Causes of the popular uprising of the 17th century. rebellious age

30.10.2019

The struggle for the throne, famine, the weakening of the central government, the deterioration of the economy, intervention - all these are the causes of popular movements in Russia in the 17th century. The ruined peasants revolted. In 1606, under the leadership of Bolotnikov, a peasant war began. As its reason, historians cite Shuisky's attempt to return all taxes canceled by False Dmitry 1. The nobility of the southern Russian districts, led by Lyapunov and Sumbulov, also joined the peasant war. Later, the population of the Volga region and the southwestern regions of the country also joined the uprising. Kashira and Kaluga were taken. But, near Moscow, Bolotnikov was in for a brutal defeat. It is worth noting that of the noble detachments, only Telyatevsky and Shakhovskaya remained loyal to Bolotnikov. The rest went over to Shuisky.

The remnants of Bolotnikov's army retreated to Kaluga, and then to Tula with the help of the Terek Cossacks. Bolotnikov agreed to surrender only after a four-month siege. Shuisky promised in the event of the surrender of the city, to save everyone's life. But, as is often the case, the promise was not kept. Severe punishment awaited all participants in the uprising. Bolotnikov was exiled to Kargopol, where he was secretly blinded and drowned. One of the main reasons for the defeat, according to scientists, was the lack of discipline in the army and a clear program of action.

Popular uprisings in the 17th century only emphasized the deepening of the crisis in the country. The next notable uprising was the Salt Riot of 1648. The replacement of the single tax adopted earlier by the tax on salt has led to a sharp increase in its value. The increase in the price of bread in Novgorod in 1650 also led to popular unrest.

The fall in the value of copper money (due to the large number of issued copper coins) caused the extreme impoverishment of the poorest segments of the population of Moscow. This led to a riot in the summer of 1662, called the Copper. As a result, copper coins were withdrawn from circulation.

The situation of the peasants, already difficult, became even more difficult after the adoption of the Council Code of 1649. More and more peasants fled to the Don. The rule “No extradition from the Don” was still in effect. But, after their departure from Azov in 1642, military booty remained the only source of existence for the Don Cossacks.

Cossack Stepan Razin, having gathered a small detachment, in 1667 set off on a campaign “for zipuns”. Returning with rich booty, he earned himself the fame of a successful chieftain. In 1670, Razin was able to seize power in the Lower Volga region, promising the people who joined him a fair Cossack life and the absence of any taxes or taxes. Numerous detachments of Tatars, Chuvashs, Mordovians, and Maris joined the rapidly growing army. Having captured Astrakhan and Tsaritsyn, Razin moved up the Volga and, on September 4, 1670, laid siege to Simbirsk. On October 3, a sixty-thousand tsarist army came to the aid of the city. Razin, having lost the battle, retreated to the Don. The entire region between the Don and the Volga was now in the grip of an uprising. Only in the spring of 1671, Stepan Razin was captured and handed over to the tsar. Historians consider the reasons for the defeat of this uprising to be the weak discipline of the troops, poor weapons, and serious contradictions between the social groups of the rebels.

Why is the 17th century called the "rebellious" century? The name comes from the word "revolt". Indeed, the 17th century in Russia is “replete” with riots, peasant and urban uprisings.

General characteristics of the 17th century

Every new century brings a "new order". The 17th century in Russia is not an exception. During this, according to contemporaries, "troubled" period in Russia, the following events took place:

