremely practical teaching aids can be used both in the classroom and during self-study to exams.
The manuals provide an opportunity to properly prepare for the DILF and DALF exams.

Keys to exercises and texts for listening are given in a separate book.

ISBN	Name
9782090352801	DILF A1 150 Activites + CD
9782090352337	DALF C1/C2, 250 Activites Livre + CD

ISBN

Name

9782090352801

DILF A1 150 Activites + CD

9782090352337

DALF C1/C2, 250 Activites Livre + CD

The "Découverte" series is above all a reading pleasure during the whole period of studying French in college and lyceum. And from now on, the collection is also intended for older teenagers and adults.

The series has 7 levels (0-6), and consists mainly of authentic texts on 48 pages. In the third level, classics are offered for reading.
The stories are arranged according to the age of the readers: contemporary themes, close to young people, intriguing stories that arouse interest and maintain interest in reading, modern texts for adults, several adaptations of the works of the great classics.
Numerous color illustrations enliven the reading and make it easier to understand.
The pre-reading task (Découvrir) prepares students for the perception of the work. The post-reading task (Discuter) is done orally in class or in writing at home.
Footnotes at the bottom of the page explain heavy words, making the work easier to understand.
A reading comprehension task (Comprendre) is given at the end of each section and is intended to test whether readers have followed the course of events well and to help them continue reading.
Each text develops a cross-topic that is discussed in the Discuter section.
Answers to the exercises are given at the end of the manual.
Work with the allowance is very verified. The grammatical content exactly corresponds to the studied material in textbooks, in particular in Junior and Junior Plus.
Audio recordings for each text, enriched with music and specially designed sound effects, plunge the reader into the whirlpool of events.

ABC DELF Junior Scolaire - a series of guides for preparing for the DELF Junior scolaire exam, levels A1-B1. The workbooks offer not only 200 exercises for the Reading, Speaking, Listening and Writing exam, but also a sample DELF task for each part and three self-test options at the end of the book.
What is new in the methodology? How is ABC DELF Junior scolaire different from other books that prepare for DELF exams?
1) for the first time - the presence of DVD - Rom. It is divided into two parts: audio (1 hour of relevant exercises) and video. Video exercises contain coaching tips related to taking the exam: what to take or not to take on the exam, how to behave during an interview, etc.;
2) a test at the beginning of the book, which allows you to test your knowledge;
3) a brochure containing not only answers, but also a transcription for listening.

ISBN	Name
9782090315073	Niveau Intro Chiens and chats
9782090326772	Niveau Intro Chiens and chats Audio CD
9782090315080	Niveau Intro Jojo
9782090326789	Niveau Intro Jojo Audio CD
9782090315110	Niveau Intro L'Arc en ciel
9782090326659	Niveau Intro L'arc-en-ciel Audio CD
9782090313963	Niveau 1 A la recherche de Mariana Livre
9782090326222	Niveau 1 A la recherche de Mariana Audio CD
9782090313710	Niveau 1 L'ile mysterieuse
9782090326321	Niveau 1 L'ile mysterieuse Audio CD
9782090314038	Niveau 1 Le fil rouge Livre
9782090326291	Niveau 1 Le fil rouge Audio CD
9782090313970	Niveau 1 Train de nuit Livre
9782090326239	Niveau 1 Train de nuit Audio CD
9782090314779	Niveau 1 Un etrange voisin
9782090326666	Niveau 1 Un etrange voisin Audio CD
9782090313994	Niveau 2 Disparitions en Haiti Livre
9782090326246	Niveau 2 Disparitions en Haiti Audio CD
9782090313734	Niveau 2 L'epave / Le voyage du Horla
9782090326192	Niveau 2 L`epave / Le voyage du Horla Audio CD
9782090313987	Niveau 2 Le reflective Livre
9782090326109	Niveau 2 Le reflect Audio CD
9782090313727	Niveau 2 Les lettres persanes

ISBN	Name
9782090381764	ABC DELF Junior scolaire A1 Livre + DVD-ROM + corriges et transcriptions
9782090381771	ABC DELF Junior scolaire A2 Livre + DVD-ROM + corriges et transcriptions
9782090381788	ABC DELF Junior scolaire B1 Livre + DVD-ROM + corriges et transcriptions
9782090381856	ABC DELF Junior scolaire B2 Livre + DVD-ROM + corriges et transcriptions

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The modern French book business is characterized by the monopolization of all its branches.

The bulk of the capital in the field of book business, book trade and printing production is concentrated in the hands of large firms: Libreri Ashette, Larousse, Gaston Gallimard and others. Along with them, there are many small ones that are constantly on the verge of bankruptcy. The process of concentration of capital in the book business is intensifying. This is also evidenced by the fact that more than 80% of the total number of publishing houses are concentrated in Paris. In the 70s. In the 20th century, there were 374 publishing houses, of which 175 were small publishing houses employing less than 5 people, and only 22 publishing houses had more than 100 people.

Represents and defends the interests of the French book business "Society of Publishers and Booksellers". In 1892, under his auspices, the "National Syndicate of French Publishers" (Le Syntat national des Editeurs) was founded, uniting the vast majority of publishers. In 1950, the Guarantee Society of French Publishers was created, which provides loans from banks on favorable terms. There are four groups of publishing houses according to the type of organization of book sales: leading the direct sale of books to shops; organizing a separate book distribution service [for example, the Forum cooperative, which unites a number of publishers]; outsourcing the distribution of products to another publishing company or a special organization that has its own bookstores.

The book publishing system in France is decentralized and multi-type. Publishing houses are divided into public, government-funded, and commercial, private.

The largest modern book publishers in France are presented in Table 3.

Table 3

Publisher name	Specialization
"Kalman Levy" "Bokkar" (Boccard), "Kasterman", "Armand Colin" (Armand Colin), "Flammarion", "Gaston Gallimard" "Marcel Didier" (Marcel Didier), "A. Fayar", "Albin Michel" "Nelson", "Plon" (Plon), "Bernard Grasse" "Filipacci" (Hlipacchy).	universal literature.
Scientific publications are financed mainly by the state, public institutions and patrons. Wide edition. activity was launched by the “National Center scientific research"(NTsNI) (Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique), osn. in 1939. The printed matter of the NTsNI is universal. Along with it, there is the “Center for University Documentation and the Society for the Publication of Accounts. allowances for higher education "(Centre de Documentation universitaire et Societe d" Edition d "enseignement Su-perieur reunis)
"Duno" (Dunod), "Gautier-Villars" (Gauthier-Villars), Press University de France.	Private scientific publishing houses
"Larousse" "Kie" (Quillet).	Encyclopedias and reference books
"Association Technique Maritime et Aeronautique" (Association Technique Maritime et Aeronautique), "Blondel la Rougerie" (Blondel la Rougerie), "Farnese" (Farnese), "Peyo" (Payot), "Boubee e K °" (Boubee et Cie), "Berge-Levrault" (Berger-Levrault), "Ehrmann" (Hermann), "Edison Teknik" (Editions techniques), "Edition Lamar" (Edition Lamarre).	Literature on natural sciences and technology.
"Edition de Bon Pasteur" (Edition de Bon Pasteur), "Edition di Cerf" (Edition du Cerfs), "Spes" (Spes), "F. Leroux (F. Leroux).	Catholic publishing houses
"L "ecole de loisir" (L "ecole de loisir).	Children's literature
"Libreri Ashett" (Hachette)	Textbooks, scientific and fiction literature, books for children and youth, illustrated editions, pocket books.
Editeur Francais Reunis	Works of the classics of Russian literature.
"Librairie de la Lane" (Librairie de la Lain), "Librairie Istra" (Librairie Istra), "Librairie des Champs Elysees" (Librairie des Champs Elysees), "Manyar" (Magnard), "Lemer" (Lemerre), "Les Editions du Chene" (Les Editions du Chene), "Robert Laffont" (Robert Laffont).	Fiction
"Bokkar", "Cercle d" ar ", "Edition Carmen Guillard" (Edition Carmen Guillard), "Edition Albert Moranse" (Edition Albert Morance), Quatre Chemins.	Literature on architecture and art

V modern world France ranks sixth in terms of the number of books produced and fifth in terms of circulation. Literature is published in all branches of knowledge without exception. The release of books by publishing houses in 1997-2002 is presented in table No. 4.

