Year of foundation of the mine and name. Peoples' Friendship University of Russia
The education system of English-speaking countries is fundamentally different from the Russian one. Therefore, when translating scientific statuses, confusion often arises. In this article we will describe the Russian-English correspondences in this area.
One of the most important indicators of scientific qualification is degree degree. In English speaking countries successful ending three-, four-year course of study in higher educational institution, usually leads to Bachelor's degree Bachelor's degree:
Bachelor of Science, abbr. B.Sc./B.S. (natural Sciences)
Bachelor of Arts, abbr. A.B./B.A. (humanitarian sciences)
Bachelor of Fine Arts, abbr. B.F.A. (art)
Bachelor of Business Administration, abbr. B.B.A. (control)
The bachelor's degree is often referred to in English-speaking countries first degree. For example, a scientist who has received a new specialization might say this:
I got my first degree in physics and then I switched over to the field of chemistry.
V Russian universities, the bachelor's degree is awarded to a graduate with a four-year cycle of study (bachelor) who has passed state examinations.
Students who continue their studies after receiving the first degree ( graduate/postgraduate students) may qualify for master's degree:
Master of Science, abbr. M.S.
Master of Arts, abbr. M.A.
Master of Fine Arts, abbr. M.F.A.
To obtain this degree, the student must attend lecture classes for a year or two and participate in research work, after which to pass a number of exams and, as a rule, submit dissertation thesis.
V Russian universities, the master's degree is awarded to a graduate with a five- or six-year cycle of study who has completed and defended a graduation project. It should be borne in mind that the word use of the word diploma by analogy with the Russian word diploma(certificate of graduation) incorrectly and may lead to an inaccurate understanding by the interlocutor of your thought, since in English-speaking countries the completion of the course with obtaining diploma usually less honorable than getting degree. Speaking of higher education, should be used degree. For example, someone with a degree in engineering physics might say:
I have a master's degree in physics.
The next degree in English-speaking countries is PhD degree Doctor of Philosophy, abbr. PhD. It is awarded in both natural and humanities. The word Philosophy should not confuse the Russian speaker, since initially it had more general meaning v English language“science in general”, which in this case has survived to the present. The holder of this degree can be, for example, a mathematician:
I left England to go to the USA to be a student of advanced mathematics. In the USA I earned the degree of Master of Science and also Doctor of Philosophy.
Often referred to as a Ph.D. doctoral degree/doctor's degree/doctorate:
I studied at a college in California for my bachelor's degree and my master's degree. Then I got my doctoral degree at the University.
The applicant for this degree conducts original scientific research, usually within the framework of a special curriculum Ph. D. program/studies, takes exams and presents doctoral thesis/dissertation. As a rule, a researcher starts working on a doctoral dissertation after receiving a master's degree:
I am twenty-six years old and have just completed my master's degree in science. And I'm going to begin my Ph. D. program next September in the USA.
Scholars often refer to master's degree and doctor advanced/graduate/higher degree:
after graduation from the University I received a higher degree in mathematics at Florida University.
A scientist may hold several degrees in different fields and from different educational institutions:
I have graduate degrees from the American University and the University of Miami in Florida.
It is generally accepted that PhD degree corresponds to Russian degree PhD. The concept of the academic degree of a candidate of sciences can be expressed, for example, by the word doctorate:
I got my doctorate in economics two years ago.
Type Combinations candidate's degree/candidate of sciences or candidate of chemistry/candidate of chemical science(s) etc. may not be understood, as this is a literal translation from Russian. Their use is acceptable only with an explanation.
Not in favor of literal translation Russian phrase candidate of science as candidate of science(s) Without proper explanation, two circumstances speak.
Firstly, it can be interpreted by a native English speaker by analogy with the phrases bachelor of science, master of science and thus give the impression that you are working in the field natural sciences, and this may not be true.
Secondly, it should be taken into account that the word candidate is often used in Ph.D. doctoral candidate, where it indicates that the researcher is working on a doctoral thesis, i.e. I haven't received my doctorate yet. Combination doctoral candidate can be a good equivalent to the Russian concept applicant(for the degree of Doctor of Science).