The end of the reign of the Rurik dynasty: after the death of Ivan the Terrible, two of his sons, Fedor and Dmitry, claimed the throne. The young Tsarevich Dmitry died in 1591, and in 1598 the "feeble-minded" Fyodor died;
The reign of "unborn" sovereigns: Boris Godunov, False Dmitry, Vasily Shuisky;
In 1613, a new tsar, Mikhail Romanov, was elected at the Zemsky Sobor. From this moment begins the era of the reign of the Romanov dynasty;
In 1645, after the death of Mikhail Fedorovich, his son, Alexei Mikhailovich, rises to the throne, who was nicknamed "the quietest king" for his gentle character and kindness;
The end of the 17th century is characterized by a real "leapfrog" of succession to the throne: after the death of Alexei Mikhailovich, his eldest son Fyodor ascended the throne. But after six years of reign, he dies. The heirs Ivan and Peter were minors, and in fact the control of a large state passes to their older sister, Sophia;
After a series of uprisings, famine and turbulent years of the reign of "unborn" kings, the reign of the first Romanovs is marked by relative "calm": there were practically no wars, moderate transformations were carried out inside the country;
During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, the church, previously independent, began to obey the state and pay taxes;
The events of the 17th century also include the reform of Patriarch Nikon, which introduced changes in the conduct of church rites, led to a split in Orthodox Church, the emergence of the movement of the Old Believers and, in the future, the brutal suppression of dissent;
The dominant position was occupied by the feudal system. At the same time, the first rudiments of capitalism appeared;
Serfdom was formalized: peasants were the property of the landowner, which could be sold, bought and inherited;
Strengthening the role of the nobility: the nobleman could not be deprived of the estate;
The urban population was recognized as a special class: on the one hand, it was independent, and on the other hand, it was attached to the cities (townspeople) and forced to pay a “tax” - monetary and in-kind duties;
Increase in direct taxes;
Restriction of Cossack liberty;
In 1649, the Council Code was published - the main set of laws that applies to all industries and areas government controlled from the economy to the state system;
The country's economy is based on agriculture;
Development of new territories in Siberia, the Volga region and on the southern borders of the state.

Rice. 1. Red Square in the second half of the 17th century in the painting by Vasnetsov

Riots of the "rebellious age"

All the events of the 17th century briefly listed above led to a deterioration in the economic and social situation of the Russian population, and as a result, to a massive increase in discontent.

Internal contradictions, frequent change of power, "adventurous" innovations, impoverishment of the population, hunger, economic backwardness - these are the main reasons for the growing "fermentation" among the townspeople and the rural population.

Below, everything was constantly smoldering, and only a spark was needed to kindle a big fire - popular movements. However, each rebellion needed its own spark - a specific reason. The following table presents the largest uprisings of the “rebellious age” in Russia, describing the main reason, indicating the date, participants in the movement, outlining the course of the uprising and summing up.

Table "Rebellious Age"