Table 4

Release of books by publishing houses in 1997-2002

publishing house




Pu de France (PUF)





Ellipses-Edition Marketing

LGF(Livre de poche)

The modern book market in France, with its well-formed structure and well-established links between publishers, book warehouses and shops, can simultaneously offer the reader more than 350,000 book titles. Every year about 40,000 new book titles appear in France. What place does the Russian book occupy in this stream? Russian-French literary and book ties span more than one century. Today, specialists and lovers of Russian literature in France, thanks to the accumulated publishing funds and a flexible book supply system, have the opportunity to form a fairly complete library of fiction, history, philosophy, economics and other areas, compiled from books by Russian authors in French.

The bulk of the books by Russian authors (more than 70% of all publications) are works of fiction. At the same time, preference is given to the prose works of contemporary writers. Journalism and history made up about 10% of books (21 titles), books on art - 8% (17 titles), there is practically no children's literature.

The most published Russian author in France is F.M. Dostoevsky (15 books in 2 years), followed by V.V. Nabokov (10 books), A.P. Chekhov (9 books), M.A. Bulgakov (8 books). Most often these are reprints or reprints in pocket format.

The main interest for French publishers is contemporary Russian literature. They closely follow the new names that appear in our literary firmament, and translate and publish their works with enviable efficiency. Sometimes it turns out that only after being published in the West the book acquires the right to be published in Russia (for example, the novel by O. Strizhak "Boy" or "Poor Relatives" by L. Ulitskaya).

In 1994-95 the most popular contemporary Russian writer was Nina Berberova. During these years, four French publishing houses published nine of her books. In poetry, Tsvetaeva is most popular. Her books were published by Souterraine, Rivagesii Librairie du Globe.

Among the poetic novelties, one cannot fail to note the Anthology of Russian Poetry (November 1995), published by the Gallimard publishing house. The book's editor, Katia Granoff, has translated more than 84 Russian poets, from Lomonosov to the present day. The efforts of the translator were noted by the French Academy.

The publication of dramatic works occupies an insignificant place, this genre of literature is intended more for professionals than for the general reader. In France, there are a number of specialized theater publishing houses, such as Arche, Librairie theatrale, Actes Sud / Papier, L "Avantscene, Theater, etc. But in the mid-90s, only one of them - Actes Sud / Papier - appeared new editions Russian plays: N.V. Gogol, "Inspector", "Marriage", "Players".

Many literary publishers have theater series or sub-series, such as "Folio theater" (Gallimard). They publish mainly the works of Russian classics: M.Yu. Lermontov, "Masquerade" (Imprimerie Nationale, series "Repertoire Comedie Française"); A.P. Chekhov, "The Cherry Orchard" (Ed.de 1 "Aube); M.A. Bulgakov, "Adam and Eve" (Dumerchez, "Scene" series). summer in Chulimsk” was published by L “Age d” Homme (series “Theatre vivant”).

All novelties in the field of fine arts are associated with the Flammarion and L "Age d" Homme publishing houses.

In 1994-1995 books by two famous Russian film directors were published. The Seuil publishing house has collected under the heading "7 visions" ("Sept visions") seven scenarios by Sergei Parajanov. Cahiers du cinema, recognized as the most intelligent French cinema publication, also publishes about 12 books a year on film and photography. This magazine published the Diary of Andrei Tarkovsky. 1970-1985".

Publishing house Arthaud, publishes a series of guides "Guides Artaud" to Russian cities for travelers with low incomes. Its peculiarity lies in the fact that it was written by a person "from here", a professional Moscow translator, author of a number of manuals in French, Albert Andunyan.

The oldest French publishing house Gallimard, founded in 1911, is the largest publishing house managed by the direct descendants of its founder, Gaston Gallimard. Its catalog contains more than 13,000 titles, among which the works of Russian authors occupy a firm place. In the 1920s and 1930s, this publishing house published many Russian emigrants, such as Z. Gippius, Nobel laureate 1933 I. Bunin, A. Remizov and others.

Callimard is the main publisher of Russian literature in France. The names of Russian authors are found in many series published by the publishing house: the classics of Russian literature are included in the mass series of pocket books "Folio" and "Folio bilingue", as well as in the elite, with a detailed reference apparatus, the Pleiade series, the L "lmaginaire" series , "Poesie/Gallimard" Modern authors appear in the "Du monde entier" and "Arcades" series.

In the Folio pocket series, you can find the names of all the major Russian writers of the 19th century.

The Folio bilingue series is divided into several sub-series with parallel texts in French and the original language. The first Russian authors included in it were N.V. Gogol and I.S. Turgenev, and then the books of F.M. Dostoevsky ("The Gentle One" and "The Dream of a Ridiculous Man") and a collection of stories by A.P. Chekhov ("The Lady with the Dog", "The Bishop", "The Bride").

Since its foundation in 1987, this provincial publishing house (headquartered in the city of Arles in southern France) has been focused on translated literature. Its founder, Hubert Nissen, a publisher and professional translator, member of the Association of French Fiction Translators (ATLF), set himself the task of "collecting German, Scandinavian, Italian, Spanish, Russian, Greek, Austrian, Belgian and many other texts".

The first translations from Russian appeared in the catalog of his publishing house in 1980, but Nissen achieved a real triumph in 1985 after meeting with N. Berberova and publishing her story The Accompanist. Very quickly, N. Berberova became one of the main authors of the publishing house, her books won the recognition of the French reader.

Following Berberova, the catalog of Actes Sud also included works by other Russian writers, mainly representatives of Russian classical literature of the 19th century, such as F. Dostoevsky, A. Pushkin, A. Chekhov. New translations of their works were made by André Markovic, who often collaborates with this and other publishing houses.

Flammarion, one of the oldest family publishing houses in France, was founded in 1876 and is now owned by the direct descendants of Ernest Flammarion - Charles-Henri Flammarion, head of the publishing house, and his two brothers. Since 1989, this dynamically developing publishing house has also been present on the Russian book market, releasing translations from its J "ai lu" series of pocket books. In France, the 20th century Russian and Soviet series was created, in which they were published as novels (A. Makanin, "The Man Running", 1991), and journalism (A. Sobchak, "Journey to Power", 1991, in French translation the book was called "Chronique d "une chute annoncee").

In the 1990s, the publishing house focused on Russian classics. In the "GF-Flammarion" series, focused on the publication of the best works of French and foreign writers and philosophical texts, the works of A.P. Chekhov, L.N. Tolstoy, F.M. Dostoevsky.

For the first time, translations of contemporary Russian writers appeared in the catalog of the publishing house in 1982. These were the works of A.I. Solzhenitsyn "In the First Circle", "Cancer Ward", "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich". Since then, Solzhenitsyn has been one of the leading authors of the publishing house, his books do not disappear from the catalog. The collected works of A.I. Solzhenitsyn.

The end of the 20th century was marked by the publication of a documentary study of the Ark. Vaksberg "Hotel" Lux ", dedicated to the fate of the delegates of the III International.

It should be noted that the publication of books by both Solzhenitsyn and Vaksber caused a number of publications in special literary and book publications, such as the journal A. Beer "Lire" or the newspaper "Quinzaine litteraire", which reviews the most interesting and significant novelties of the French book publishing.

After English, German (series "Der Doppelgan-ger"), Spanish (series "Otra Memoria") and Italian (series "Terra d" Altri) literature, the Verbier publishing house began in 1992 with the Russian series, giving it the name "Slovo ". Its leader, Helen Chatelain, translator of A.P. Chekhov, A. Amalrik and B. Pasternak, was the organizer of numerous demonstrations, film and video screenings about Russian dissidents. The first book in her series was a collection of stories by S. Krzhizhanovsky ("Marque- page", February 1992), then B. Khazanov's novel "Anti-time" appeared. In 1993, "The Letter Killer Club" by S. Krzhizhanovsky and the first part of V. Shalamov's essay "All or Nothing" were published.

LES EDITIONS DE LA LIBRAIRIE DU GLOBE

The Globus Russian book store was opened in Paris in 1953. A small publishing house that exists at the store specializes in publishing encyclopedias, dictionaries, monographs on the Russian language, school linguistic literature, and books on tourism. In 1992, the publishing house decided to start publishing a bilingual series of Russian poetry. It was opened by O. Mandelstam's collections. A. Tarkovsky and F. Tyutchev. In 1993, the series was replenished with the names of A. Akhmatova (the preface to the book of her poems was written by I. Brodsky) and M. Tsvetaeva. The third novelty of 1993 was "The Twelve Chairs" by I. Ilf and E. Petrov.

The Seuil publishing house, which appeared before the Second World War (1935), launched its activities and achieved success after. 1945 Now this large universal publishing house has about 9 thousand titles in its catalog. Every year it prepares for publication approximately 450 new books. In addition to the already mentioned collection of scenarios by S. Parajanov, published in the Fiction & Cie series, the publishing house released M. Bulgakov's story Morphine (Points Roman pocket series), Dead Souls» N.V. Gogol (series "L "ecole des lettres"), "A Novel Without Lies" by A. Mariengof (series "Le don des langues").

The publishing house was established in 1901. It now has a catalog of 6,000 titles and publishes about 380 books a year. Within its framework, there is a series "Domaine russe", which is directed by the translator Lusya Katala, who actively collaborates with contemporary Russian writers. Thanks to her efforts, books by F. Abramov, V. Astafiev, Z. Boguslavskaya, Yu. Dombrovsky, Ven. Erofeev, M. Kuraev, A. Rybakov, A. Strizhak and others.

Russian novelties also appeared in the publishing houses of S. Bourgois, Belles lettres, Circe, Denoel Difference, Griot and others.

characteristic feature the modern stage was the decline in the interest of French publishers in modern Russian literature. This is due to the absence, despite the emergence of a large number of new names, of such significant figures in our literature as, for example, A.I. Solzhenitsyn, whose works, which appeared in the 70s in the West, captivated the European reader, as well as the difficulties experienced by the French book publishing in recent years. These reasons make publishers turn to the classics as a less risky and cheaper option.

Based on the foregoing, we can say that a rare French publishing house did not contribute to the increase in the production of books in the country as a whole. French readers pay great attention to the books of Russian authors, which are published by a number of publishers: GALLIMARD, ACTES SUD, FLAMMARION, FA YARD, VERDIER, SEUIL, etc. But due to a number of reasons listed above, the attention of French publishers is directed to Russian classics , as the most proven option.

Thus, the modern book market in France, with its well-formed structure and well-established links between publishers, book warehouses and shops, is constantly growing despite economic difficulties. The country's book market is characterized by the monopolization of all its branches. The book publishing system is decentralized and multi-type. Publishing houses are divided into state and commercial, literature in them is issued in all branches of knowledge. Most of the publications (approx. 70%) are produced in offset, the remaining 30% - intaglio or letterpress. But now the emergence of new technical means completely replaced the offset printing process with digital typesetting.

Among the publications, the paperback segment is developing most dynamically. Poketbooks and comics are well implemented. The main consumers of the book are: the mass reader, people of science and technology and wealthy people - bibliophiles, collectors.

70% of books are sold through stores various types, and 30% through various non-store channels.

In the country, every third store is private, in Paris there are charity shops organized by various societies.

The most modern form of book trade is voluntary associations of subscribers, the so-called book clubs. Their work is characterized by advertisements for books intended for printing, the collection of consumer opinions, auctions and bookstores on television. Funds from publishers and wholesalers are raised to open Printing Houses.

Of no small importance is the export of French books. Russian-French book ties are successfully developing and strengthening. The main part of the books by Russian authors published in France is devoted to the current state of Russia, the political situation in the country, and the main events of Russian history. A significant number of publishing houses have in their catalogs books translated from Russian.

But recently, export statistics indicate a decrease in the interest of French book publishers in modern Russian literature. The main reason for this situation is the absence of significant figures in our literature. In this regard, the priority of French publishers is directed to Russian classics, as a less risky and cheaper option.

spiritual development

The state of the domestic book market practically corresponds to global trends, including those that worry all publishers without exception. For example, the growing decline in interest in reading and the introduction of digital media of text (the so-called digital libraries) poison the lives not only of our book printers, but also of their French colleagues.

The main problems of this industry can be formulated as follows: the threat of overproduction, attempts to monopolize the market, and a decrease in circulation.

Now in Russia the average circulation is 7 thousand copies (in 2004 - 7700), and according to experts, the downward trend in circulation will continue until 2009. In France, in 2005, the circulation was 7587 copies, while at the same time, the last two years there has been a decline in sales.

Geographically, book publishing is concentrated in the capitals - in Moscow and, accordingly, in Paris. If the capital sells 32% of book production, then in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, which, as you know, is equal to four France, only 2.6 percent. By the way, in France one regional bookstore accounts for 2,000 inhabitants, and in Russia - for 49,000. It turns out that bibliophiles and lovers of quality literature have to go to the capital for books and buy them from time to time.

This article presents an analysis of the French book market in the period from 2004-2007, its qualitative and economic characteristics, and the market position of leading publishing houses. This period was not chosen by chance, as it was in 2004 that events took place that changed the situation on the French market. In conclusion, conclusions are drawn about the prospects for the development of the book market and those special programs that are being created in France.

When compiling this article, materials from French periodicals were used: Livres Hebdo, Le marché du livre, Express, as well as articles from French newspapers - Le Monde and Figaro.

Introduction. "Book circulation" in France

In France, as in Russia, the first link in book publishing is the publisher. He decides which texts will be published by his publishing house, in what form, by what means he will use for their publication and editing. In most cases, the publisher does not engage in the selection of published publications, using the services of a printing house. The next link is the distributors, who are also responsible for the promotional campaign to draw attention to this book. The structure of book distribution is varied: large industrial groups (such as Ashette) or large publishing houses such as CDE, which distribute books from other publishers, as well as independent distributors who can find their buyer in any corner of France. Books are sold both through specialized bookstores and through supermarkets and mixed-type stores selling books, audio, video and multimedia products (one of the most famous is FNAC, in Russia we can cite Auchan as an example).

Among the traditional bookstores, there are about 200 large enterprises with an assortment of 50-60 thousand titles. 4-5 thousand small shops (with an assortment of up to six thousand items) are located, as a rule, in provincial towns and play a very important role in the cultural life of the country. There are growing concerns in the French book market that despite a 2% increase in book sales compared to 2003, many workers are dissatisfied with temporary employment provided by publishers. Book specialists are afraid of the transition to the Anglo-Saxon system - "without publishers and bookstores": supermarkets provide discounts on book editions with a successful sale of chocolate bars.