Event	date of
Salt riot in Moscow		*main reason* - an increase in the salt tax on the initiative of Boris Morozov in 1646. As a result of the decree, the price of this irreplaceable product increases several times, and as a result, a decrease in salting of fish and hunger; *Main contributors* - townspeople, who were later joined by archers and nobles, dissatisfied with the abuse of royal entourage; The outbreak occurred at a time when Alexei Mikhailovich was returning from pilgrimage. The crowd stopped the tsar's carriage and demanded the resignation of the tsar's associates. In order to calm the people, the tsar promised to sort it out, but at that moment the unexpected happened - the courtiers accompanying the sovereign hit several people with whips, which provoked a rebellion. The rebellious people broke into the Kremlin. The main royal confidants were torn to pieces by the crowd - Pleshcheev, Trakhaniotov, clerk Nazaria. Boyar Morozov managed to be saved. *Eventually* the salaries of the archers were raised, judges were replaced, the price of salt was lowered, and the township reform was carried out.
Unrest in Novgorod and Pskov		*main reason* - Sending bread to Sweden to pay off the debts of the government, which threatened with famine; *Main contributors* - Metropolitan clerk Ivan Zheglov and shoemaker Elisha Grigoriev, nicknamed the Fox, who were the leaders of the rebels in Novgorod; market clerk Tomilka Vasiliev, archers Porfiry Koza and Iov Kopyto in Pskov. Unrest began in Pskov, and two weeks later rolled over to Novgorod. However, doubts arose among the leaders of the uprising, they failed to organize the defense of the cities and continued to hope for the arrival and help of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. *As a result* The rebellion was crushed and its instigators executed.
Copper riot in Moscow		*main reason* - the introduction of copper money at the price of silver, as a result of which the production of unsupported copper coins increased, food prices rose, peasants refused to sell their products for copper, famine set in the city and there was a surge in counterfeiting; *Main contributors* - peasants of suburban villages, artisans, butchers; A militant crowd of thousands went to the palace of Alexei Mikhailovich in Kolomenskoye, demanding to extradite all the same tsarist confidants-traitors. After threats, the king ordered the archers and soldiers who came to the rescue to curb the rebels. As a result, about 7 thousand people were killed, 150 were hanged, and the rest were exiled to Siberia. *Eventually* , despite the massacre, copper coins were still withdrawn from circulation.
Rebellion of Stepan Razin	1667-1671	*main reason* The uprising was the social stratification of the Don Cossacks into the "house-loving" - who acquired property thanks to the Russian Tsar and served him, and into the "goofy" (blame) - who had recently arrived and hunted by robbery. The latter hated nobles and boyars. *Senka Razin* - Don Cossack and leader of the uprising. The first campaigns of Stepan Razin- these are mainly attacks on caravans of ships with one goal - robbery. They didn't wear social character, besides that the will was granted to the prisoners taken by him from ordinary peasants and workers. However, later successful campaigns turned Razin's small band of robbers into an army of about 7,000 people. The nature of the campaigns also changed: with the conquest of Astrakhan, Saratov, Samara, the ambitions of the Cossack chieftain also increased. He announced that his army was supported by the allegedly surviving Tsarevich Alexei, the disgraced Patriarch Nikon, and he himself was the defender of the common people, intending to spread the Cossack orders throughout Russia. However, he was soon defeated in Simbirsk, and subsequently the rebellion was brutally suppressed, and Razin himself was executed.
Streltsy rebellion or "Khovanshchina"		*Can't single out one reason for the uprising* . On the one hand - the dissatisfaction of the archers with the abuses of their superiors and the delay in salaries. On the other hand, there is a struggle between two clans - the Miloslavskys and the Naryshkins. The fact is that after the death of Fyodor Alekseevich, two young princes claimed the throne - Ivan and Peter, behind whom respectively stood the Miloslavskys with Princess Sophia, and the Naryshkins. At the Zemsky Sobor, it was decided to transfer the government into the hands of Peter. However, the opposing side took advantage of the dissatisfaction of the Moscow archers and with their help, supporting their demands, "pushed through" a compromise solution - to put two brothers in the kingdom at once under the regency of Princess Sophia. *Main contributors* - Moscow archers led by princes Khovansky; Streltsy and common people captured the Kremlin. During the uprising, the queen's brother Athanasius Naryshkin, famous boyars, Prince Yuri Dolgoruky were killed. Tsarevna Sofya, in gratitude for the help to Tsarevich Ivan, granted the archers the property of the murdered boyars and promised to pay salaries for 40 years. However, this did not pacify the rebels, and she became a hostage to their growing ambitions: Khovansky claimed an independent role and the overthrow of the Romanovs. As a result, he was captured and executed along with his son. The archers found themselves without a leader and were forced to surrender to the mercy of the princess; *Eventually* Sophia ruled for 7 years, and the head of Streltsy was ordered to appoint a new person devoted to the ruler - Shaklovity.

A common feature of all the riots of the 17th century in Russia was spontaneity and pronounced tsarist illusions. In other words, the "rebels" and their leaders did not think and did not take any action against the king. On the contrary, they believed in his absolute power and infallibility, and believed that the autocrat did not know what his subjects were doing - boyars, duma people, landowners, governors.

Rice. 3. Portrait of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich

All popular uprisings, except for the Streltsy revolt, took place during the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, paradoxically nicknamed the Quietest.

What have we learned?

The 17th century in the history of Russia, studied in the 10th grade, was remembered for the "abundance" of popular uprisings and riots. About what kind of century it was, with whom the popular movements are connected - with what names, the reign of which kings and which cities on the map of Russia, the detailed table “The Rebellious Age” tells.

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Popular riots and uprisings in the 17th century

The 17th century was very difficult for Russia. In connection with the difficult situation at the beginning of the 17th century, or rather in 1603, an uprising of serfs broke out, called the "Cotton Rebellion", since the leader was Khlopk Kosolap.

Cotton Rebellion

The main task of the tsar and his advisers was to overcome the economic ruin. Having given some benefits to the boyars and townspeople, the government continued to enslave the peasants. And of course, this caused discontent among the people.