2002-2005: end of the era of independence

Until 2003, the situation in the French book world was relatively stable: the market was dominated by 2 large groups - VUP (Vivendi Universal Publishing) and Hachette Livre. The first group included such publishing houses as Larousse, Nathan, Plon-Perrin, Robert Laffont, Presses de la Cité. The second group included publishing houses that can be characterized by the now fashionable English borrowing “people” (“for the people”) - Harlequin, J’ai lu, le livre de Paris, Le Livre de poche. They were followed by four publishers that have approximately the same sales volume: Gallimard, Le Seuil, Flammarion and Albin Michel. These prestigious publishing houses were founded more than a century ago, but recently there have been changes in their management: for example, in 2000 Flammarion's publishing assets were sold to the Italian media group Rizzoli-Corriere della Sera (Flammarion specialized in selling books on art, beautifully illustrated publications goes abroad - falls into the hands of the Italian media giant). Everything changed in early 2003 after the financial collapse of the Vivendi group, which at that time was led by Jean-Marie Messier. The new management needed money to pay off old debts and put publishing assets up for sale. The sale concerned the shares of the publishing house Bordas, Larousse, 10/18 Presses Pocket. All that remained was to identify the buyer. By agreement with the Minister of Culture, Jean Aillagon, and the President of the Republic, Jacques Chirac, who personally followed the developments, the Hachette-Lagardère group became the owner of the publishing shares. Political support and Jean-Luc Lagardère's campaign for the preservation of "the cultural heritage of the country, which must be saved from American intervention' played a decisive role. (Jean Luc Lagardère, in Le Monde, explained everything by his altruism, heading the article "We want to buy VUP France because we love books").

Do not forget that at that time Hachette was already the second largest French publishing house. If Vivendi were acquired, the group would become an unbeatable leader, controlling more than 80% of the books wholesale trade, 75% of the textbooks segment and almost 100% of encyclopedias and dictionaries. What's the matter? Does the quasi-monopoly of one publishing house suit the French authorities, who have always supported the policy of pluralism? The Minister of Culture commented on the situation as follows: "There is no threat to the emergence of a monopoly in the book market now, and Jean-Luc Lagardère and his son Arno will help to preserve and, in the future, develop the country's cultural heritage." In order to avoid criticism from the European authorities and the EU antimonopoly authorities, Vivendi's publishing assets were purchased through the intermediary bank Natexis. The value of the transaction amounted to 1.25 billion euros. Subsequently, the bank must cede the publishing assets to the Hachette group. Jean-Luc Lagardère used the services of this bank not by chance. This bank occupies a special position in the French book world, as one of its shareholders is Gallimard (Gallimard, another publishing house).

If the French authorities agreed to this deal, the European government was seriously concerned about the current situation. In October 2003, the Commissioner for Antimonopoly Policy of the European Union, Mario Monti, presented his 200-page report on the activities of the Lagardère group, in which, in order to resolve the current situation, a proposal was put forward for the necessary liquidation of the “superpowerful” Hachette-Vivendi group due to possible aggressive pricing policies in the book market. The case was carefully studied by the EU Commission and as a result, a decision was made: the Hachette-Lagardère group should cede 60% of the acquired publishing assets of the Vivendi group, but retain the rights to the publishing houses Larousse, Dalloz, Dunoz, Armand Colin and Nathan université. In other words, the European Commission allowed Hachette-Lagardère to retain control over the trade in textbooks and university publications. It remained to decide the question: who will now become the owner of 60% of the shares? In May 2004, it was reported in the news feed that Hachette-Lagardère and Wendel Investissements had entered into a deal to purchase the publishing assets of Vivendi, which, after joining the Hachette-Lagardère group, were renamed Editis. This deal has been confirmed by the European Commission and the French authorities.

Thus, in September, when the release of book novelties (rentrée littéraire) takes place in France, Ernest Antoine Seillière, the main shareholder of the investment company Wendel Investissements and, concurrently, the president of Medef (French Enterprise Movement), became the second largest publisher of France. Why the choice fell on this company is easy to understand: Wendel Investissements has no experience in the book business and, accordingly, the company is not a serious competitor for Hachette. Financial and market transactions won the French book market, devastating the content of the book, depriving it of meaning. More and more more books in supermarkets, where the same pricing policy applies to them as to washing powder or discs. Many publishers are concerned about the current situation and are in favor of maintaining the independence of the book from its profitability.

Year 2005

The concentration of capital in the hands of one company is the reality that most French publishers today have to put up with: the 30 largest publishers control more than 90% of sales and, at the same time, account for 1% of the total number of registered publishing brands in France. The current situation of "quasi" monopoly of one publishing house cannot but pose a threat to the development of the book business and affects all links of a single chain - book publishing.

Along with well-known publishing groups such as Hachette, Editis, la Martinière/ Le Seuil, Flammarion or Gallimard, there are also a number of publishers in France who, despite not being big enough publishing brands, still play a role in the book industry. business. Among them are France Loisir (owned by the German company Bertelsmann), which is the third largest French publishing house with a turnover of 395 million euros in 2004; , DVD production) in fourth place with a sales turnover of 315 million euros, and the Média Participations group of companies, which combines Fleurus, Mango, Rustica, Dargaud, Dupuis, and takes 7th place.

12 largest French publishing houses in 2004
(in terms of trade turnover in million euros)

Publisher name	Trading company (country)	Trade turnover, million euros
	Lagardère SCA (F)
	Wendell Investissement (F)
	Berstelmann (G)
	Di Agostini (Nid)
La Martiniere/ Le Seuil	La Martinière Groupe(F)
Groupe Flammarion
Groupe Gallimard

Groupe Albin Michel
	Reed-Elsevier (Vel-Nid)
	Wolters-Kluver (Nid)

According to Book Market 2005, supplement to Livres Hebdo, No. 637, March 17, 2006

A process of internationalization can thus be observed: France-Loisirs and Editions Atlas acquired branches abroad, while foreign publishers showed interest in specialized publishing houses: Reed-Elsevier acquired the publishing assets of Juris-classeurs (law books) and Masson (scientific - popular publications, books on health); Wolters-Kluver - Larmy (law) and Iniatives Santé (health books). The Franco-Belgian conglomerate Média Participations controls Fleurus-Mame, Dupuis (religious literature) and Dargaud (comics). With regard to Berstelmann, it should be noted that, in addition to France-Loisirs, the German company owns the rights to Grand Livre du mois (which means that book clubs are also in the hands of a single owner) and Codes Rousseau. The international publishing house Readers Digest has also strengthened its position in the French book market.

Among other publishing houses that can be noted: specialized publications for schoolchildren and students - Presses Universitaires de France and Belin, fiction - Minuit, Actes Sud, Editions du Rocher, etc. But in this case, the brand's fame does not correspond to the size of the publisher's sales turnover : Presses Universitaires de France - 16 million euros, Minuit - 3 million euros (108th place in the ranking).

As a result, among the 10,000 publishers registered in France, one hundred publishers are controlled by large trading companies, account for 90% of sales and, accordingly, are sold on the shelves of bookstores.

Year 2006

This has not happened in the retail book trade for a long time. Sales, which had not known a recession for 15 years, with the exception of 1997, fell in 2006 for the second year in a row. There is growing concern among publishers and distributors: along with the ever-increasing influence of the "digital" revolution, the opinion is becoming more and more popular: the book market is structurally changing.

In 2005, they feared that the new "Harry Potter" and "Asterix", together with the Dan Brown phenomenon, would drain the market: the result of 2005 was a half-percentage decline in sales. Turns out they were flowers. In 2006 there was a new decline in sales, this time minus 1.5%. In the retail book trade, all indicators have declined, except for the size of the consumer basket, which has been around the 18 euro mark for three years now. Bookstores are getting less frequent. As in 2005, smaller bookstores are suffering the most, with a 4% drop in sales. Slightly better performance in hypermarkets - 2%. Only large bookstores were able to avoid the decline in sales. Thanks either to the reputation of book specialists or to the quality of the assortment known to readers, they were not so dependent on "blockbusters".

The indicators by sector are as follows:

Decrease in sales:

Comic book sales are boosted by the success of the manga. Pocket editions attract the reader at an affordable price. The documents are gaining popularity in light of the upcoming presidential and parliamentary elections. But the real success in 2006 was books for extracurricular reading - parents do not spare money for the education of their children.

A detailed study of sales volumes by sector shows the current market sluggishness. Pocket editions get an advantage, deluxe editions, dictionaries, encyclopedias fade into the background. The emergence of digital publications reduces the sales of dictionaries and encyclopedias, the development of Internet technologies explains the noticeable decline in the market of traditionally popular practical publications.

Meanwhile, thanks to the introduction of new technologies, book production continues to develop. In 2006, the number of new publications increased by 8% and amounted to 57,728 titles, which is twice as much, for example, as compared to a decade ago. Production volumes increased in almost all sectors. The indicators remained the same for publications in mathematics, computer science, esotericism, psychology, medicine, health books. With regard to the rare cases of decline in production, the largest percentage of decline (-14%) is observed for humorous books. The graph shows the rating of publishers by the number of new products in 2006: Ashett's first place is not surprising for anyone.

Translations

While book production increased significantly in 2006 (by 8%), translated publications did not play a significant role in this: 8284 titles per year (3% less than in 2005), which is 14.4% of the market. The decrease affected almost all languages, except for English (+1%) (language of 60% of all translations), Eastern European languages (+29%), Arabic (+6%) and Chinese (+47%). The latter made a real breakthrough in the French market after France was the guest of honor at the Beijing Book Fair in September 2005. Even despite the fact that to date the number of translations from Chinese is only 103 titles.

Most of all, novels are translated (41.4%), of which three-quarters are from English. The number of translations from German, Italian, Spanish, Chinese and Eastern European languages is growing. At the same time, fewer translations are being made from other languages, such as Russian or Portuguese. In second place in terms of the percentage of translations are comics. The number of translations of books on philosophy (14.4%), religion (16.1%), biographies and autobiographies (10%) is growing.

Circulation

In 2005, the average circulation decreased by 3.2% and amounted to 7587 copies. However, there is growth in some sectors: books for teenagers, practical publications, dictionaries, encyclopedias, books on humanities and esoteric.

Sales

For the second year in a row, retail book sales have fallen by 1.5% in 2006. In particular, this applies to dictionaries and encyclopedias, scientific, technical and medical publications. The year ended better than the others only for out-of-school publications: sales growth by 3%.

Export

For French books, 2005 was a better year abroad than at home, with a 7.3% increase in turnover. But on closer inspection, the progress is not so surprising. First, the statistics included maps, atlases, diaries, calendars, VAT on which from now on, as well as on other publishing products, is 5.5%. Secondly, the increase in exports to Belgium is greatly overestimated.

Year 2007

Information technology in the book world

In the modern world, the development of information technologies has reached an unprecedented height, and their implementation is taking place at lightning speed. Changes in information technology are having a big impact on the publishing industry. The ability to use modern computer technologies and various databases can be a decisive factor for the future development of a publishing house and its success in the market.

For example, Bernard de Fréminville, former CEO of Dilicom, encourages publishers to make the most of modern technology and promotes the book in all its forms.

Founder Distique believes that the concept of a book in the modern world is subject to change under the influence of two main factors. The most important factor is information. Data about a particular book has become available to a wide audience due to the existence of various databases. The second factor causing changes in the book industry is the emergence of e-books. Bernard de Fréminville points out that e-books should be perceived only as texts, and not as a finished product. However, the founder of Dilikom acknowledges the existence of such texts and argues that dictionaries and encyclopedias should be the first to move to electronic media, in addition, modern poetry is much more common on the Internet than in print.

But printed books differ from electronic media with texts, even in the modern world they retain a number of advantages, the most important of which is the external design of the printed text.

Thus, the book market is changing, and many publishers are concerned about the changes that are taking place. Modern publishing houses are forced to use information technology and databases to gain a foothold in the market. Along with this, the ability of publishers to come together to develop a joint solution is of particular importance. The exchange of data between publishers is becoming a necessity. However, now if databases are created, then they are trying to protect them from the eyes of competitors.

Bernard de Fréminville emphasizes that the future of the entire book business depends on establishing links between publishing houses. Therefore, he proposes the creation of a national database funded by publishers, since everyone has the right to have reliable and complete information about the books that are on sale.

Certification of private bookstores

An important problem of modern book business is considered to be the situation of private bookstores. They need support from the state. In his September 12 report to Minister of Culture Christine Albanel, Antoine Gallimard proposes the creation of a LIR certificate for private bookstores.

Certification will make it possible to correctly distribute the funds allocated by the state to support small and medium-sized businesses.

For example, certified bookstores will be able to sell certain literary works.

According to Antoine Gallimard, between 400 and 800 bookstores could qualify for certification, benefit from taxation benefits and increase annual subsidies for the National Book Society. Priority will be given to small and medium-sized, especially in the provinces, as well as specialized bookstores. Antoine Gallimard stressed once again that the certification will not affect the terms of sales in any way and will not force publishers to provide discounts.

The most important criterion for obtaining a certificate will be the share of book sales in the total bookstore activity. For bookstores in large cities, the share should be 75%, for small ones - 50%. The Certification Committee shall consist of 12 members and shall be fully renewed every 3 years. The committee will include famous people in the field of literature, specialists in the field of publishing economics, as well as representatives of publishing houses and bookstores.

Although Antoine Gallimard argues that the certificate serves to provide assistance to bookstores from the state and local administration, and is not discriminatory, the introduction of the certificate raises certain concerns from both publishers and bookstores. This measure had already been introduced in France in the 1940s by the Vichy government in order to determine whether bookstores were liked or not on ideological grounds. Times have changed, but private bookstores still express their skepticism about certification.

In addition, the text of the report seems to be rather vague and in need of comment. The certification procedure itself is also questionable. The financial side of the issue is also important. Book experts want to know how certification will affect taxation, whether it will help reduce rents for premises, increase the salary of bookstore workers. Publishers acknowledge the need to support bookstores, but cannot be held responsible for their financial difficulties, as sales conditions have not changed in a long time. For example, Ronald Blunden, a spokesman for the publishing house Hachette, believes that there is an easier and more radical way to support private bookstores: school textbooks should be put on sale.

Bookstore owners, in turn, fear discrimination against small rural shops and the division of bookstores into certified and uncertified, that is, good and bad. Certification, in their opinion, is most beneficial for large bookstores.

However, Antoine Gallimard argues that we are talking only about helping, and not about equalizing bookstores, different in size, geographical location and assortment. It is necessary that each bookstore retain its originality and appeal, regardless of whether it has a certificate.

Despite all the diversity of the book world of France and its difference from the book world of Russia, it should be noted the commonality of some problems that are currently acquiring a global, ubiquitous character. Thus, the problem of the existence of small and medium-sized publishing houses is very acute both in France and in Russia. The Russian book market is waiting for a wave of mergers, consolidations and acquisitions. In conditions of lack of funding, it is easier for small and medium-sized publishing houses to transfer the release of books to a large publishing house, becoming part of it. Among the major publishing houses at the moment there is a struggle for leadership and, perhaps, it is the association that will help resolve the dispute between the "giants" of the publishing business.

Moreover, common problem for two countries is the lack of information about the books that are on sale. Some books are shown on TV (as a rule, these are books based on which the scripts of television films and television series are written), the release of other publications is not reflected in any way by means of mass media. Finally, in both countries there is a drop in demand for book products. In a situation of oversupply and lack of information, consumers simply refrain from buying. The book market is suffering from overproduction. According to experts from both countries, the current priority is to create new format bookstores and introduce special structures responsible for popularizing published literature.

Introduction …………………………………………………………….2

I. History of book publishing in France. ………………..…......................3

1.1. Famous book publishers of France (XV - XIX centuries)…..……...3

II. The current state of book publishing in France ………….3

2.1. Characteristics of the French book market …………….3

2.2. French publishing houses publishing Russian books

Conclusion ………………………………………………………….13

Application………………………………………………………….…15

References ……………………………………………………20

Introduction

Along with the development of science and technology, along with the development of society, the book also develops. The book, as a product created in the sphere of material production, has a material form, which is distinguished by the originality and individuality of the elements characteristic of each historical period of time. The book has an impact on the most subtle sphere of the human personality - on his spiritual world. Under the influence of the book, each individual has different ideas, images, thoughts, which in the process of existence form a cumulative knowledge that gives impetus to a new round in the development of social consciousness.