The situation in the country was further aggravated due to crop failure. In 1601, the entire crop perished, as severe frosts set in in mid-August and even snow fell, all this led to higher prices and speculation in bread. In 1602, the trouble repeated itself and the harvest perished again. Prices have risen 100 times. Things in the country were truly catastrophic, people ate dogs, cats, tree bark, mass epidemics began. In Moscow, even cases of cannibalism were noted.

Boris Godunov takes action and organizes public works, he attracted Muscovites and refugees to the construction, he also distributed bread from state stocks. Boris Godunov allowed the serfs to leave their masters and look for opportunities to feed themselves. But, unfortunately, all his measures were unsuccessful. Which, consequently, led to the uprising of Cotton Clubfoot. The uprising was brutally suppressed, and the serf himself was executed in Moscow in 1604.

By the summer of 1606, Vasily Shuisky managed to gain a foothold in Moscow, but the outskirts of the country continued to seethe. The people, finally losing faith in improving their situation, again opposed the authorities. In 1606, an uprising broke out under the leadership of Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov.

Uprising I.I. Bolotnikova

Ivan Bolotnikov was a combat servant of Prince Telyatevsky. Support I.I. Bolotnikova became the Komaritskaya volost. Here, in the area of the city of Kromy, many Cossacks accumulated, supporting False Dmitry I, who freed this region from taxes for 10 years. Having become the head of the Cossack detachments, Bolotnikov from Krom moved to Moscow in the summer of 1606. Soon a small detachment turned into a powerful army, which included peasants, city dwellers, and even detachments of nobles and Cossacks.

Acting as governor of Dmitry Ivanovich, whose salvation was again expected during the reign of Vasily Shuisky, Bolotnikov defeated government troops near Yelets, captured Kaluga, Tula and Serpukhov.

In October 1606 Bolotnikov's army laid siege to Moscow, located near the village of Kolomenskoye. At this time, more than 70 cities were on the side of the rebels. The siege of Moscow lasted for two months. At the decisive moment, the betrayal of the noble detachments, who went over to the side of Shuisky, led to the defeat of the army of Ivan Bolotnikov.

Ivan Bolotnikov was driven back to Kaluga and besieged by the tsarist troops. With the help of the insurgent army of the so-called "Tsarevich Peter" (serf Ilya Gorchakov - Ileika Muromets), Ivan Bolotnikov escaped from the siege and retreated to Tula. The three-month siege of Tula was led by Vasily Shuisky himself. After Shuisky promised to save the life of the rebels, they opened the gates of Tula for him. The tsar brutally dealt with the rebels, and Bolotnikov was blinded and then drowned in an ice hole in the city of Kargopol. Ileyka Muromets was executed in Moscow.

People of different social strata took part in the Bolotnikov uprising - peasants, serfs, townspeople, nobles, Cossacks, who played an important role at all stages. The peasants and the Cossacks saw the goal of the uprising in a return to the old communal order.

Mid-century urban uprisings

riot uprising razin

Uprisings broke out in 30 Russian cities, such as: Veliky Ustyug, Novgorod, Voronezh, Kursk, Vladimir, Pskov, and Siberian cities. One of the largest riots was the "Salt Riot" in Moscow in 1648.

The tax burden has grown. The treasury of the country felt the need for money, both for the maintenance of the apparatus of power, and in connection with the active foreign policy. The government of Alexei Mikhailovich increased indirect taxes, raising the price of salt in 1646 by 4 times. However, the increase in the tax on salt did not lead to the replenishment of the treasury, as the solvency of the population was undermined. The salt tax was abolished as early as the next 1647. It was decided to collect arrears for three recent years. The entire amount of the tax fell on the population of the "black" settlements, which naturally caused discontent among the townspeople. In 1648 it culminated in an open uprising in Moscow.

At the beginning of June 1648, Alexei Mikhailovich received a petition from the Moscow population demanding that the most mercenary representatives of the tsarist administration be punished. However, the demands were not satisfied, and they began to smash the merchant and boyar houses. Several major dignitaries were killed. The tsar was forced to send the boyar B.I. Morozov, who headed the government, from Moscow. With the help of bribed archers, whose salaries were increased, the uprising was crushed. The uprising in Moscow was called the "Salt Riot".