Throughout the centuries, man has always strived for new knowledge. After the fall of the Iron Curtain, social, political, and cultural ties between countries became more active. Acquaintance with the culture of another country always contributes to a better understanding of each other.

In Russia, the influence of French culture has traditionally been strong. Russian-French literary and book ties have been going on for more than one century, during which the flow of books in one direction and the other either strengthened or weakened.

Western European books, including French ones, were already in circulation in Russia at the end of the 17th and beginning of the 18th centuries. During this period, a number of translations of French publications into Russian were made, among them the works of military engineers, Moliere's comedy "Amphitrion" and other texts acquainting the Russian reader with European culture. Throughout the 17th century, French cultural influence was growing stronger in Russia. The French language, the language of diplomacy, becomes an integral part of noble education, and the French book is firmly established both in scientific use and in life, the life of the privileged strata of Russian society.

At the same time, descriptions of Russia compiled by French travelers who have been here, biographies of Peter I, Catherine II, books on the history of Russia appear in France. Russian literature of the 19th century, as an important component of world artistic culture, could not but interest the educated French reader. P. Merime translated "The Queen of Spades" by A. S. Pushkin, and I. S. Turgenev became the first Russian writer to become widely known in France. In Paris, and now there is a library named after him.

At the present stage, many thoughts, assessments, figures, problems related to the French book business turned out to be very close to the Russian audience. Therefore, the study of the history, the current state of book publishing in France, allows you to most effectively solve problems in the book industry in your country and opens up broad prospects for mutually beneficial cooperation.

The theme of this work "Book publishing in France" now, in the new XXI century, is undoubtedly relevant. Throughout the centuries, man has always strived for new knowledge. After the fall of the Iron Curtain, social, political, and cultural ties between countries became more active. Acquaintance with the culture of another country always contributes to a better understanding of each other.

I. History of book publishing in France.

1.1. Famous book publishers of France (XV - XIX centuries)

The growing need for books led in the 15th century to the introduction of printing in France. France was in sixth place in terms of the time of the emergence of printing, but its two cities, Paris and Lyon, were destined to play a major role in European printing. At first, there were few books, and besides, the luxury of design (the use of plates made of metal and ivory, enamel, precious stones) made the book expensive and inaccessible to the general population. But gradually, with the emergence of printing houses, books become cheaper and therefore more accessible. Books began to be printed in France on their own mother tongue. The cities of Paris and Lyon became the centers of printing.

A significant contribution to the development of French printing was made by talented publishers: the famous typographer Johann Trexel, Jean du Pré, the famous calligrapher and miniaturist Antoine Verard, the humanist publishers Etienne, E. Dole, Badius, the Lyon typographer-publisher S. Griphius, the creator of the new font F. Dido and many, many others, whose names are inscribed in golden letters in the history of French book publishing.

Many publishers, especially in the Middle Ages, were persecuted by the church. So tragic was the fate of Etienne Dole, who was burned at the stake along with his publications. But, despite the persecution, the French printers continued their work in the name of enlightening the people.

II. The current state of book publishing in France.

2.1. Characteristics of the French book market.

Recently, more and more noticeable changes are taking place in the book business. The book publishing professions today continue to specialize. If in the era of Diderot the publisher performed all operations related to the production and distribution of the book, today the preparation for publication, printing, marketing, distribution and sale are delimited.

French book publishing is concentrated in Paris. Another distinguishing feature is the special relationship between book publishing and the state. Book publishing has especially close relations with the Ministry of Culture, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Education. This cooperation led to the adoption of a number of laws that today provide a special legislative regime in the field of book publishing.

France has had a fixed book price law since 1982. According to this law, the publisher's selling price cannot be exceeded by more than 5%, and books cannot be sold below the selling price.

This law contributes to the stability of the market, allows you to balance the interests of all the main participants in the process of bringing the book from the author to the buyer. There are only a few exceptions to this rule (discounts up to 5% when selling books through clubs and when purchasing books by the library, as well as discounts on textbooks). The denominations affixed to the publication ensured the transition of competition from the sphere of prices to the sphere of quality of book products and services. Book presales are becoming increasingly important to business success. The adoption of the law on a fixed price had no effect on the volume of output and sales, which is confirmed by Table 1.

The Brussels Commission, which plays a decisive role in the European community, is opposed to a single price for books. French publishers, on the other hand, defend the idea that the book is an unusual product that cannot be treated like other household items. In France, there is a law according to which all books that are addressed to the category of citizens under 16 years old, including educational ones, can be sold to school or public libraries, libraries of children's institutions at a price lower than the selling price. Now publishers are fighting to limit the discount ceiling for pedagogical organizations so that some market participants do not have an advantage over others.

As for the structure of book distribution in France, 70% of books are sold through stores of various types (30% - specialized bookstores and 20% each - supermarkets and mixed-type stores selling books, audio, video and multimedia products), and 30% - through various channels of non-store trade (book clubs - 20%, postal and parcel services - 10%). Among the traditional bookstores, there are about 200 large enterprises with an assortment of 50-60 thousand titles. 4-5 thousand small shops (with an assortment of up to six thousand names) are located, as a rule, in provincial towns and play a very important role in the cultural life of the country. The role of wholesalers and distributors is very important, of which there are hundreds in France - of the most diverse type and scale of activity.

Special attention in France they are now devoting themselves to the promotion of the French book outside the country. For example, since 1989, the Pushkin government program has been successfully operating, focused on the maximum sale of French books in the Russian Federation and other CIS countries. But export statistics show some negative trends. Sales of French publications are falling in most of the "small" non-French-speaking markets. This, according to experts, indicates a decrease in interest in the French language in regions such as, for example, in Central and Eastern Europe. The situation with exports to the countries of Africa, the Arab Maghreb and Lebanon remains extremely unstable. Countries such as Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Taiwan, South Korea and China, French books are hardly sold.

The top ten French export markets are shown in table 2.

In France, VAT on book publishing is 5.5%, while in other areas it is 19%. Incidentally, fixed book prices and low VAT are common in most European Union countries.

As for pricing, 50% of the retail price of mass publications is received by book distributors (a wholesaler - about 20%, a store - 30%); 20% - publisher's profit, 10% - royalties, and the remaining 20% - cost. With regard to scientific publications or books on art, this proportion changes significantly. In France, each subsequent decade, the dynamics of price growth has been maintained.

Special success, starting from the middle of the 20th century, fell on paperback books - paperbacks. They account for more than 30 percent of the turnover in the country's market. For a long time they were considered the most promising type of publications. The success is explained by the fact that the mass consumer prefers to buy paperbacks because they are, on average, one and a half times cheaper than bound books, and also because they are published in series or releases of the usual standard. Noisy advertising persistently suggests that it is in these series that the buyer will find works of higher quality, the most entertaining and fashionable. Sometimes they are called expressively "groshen-books" - penny books.

A significant role is played by all kinds of adapted editions adapted to the way of life. business man. The publications that are intended for consumption, not by reading, but by viewing, have won success in the market. These are, for example, the so-called digests - abbreviated books. Thus, Anna Karenina can be reduced to eight pages of text, and Dickens's Little Dorrit is set out on six pages. Or these are comics - picture books, the text of which is limited to captions under colorful pictures.

Finally, there are pocketbooks, where everything is so subject to the principle of standardization that even the volume of a classic work can be “tailored” to the series. The volume of the author, who creates a work by order, is given in advance if it is printed in a poketbook.

Here, the circumstance that the modern book publisher has to withstand fierce competition with the latest multimedia means, where everything is subject to the standard form (floppy disks, cassettes), is not without significance. Book production is forced to follow the same path.

Bestseller in translation means “best-selling”, that is, the leader in terms of the number of sales. Bestsellers have always existed. In the history of the book, undoubtedly, the bestseller is the Bible, or, say, Cervantes' immortal novel Don Quixote. But the true age of the bestseller came in the era of multi-million copies, when the publisher himself began to fight for the success of the book. Such a book has a basic market requirement: it must impress the reader. The main consumer of the book is the mass reader: the working intellectual, the small businessman. Its consumer demand is formed under the influence of public opinion and advertising. The next category of consumers is the people of science and technology, the numerous administrative apparatus, whose demand, in addition to what has been said above, is determined by the needs of management and scientific and technical creativity.

The third main category of book market consumers are wealthy people, bibliophiles, collectors, many of whom want to invest their savings in an expensive or rare book. Finally, one should not lose sight of the fact that the formation of the book market largely depends on the extraordinary diversity of political, religious, ethical, artistic, and purely psychological characteristics of reader demand. The ratio of global and regional book markets is major problem culture. Book distribution in the country, despite all the ambitious statements about the fundamental freedom of the book trade in a democratic society, depends entirely on the economic and social state of society, on the vicissitudes of the book market. “The policy of book distribution is inseparable from politics in general,” notes the French bibliologist.

French book publishing does not receive any direct assistance from public institutions (while the French press and cinema are specially supported by the state). The state acts more as a partner of book publishing than as a patron.

For large concerns of the country, it is typical to reach the consumer, bypassing commercial intermediation. Traveling agents of publishing firms with prospectuses and samples of books visit not only wholesale fairs and large booksellers. They aim to serve both small traders and the one-stop shop who want to sell books, societies, libraries, and even individual buyers.

Sociologists note that, on the one hand, the buyer visits bookstores less and less, and on the other hand, he tends to buy what is dictated by fashion, advertising, and social standards. This phenomenon is explained by a certain psychological barrier, which is called "fear of the threshold." The store in the mind of the buyer is associated with school and exams, and the buyer is allegedly afraid of being "lost" in the mass of books.

The most modern form of selling books directly in publishing houses are book clubs. These are voluntary associations of subscribers who trust democratically elected board club selection of books according to their requests and interests. The book club board orders books from publishers accordingly. Their redemption is guaranteed thanks to pre-orders and contributions from members of the club. As a rule, these publications cost subscribers somewhat less than if they bought them in a store. With such a system, the costs of wholesale and retail intermediaries are excluded from the cost of the book. The most active subscribers are awarded free prizes in the form of the same books. Many publishing and bookselling institutions, not formally book clubs, actively use the traditional methods of club work: extensive pre-advertising of books intended for publication, collecting consumer opinions, series, etc. These include various kinds of auctions and bookstores on television with their ordering system .

The number and turnover of bookstores in France is steadily increasing. True, most of them, one way or another, are economically subordinated to publishing monopolies. In France, they bear the names of their patrons: "Achette", "Flammarion", "R. Laffont".

In France, the funds of publishers and wholesalers are attracted to open the so-called Houses of Printing. , in which the offices of the local press, and retail book trade, and the bureau of bibliographic information are combined. Concern "Ashett" in 1981 opened an office for the reconstruction of bookstores; by lending to "independent" owners, he is retooling their businesses with modern design and computerized processes.

However, every third bookstore in the country is a small enterprise, where the owners themselves and their families stand behind the counters. The share of their sale is no more than 5 percent in the total turnover, but the buyer's confidence in this type of stores is unanimously noted (there is even the concept of a "family store").

Bookstores of religious corporations and political parties are well organized and generously subsidize their organizational activities, considering the activities of the shops as part of their ideological work.

In Paris, Libreri du Globe, once organized as an enterprise of the French Communist Party, is still considered one of the largest bookstores.

The reconstruction of the book trade on new grounds was expressed in the formation of the so-called bookselling chains (“chain stores”). In this regard, Ashett is the largest company. The book trade in bonds (coupons, postcards, checkbooks) became widespread - a kind of trade on credit. It is heavily advertised.

Thus, despite the economic difficulties, the French book market does not slow down and continues to increase the number of publications produced. The paperback segment is developing most dynamically, with pocketbooks and comics selling well. Publications are sold through bookstores or through non-traditional distribution channels - book clubs and Press Houses.

Interest in foreign literature has somewhat decreased, but, despite this, an important role in the French book market is given to books by Russian authors.

2.2. French publishing houses that publish books by Russian authors.

The modern French book business is characterized by the monopolization of all its branches.

The book publishing system in France is decentralized and multi-type. Publishing houses are divided into public, government-funded, and commercial, private.

The modern largest book publishers in France are presented in Table 3.

In the modern world, France ranks sixth in terms of the number of books produced and fifth in terms of circulation. Literature is published in all branches of knowledge without exception. The release of books by publishing houses in 1997-2002 is presented in Table 4.

The main interest for French publishers is contemporary Russian literature. They closely follow the new names that appear in our literary firmament, and translate and publish their works with enviable efficiency. Sometimes it turns out that only after being published in the West, the book acquires the right to be published in Russia (for example, the novel by O. Strizhak "The Boy" or "Poor Relatives" by L. Ulitskaya).

The publication of dramatic works occupies an insignificant place, this genre of literature is intended more for professionals than for the general reader. In France, there are a number of specialized theater publishing houses, such as Arche, Librairie theatrale, Actes Sud / Papier, L "Avantscene, Theater, etc. But in the mid-90s, only one of them - Actes Sud / Papier - appeared new editions of Russian plays: N.V. Gogol, "Inspector", "Marriage", "Players".

All novelties in the field of fine arts are associated with the Flammarion and L "Age d" Homme publishing houses.

The oldest French publishing house Gallimard, founded in 1911, is the largest publishing house managed by the direct descendants of its founder, Gaston Gallimard. Its catalog contains more than 13,000 titles, among which the works of Russian authors occupy a firm place. In the 1920s and 1930s, many Russian emigrants published in this publishing house, such as Z. Gippius, the 1933 Nobel laureate I. Bunin, A. Remizov, and others.

In the Folio pocket series, you can find the names of all the major Russian writers of the 19th century.

Following Berberova, the Actes Sud catalog also included works by other Russian writers, mainly representatives of Russian classical literature of the 19th century, such as F. Dostoevsky, A. Pushkin, A. Chekhov. New translations of their works were made by André Markovic, who often collaborates with this and other publishing houses.

Flammarion, one of the oldest family publishing houses in France, founded in 1876, is now owned by the direct descendants of Ernest Flammarion - Charles-Henri Flammarion, head of the publishing house, and his two brothers. Since 1989, this dynamically developing publishing house has also been present on the Russian book market, releasing translations from its J "ai lu" series of pocket books. In France, the 20th century Russian and Soviet series was created, in which they were published as novels (A. Makanin, "The Man Running", 1991), and journalism (A. Sobchak, "Journey to Power", 1991, in French translation the book was called "Chronique d "une chute annoncee").

In the 1990s, the publishing house focused on Russian classics. In the GF-Flammarion series, which focuses on the publication of the best works of French and foreign writers and philosophical texts, the works of A.P. Chekhov, L.N. Tolstoy, F.M. Dostoevsky.

The end of the 20th century was marked by the publication of a documentary study of the Ark. Vaksberg "Hotel" Lux ", dedicated to the fate of the delegates of the III International.

LES EDITIONS DE LA LIBRAIRIE DU GLOBE

The Seuil publishing house, which appeared before the Second World War (1935), launched its activities and achieved success after. 1945 Now this large universal publishing house has about 9 thousand titles in its catalog. Every year it prepares for publication approximately 450 new books. In addition to the already mentioned collection of scripts by S. Paradzhanov, published in the Fiction & Cie series, the publishing house released M. Bulgakov's story Morphine (Points Roman pocket series), Dead Souls by N.V. Gogol (series "L "ecole des lettres"), "A Novel Without Lies" by A. Mariengof (series "Le don des langues").