Copper Riot of 1662

The exhausting wars waged in the middle of the 17th century. Russia, exhausted the treasury. The pestilence of 1654-1655, which claimed tens of thousands of lives, painfully hit the country's economy. In search of a way out of the difficult financial situation, the Russian government began to mint a copper coin instead of a silver coin at the same price (1654). For eight years, so much copper money (including counterfeit ones) was issued that they completely depreciated. The government collected taxes with silver, while the population had to sell and buy the product with copper money. Salaries were also paid in copper money. The high cost of bread and other products that arose under these conditions led to famine. Driven to despair, the people of Moscow rose up in revolt. In the summer of 1662, several thousand Muscovites moved to the country residence of the tsar - the village of Kolomenskoye. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich went out onto the porch of the Kolomna Palace and tried to calm the crowd, who demanded that the most hated boyars be handed over for execution. While the negotiations were going on, the boyar I.N. Khovansky, sent by the tsar, secretly brought archery regiments loyal to the government to Kolomenskoye. Having entered the royal residence through the rear economic gates of Kolomenskoye, the archers brutally dealt with the rebels. More than 7 thousand Muscovites died. However, the government was forced to take measures to calm the masses, the minting of copper money was stopped, which was again replaced by silver. The uprising in Moscow in 1662 was one of the harbingers of a new peasant war.

Rebellion 1670-1671

In the spring of 1670 S.T. Razin began a new campaign on the Volga. This campaign was openly anti-government in nature. It was attended by serfs, Cossacks, townspeople, small service people, barge haulers, working people. Along with Russians and Ukrainians, many representatives of the peoples of the Volga region participated in the campaign: Chuvash, Mari, Tatars, Mordovians, etc.

Letters from S.T. Razin, which set out the demands of the rebels: to exterminate the governor, boyars, nobles, and orderly people. As one foreigner, a contemporary of the events, wrote, S.T. Razin "promised the destruction of slavery everywhere, liberation from the yoke" ... boyars or nobles ... "Naive monarchism was strong among the rebels. The peasants believed in a good king. In the spring of 1670, S. T. Razin captured Tsaritsyn. To ensure his rear In the summer of the same year, the Razintsy occupied Astrakhan, the army of the rebels moved up the Volga, Saratov and Samara surrendered without a fight.

It should be noted that the Razintsy, in the spirit of that time, did not spare their opponents - torture, cruel executions, violence "accompanied" their actions during campaigns. During the protracted siege of Simbirsk, the movement peaked. The uprising covered a vast territory - from the lower reaches of the Volga to Nizhny Novgorod and from Sloboda Ukraine to the Volga region. In the autumn of 1670, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich held a review of the noble militia, the 30,000-strong army moved to suppress the uprising. In October 1670, the siege of Simbirsk was lifted, the 20,000-strong army of S.T. Razin was defeated, and the leader of the uprising, seriously wounded, was taken to the Kagalnitsky town. Wealthy Cossacks deceived S.T. Razin and handed him over to the government. In the summer of 1671, S.T. Razin was executed on Red Square in Moscow. Separate detachments of the rebels fought with the tsarist troops until the autumn of 1671. Having suppressed the uprising, the government forced the Don Cossacks to take an oath that they would not give shelter to the tsar's enemies; Uprising S.T. Razin forced the government to look for ways to strengthen the existing system. The power of the governors in the field was strengthened, the tax system was reformed, and the process of spreading serfdom to the southern outskirts of the country intensified.

Moscow uprising of 1682

According to tradition, Fyodor's brother Ivan was supposed to succeed him. However, the 15-year-old prince was sickly, frail, half-blind and ill-suited for the role of king. Patriarch Joachim and the boyars, who had gathered in the palace, decided that the son of the second wife, Alexei Mikhailovich N.K., should be proclaimed tsar. Naryshkina, ten-year-old Peter, who, unlike Ivan, was healthy, strong and smart boy. Relying on the archers, the Miloslavsky group, among which Ivan's sister Sophia acted most actively and decisively, decisively led the struggle for power. Streltsy not only carried military service, but also actively engaged economic activity. At the end of the XVII century. in connection with the creation of regiments of the new system, the role of archers fell, they lost many of their privileges. The obligation to pay taxes and duties from crafts and shops, the frequent delay in salaries, the arbitrariness of the archery colonels, the growth of property inequality among the archers themselves caused their sharp discontent. A rumor was spread around Moscow that Ivan had been strangled. With drumming, armed archers entered the Kremlin. Mother of Peter N.K. Naryshkina led both princes, Peter and Ivan, to the palace porch. However, this did not calm the archers. The uprising raged for three days, the power in Moscow was in the hands of the archers. In honor of their performance, the archers erected a pillar on Red Square. On cast-iron boards nailed to the pillar, the merits of the archers and the names of the boyars executed by them were listed. At the request of the archers, Ivan was proclaimed the first king, Peter the second, and until they came of age, a regent, Princess Sophia, was appointed. In the Armory of the Kremlin, a double throne for young tsars with a small window in the back was preserved, through which Sophia and those close to her told them how to behave and what to say during palace ceremonies.

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Causes and effects of popular riots and uprisings in the 17th century. Socio-economic and political prerequisites for the exacerbation of social contradictions that led to the uprisings. Leaders: Khlopk Kosolap, I.I. Bolotnikov, S.T. Razin and their place in history.

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Popular riots and uprisings in the 17th century

Cotton Rebellion

Boris Godunov takes measures and organizes state works, he attracted Muscovites and refugees to the construction, he also distributed bread from state stocks. Boris Godunov allowed the serfs to leave their masters and look for opportunities to feed themselves. But, unfortunately, all his measures were unsuccessful. Which, consequently, led to the uprising of Cotton Clubfoot. The uprising was brutally suppressed, and the serf himself was executed in Moscow in 1604.

Uprising I.I. Bolotnikova

Acting as governor of Dmitry Ivanovich, whose salvation was again expected during the reign of Vasily Shuisky, Bolotnikov defeated government troops near Yelets, captured Kaluga, Tula and Serpukhov.

Mid-century urban uprisings

riot uprising razin

Uprisings broke out in 30 Russian cities, such as: Veliky Ustyug, Novgorod, Voronezh, Kursk, Vladimir, Pskov, and Siberian cities. One of the largest riots was the "Salt Riot" in Moscow in 1648.

The tax burden has grown. The country's treasury was in need of money, both for the maintenance of the apparatus of power and in connection with an active foreign policy. The government of Alexei Mikhailovich increased indirect taxes, raising in 1646

The price of salt is 4 times. However, the increase in the tax on salt did not lead to the replenishment of the treasury, as the solvency of the population was undermined. The salt tax was abolished already in the following 1647. It was decided to collect arrears for the last three years. The entire amount of the tax fell on the population of the "black" settlements, which naturally caused discontent among the townspeople. In 1648 it culminated in an open uprising in Moscow.

Copper Riot of 1662

several thousand Muscovites moved to the country residence of the tsar - the village of Kolomenskoye. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich went out onto the porch of the Kolomna Palace and tried to calm the crowd, who demanded that the most hated boyars be handed over for execution. While the negotiations were going on, the boyar I.N. Khovansky, sent by the tsar, secretly brought archery regiments loyal to the government to Kolomenskoye. Having entered the royal residence through the rear economic gates of Kolomenskoye, the archers brutally dealt with the rebels. More than 7 thousand Muscovites died. However, the government was forced to take measures to calm the masses, the minting of copper money was stopped, which was again replaced by silver. The uprising in Moscow in 1662 was one of the harbingers of a new peasant war.

Rebellion 1670-1671

Letters from S.T. Razin, which set out the demands of the rebels: to exterminate the governor, boyars, nobles, and orderly people. As one foreigner, a contemporary of the events, wrote, S.T. Razin "promised the destruction of slavery everywhere, liberation from the yoke" ... boyars or nobles ... "Naive monarchism was strong among the rebels. The peasants believed in a good king. In the spring of 1670, S.T. Razin captured Tsaritsyn. To ensure his rear, in the summer of that The Razintsy occupied Astrakhan, the army of rebels moved up the Volga, Saratov and Samara surrendered without a fight.