Russian novelties also appeared in the publishing houses of S. Bourgois, Belles lettres, Circe, Denoel Difference, Griot and others.

A characteristic feature of the modern stage was the decline in the interest of French book publishers in modern Russian literature. This is due to the absence, despite the emergence of a large number of new names, of such significant figures in our literature as, for example, A.I. Solzhenitsyn, whose works, which appeared in the 70s in the West, captivated the European reader, as well as the difficulties experienced by the French book publishing in recent years. These reasons make publishers turn to the classics as a less risky and cheaper option.

Thus, the modern book market in France, with its well-formed structure and well-established links between publishers, book warehouses and shops, is constantly growing despite economic difficulties. The country's book market is characterized by the monopolization of all its branches. The book publishing system is decentralized and multi-type. Publishing houses are divided into state and commercial, literature in them is issued in all branches of knowledge. Most of the publications (approx. 70%) are produced in offset, the remaining 30% - intaglio or letterpress. But at present, the emergence of new technical means has completely replaced the offset printing process with digital typesetting.

70% of books are sold through stores of various types, and 30% through various non-store trade channels.

In the country, every third store is private, in Paris there are charity shops organized by various societies.

Conclusion

The book is a great creation of human genius. The invention of the printing press was a turning point in the history of world civilization, and in the six centuries that have passed since then, printed works have taken such a place in the spiritual life of people that, in terms of their influence, they can hardly be compared with any other means of culture and education.

How the invention of printing affected the social, economic and cultural life of France is difficult to judge without the risk of falling into exaggeration or, on the contrary, underestimation - the already too complex mechanism of cause and effect was set in motion with the advent of typographic art, as, however, always happens during the transition of mankind from one stage of development to another. And the fact that this transition happened so quickly complicates matters even more.

In the era of the incunabula, a significant part of the efforts of printers was spent on making printed books indistinguishable from handwritten ones. Hence - the text in two columns, Gothic type and large format, and only later, when there was an expansion of the readership, the printed book acquired its own, inherent image. But those fifty or sixty years during which printed and handwritten books existed in parallel does not simplify the picture, especially since we are talking about one of the most brilliant periods in the history of French culture and economy.

An important role in the development of French printing was played by such publishers as: Etienne, E. Dole, S. Griphius, Didot, A. Vollard and many others. Significant success was achieved by French printers in the design of the book. At first, the books were distinguished by the luxury of design. Plates made of metal and ivory, enamel, precious stones were used for decoration. In the era of the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance, bindings of the "Seme" type were used in handwritten books. In the 17th century, copper engraving was widely developed; the fanfare style was used. The 18th century is distinguished by the abundance of editions decorated with wonderful engravings on copper. In the borders, vignettes, the rococo style dominates, mosaic bindings are actively used, but the “den-tele” style is most characteristic. For expensive editions of the 19th century, steel engravings began to be used; stereotyping has become widespread, lithography is gradually being replaced by woodcuts. In the 20th century, the mechanization of bookbinding intensified, design methods for book design prevailed, and many mass and specialized editions in paper cover were issued.

Along with book production, a ramified and accelerated system for the sale of book products and, consequently, information, which is now behind relatively short term reached the most remote corners of the country. Knowledge, which was the lot of a few, has become the property of a mass audience.

At the present stage, the French publishing system is decentralized and multi-type. Well developed printing. There are active book clubs in the country, a well-developed network of shops; the book trade merges with the small-scale production of multimedia, there is a trade on credit. The progress of science and technology has opened up new opportunities for the development of the book business. Thanks to the scientific and technological revolution, the production of books is developing, computer technology is being actively used, but at the same time, new problems have appeared (lack of space for publishing houses, unprofitable bookstores, etc.), which the government is dealing with. Great attention is paid to the export of French books; Russian-French ties are developing and strengthening. French publishers show particular interest in modern Russian literature and classics. Publishers such as GALLIMARD, ACTES SUD, FLAMMARION, FA YARD, VERDIER, SEUIL have books by Russian authors in their catalogs.

The state and prospects of development of the French book business are increasingly influenced by external factors. In his speech at the XV Moscow International Book Fair general secretary French Book Publishers Union Jean Sarzana noted that “an example of the negative impact of external factors is the recent decision of the EU Commission, which refused to introduce a single denomination for books throughout Western Europe, including in France.

Appendix

Table 1 Issue of books by sections of literature

Literature sections
Information sciences
Philosophical Sciences

Social Sciences
Sociology
Politics
Economy

Social conditions, crime
Education - Pedagogy

Natural sciences, mathematics
Engineering - Applied Sciences
The medicine
Health - Diet
cooking
Enterprise management
Art - Sport
General questions of art
Architecture
art
The photo

Cinema - television

Literature
literary criticism
Developing children's literature
children's art
Children's non-fiction


Dramaturgy

Essays, essays

Humor, satire
Fantasy
detectives

Geography. Biography. Story
Regional issues
Tourism (guides)
Biographies
History of Europe
History of France

table 2

Top ten French export markets "selling in million euros"

Table 3

Publisher name	Specialization
"Kalman Levy" "Bokkar" (Boccard), "Kasterman", "Armand Colin" (Armand Colin), "Flammarion", "Gaston Gallimard" "Marcel Didier" (Marcel Didier), "A. Fayar", "Albin Michel" "Nelson", "Plon" (Plon), "Bernard Grasse" "Filipacci" (Hlipacchy).	universal literature.
Scientific publications are financed mainly by the state, public institutions and patrons. Wide edition. activities were launched by the "National Center for Scientific Research" (NCRS) (Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique), DOS. in 1939. The printed matter of the NTsNI is universal. Along with it, there is the “Center for University Documentation and the Society for the Publication of Accounts. allowances for higher education "(Centre de Documentation universitaire et Societe d" Edition d "enseignement Su-perieur reunis)
"Duno" (Dunod), "Gautier-Villars" (Gauthier-Villars), Press University de France.	Private scientific publishing houses
"Larousse" "Kie" (Quillet).	Encyclopedias and reference books
"Association Technique Maritime et Aeronautique" (Association Technique Maritime et Aeronautique), "Blondel la Rougerie" (Blondel la Rougerie), "Farnese" (Farnese), "Peyo" (Payot), "Boubee e K °" (Boubee et Cie), "Berge-Levrault" (Berger-Levrault), "Ehrmann" (Hermann), "Edison Teknik" (Editions techniques), "Edition Lamar" (Edition Lamarre).	Literature on natural sciences and technology.
"Edition de Bon Pasteur" (Edition de Bon Pasteur), "Edition di Cerf" (Edition du Cerfs), "Spes" (Spes), "F. Leroux (F. Leroux).	Catholic publishing houses
"L "ecole de loisir" (L "ecole de loisir).	Children's literature
"Libreri Ashett" (Hachette)	Textbooks, scientific and fiction literature, books for children and youth, illustrated editions, pocket books.
Editeur Francais Reunis	Works of the classics of Russian literature.
"Librairie de la Lane" (Librairie de la Lain), "Librairie Istra" (Librairie Istra), "Librairie des Champs Elysees" (Librairie des Champs Elysees), "Manyar" (Magnard), "Lemer" (Lemerre), "Les Editions du Chene" (Les Editions du Chene), "Robert Laffont" (Robert Laffont).	Fiction
"Bokkar", "Cercle d" ar ", "Edition Carmen Guillard" (Edition Carmen Guillard), "Edition Albert Moranse" (Edition Albert Morance), Quatre Chemins.	Literature on architecture and art

Table 4

Release of books by publishing houses in 1997-2002.

publishing house




Pu de France (PUF)





Ellipses-Edition Marketing

LGF(Livre de poche)

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