Moscow uprising of 1682

According to tradition, Fyodor's brother Ivan was supposed to succeed him. However, the 15-year-old prince was sickly, frail, half-blind and ill-suited for the role of king. Patriarch Joachim and the boyars, who had gathered in the palace, decided that the son of the second wife, Alexei Mikhailovich N.K., should be proclaimed tsar. Naryshkina, ten years old Peter, who, unlike Ivan, was a healthy, strong and intelligent boy. Relying on the archers, the Miloslavsky group, among which Ivan's sister Sophia acted most actively and decisively, decisively led the struggle for power. Streltsy not only carried out military service, but also actively engaged in economic activities. At the end of the XVII century. in connection with the creation of regiments of the new system, the role of archers fell, they lost many of their privileges. The obligation to pay taxes and duties from crafts and shops, the frequent delay in salaries, the arbitrariness of the archery colonels, the growth of property inequality among the archers themselves caused their sharp discontent. A rumor was spread around Moscow that Ivan had been strangled. With drumming, armed archers entered the Kremlin. Mother of Peter N.K. Naryshkina led both princes, Peter and Ivan, to the palace porch. However, this did not calm the archers. The uprising raged for three days, the power in Moscow was in the hands of the archers. In honor of their performance, the archers erected a pillar on Red Square. On cast-iron boards nailed to the pillar, the merits of the archers and the names of the boyars executed by them were listed. At the request of the archers, Ivan was proclaimed the first king, Peter the second, and until they came of age, a regent, Princess Sophia, was appointed. In the Armory of the Kremlin, a double throne for young tsars with a small window in the back was preserved, through which Sophia and those close to her told them how to behave and what to say during palace ceremonies.

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The 17th century was remembered in the history of Russia as a period of mass uprisings, born due to the difficult economic and political state of the country. At this time, famine raged, the dispersion of power, civil strife for the royal throne. In the second half of the 17th century, serfdom was in the decline of its existence. The peasants, uncontrollably on a large scale, organized flights to the periphery of the country. The government instituted everywhere the search for fugitives and their return to the landowners. Contemporaries called their age "rebellious". At the beginning of the century, the state was agitated by the first Peasant War. Bolotnikov was the leader of the peasants, the poor. The suppression of this movement was followed by an attack by the peasant Balash, followed by discontent in the Smolensk troops, about 20 uprisings that took place in different cities of the country, the Copper Riot, and of course, the war of Stepan Razin. The country was literally in a fever from widespread upheavals.

Salt Riot: At the very beginning of the 17th century, there was a terrible famine in the country. For several years, due to weather conditions, there was a crop failure, the tsar made attempts to help: he distributed bread and money, reduced the price, organized work, but this was not enough. Subsequently, pestilence began from the disease, times passed, terrifying. In 1648, Moscow replaced the single duty with a tax on salt. Naturally, this prompted its increase in price. The lower strata of the population (serfs, archers) were involved in this performance. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, who was returning from worship, was surrounded by petitioners (messengers from the people) with a request to intercede for the people before the boyars who issued this decree. There were no positive actions on the part of the king. The queen dispersed the people, many were arrested. The next fact was the disobedience of the archers, who beat the boyars. The officials had complete freedom of action. On the third day, the participants of the salt riot destroyed many noble houses. The initiator of the introduction of the tax on salt "mob" chopped. To distract the people from the rebellion, a massive fire was set up in Moscow. The authorities compromised: the archers were given 8 rubles each, the debtors were saved from extorting money, and the judges were replaced. The rebellion subsided, but the instigators among the lackeys were taken and then executed. Before and after the Salt Riot, unrest broke out in more than 30 cities. "Copper" rebellion: In 1662, a collapse of copper coins occurred in Moscow, due to their mass production. There was a depreciation of money, a rise in the price of products, speculation, a fake of copper coins. The government decided to collect extraordinary taxes from the people, which caused great discontent. The rebellious townspeople and soldiers (about 5 thousand people) handed over to the tsar a petition, insisting on a reduction in the tax rate, the price of bread. There was a defeat of the merchants, the royal palace was surrounded with a demand for the extradition of government leaders. The rebels refused to disperse, after the suppression of the uprising, more than 1 thousand people were executed and up to 8 thousand were exiled. The king put forward a decree banning copper money. An attempt to improve the monetary reform ended in failure. The uprising of Stepan Razin: In 1667, Stepan Razin stands at the head of the people, who recruits a detachment of poor Cossacks, runaway peasants, offended archers. He came up with the campaign because he wanted to distribute booty to the poor, give bread to the hungry, clothes to the undressed. Wherever people went to Razin: both from the Volga and from the Don. The detachment grew to 2000 people. On the Volga, the rebels captured the caravan, the Cossacks replenished the supply of weapons and food. With renewed vigor, the leader moved on. There were clashes with government troops. In all battles he showed courage. Many people were added to the Cossacks. There were battles in various cities of Persia, where they went to free Russian prisoners. Razintsy defeated the Persian Shah, but they had significant losses.

The southern governors reported Razin's independence, about his plans for turmoil, which alarmed the government. In 1670, a messenger from Tsar Evdokimov arrived at the leader, whom the Cossacks drowned. The rebel army grows to 7,000 and advances on Tsaritsyn, captures it, as well as Astrakhan, Samara and Saratov. Near Simbirsk, the seriously wounded Razin is defeated, and then he is executed in Moscow. During the 17th century, there were many popular uprisings, the cause of which lay in the policies of the government. The authorities saw in the inhabitants only a source of income, which caused discontent among the lower masses.

The treasury was always short of money. The government came up with new taxes. Salt is a product that everyone needs, and the government hoped to replenish the treasury by introducing a tax on it. Salt prices increased 3-4 times. Salt consumption in the country has decreased. But without it it was impossible to prepare food for the winter: pickle mushrooms, cabbage, lard, fish. Salted fish was the staple food in the cities. Thousands of pounds of fish without salt rotted on the Volga. Thus, not only the poor population turned out to be dissatisfied, but also the merchants, who suffered heavy losses. And the treasury was not replenished.

As a result of general discontent, in 1648 a “salt riot” took place in Moscow. The people stormed the gates of the Kremlin. People close to the king were killed. The courtyard of the boyar Morozov, who was considered the main culprit of the increase in the tax on salt, was plundered. The king was afraid. He dismissed the boyar Morozov and exiled him. The revolt in the capital began to subside.

In 1648-1650. a wave of urban uprisings swept the country. The salt tax was abolished, but the people demanded to restore order in the state and curb the willfulness of officials. In England, at the same time, the rebels cut off the head of the king. In France, the "king-role-sun" was forced to flee from the insurgent Paris. And in Russia, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich convened a Zemsky Sobor and made peace with representatives of the estates. The Council in 1649 adopted the Code, bringing the laws in line with the new situation in the country.

Novgorod uprising

The largest uprising in the capital broke out in 1682, and went down in history under the name Streltsy revolt, or Khovanshchina. People's dissatisfaction with the seizure of power by the boyars, who put 10-year-old Peter on the throne, was led by archers and "elected" (guards) soldiers of the Moscow garrison. The rebels dealt with those who oppressed the people with impunity, and held power in the capital for three months. The uprising also spread to other cities and garrisons of Russia.

A stone monument was erected on Red Square - a monument to the victory of the rebels. Their representatives controlled the work of the Boyar Duma and orders. Archers and soldiers were sure that the class of servicemen on the instrument should be on a par with the nobility in the state. But they allowed themselves to be deceived, bribed with privileges. The uprising ended in peace with the government of Princess Sophia, who promised to observe justice and fairness in the country. material from the site

Peter I had to interrupt his stay abroad as part of the Great Embassy and in 1698 urgently returned to Russia. A streltsy revolt began in the country. The king brutally dealt with its participants. The rioters were hanged on the ramparts in Moscow, many were executed on the chopping blocks. Tsarevna Sofya Alekseevna Peter I considered the instigator of a riot. There was no direct evidence, but for him she personified all the past he hated. Sophia was forcibly forced to take the veil as a monk. So from Princess Sophia of the Romanov family, she turned into the nun Susanna.

Causes of the popular uprising of the 17th century. rebellious age

General characteristics of the 17th century

Riots of the "rebellious age"

Table "Rebellious Age"

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Novgorod uprising