Now I am an applicant for the degree of Doctor of Mathematical Sciences. – Now I am a doctoral candidate in mathematics.
Accordingly, to designate the concept graduate student along with phrases graduate/postgraduate student combination can also be used doctoral student especially when you consider that it more accurately conveys the position of a graduate student as a researcher working on a thesis corresponding to a doctoral dissertation in English-speaking countries. The point is that combinations graduate student(Amer.) and postgraduate student(Brit.) are used to refer to students who can work in programs leading to a degree, both a Ph.D. and a master's degree. Along with the PhD degree, there are a number of honorary doctorates in English-speaking countries. honorary/higher/senior doctorates,Honor Doctor, Honor degree or Doctor honoris causa awarded for long-term and fruitful scientific activity. Among them are the degrees: Doctor of Science, abbr. D. Sc.(natural Sciences); Doctor of Letters, abbr. Lett.D.(humanitarian sciences); Doctor of Laws, abbr. L.L.D.(jurisprudence). They do not require special research or writing a dissertation and are awarded on a cumulative basis. famous people Sciences.
A scientist may hold several or even many honorary doctorates. Combination senior doctorate can convey the Russian concept doctorate degrees.
However, it should be understood that to obtain a doctoral degree in Russia, it is necessary to write a dissertation, as well as a monograph. When using combinations like Doctor of Science / Doctor of the Sciences / Doctor of History / Doctor of Technical science(s) for the transfer of a doctorate degree, explanations should also be given. In particular, it can be emphasized that the degree of Doctor of Science is the highest academic degree in our country, and many of its holders have the title of professor:
The Russian Doctor of Science degree is the highest research degree in this country. Many scientists having that degree are professors.
Besides research degrees English-speaking countries also have professional doctorates, which are assigned to specialists of certain qualifications in a number of areas:
Doctor of Medicine, abbr. M.D. (the medicine)
Juris Doctor, abbr. J.D. (jurisprudence).
In English-speaking countries, the holder of a professional degree necessarily has a qualification that meets the requirements put forward for specialists of this plan by the relevant professional association. For example, obtaining a Juris Doctor degree in the United States typically requires first completing a bachelor's degree and then successfully completing a three-year law school; for a Doctor of Medicine degree - a bachelor's degree and complete a four-year medical school medical school and internship. Thus, it can be said that professional degrees in English-speaking countries correspond to Russian diplomas of doctors and lawyers, although they take longer to obtain and cannot be used as equivalents to Russian degrees of candidates and doctors of medicine and medicine. legal sciences. Holders of these degrees must take this circumstance into account and, if necessary, give, for example, the following explanation:
I have a degree which we call Doctor of Medical Science degree. It is our senior research doctoral degree in this field.
Realizing career ambitions and achieving a salary measured by a number with five zeros is possible not only with an MBA diploma. A PhD degree guarantees no less success.
The Western degree of PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) is not common in our country, while abroad its holders are considered the intellectual elite. Our counterpart to the PhD is the PhD degree. In the West, you need to complete a doctoral program at a university or business school and defend a dissertation to receive it. You can get a PhD degree in various sciences or business areas: for example, in mathematics, finance, marketing, and so on. But we are now interested in "business" and "economic" PhDs.
Not everyone makes it to the end
There are PhD programs in almost every university in the world. Programs are quoted at leading American universities and business schools: Harvard, Stanford, Columbia, Rochester, Carnegie Mellon, etc. Outside the US, there are strong PhD programs at London Business School, INSEAD, IMD and a number of other schools.
The doctoral program lasts an average of four to six years. For the first year or two, doctoral students study 10-20 courses, and then they pass a qualifying exam. Then begins scientific work over a specific topic under the "supervision" of a professor; preparation for a dissertation, which includes writing scientific articles; self-education and teaching activities. And finally, you still need to defend your dissertation.
But not all reach protection. On average, only 20-40% of all applicants are released from the stream. More than half of doctoral students interrupt their studies approximately in the middle. At almost every university, a student who has completed two years of doctoral studies automatically receives a master's degree - the so-called Master of Science (MS) or Master of Art (MA). Therefore, many, considering this degree sufficient, leave the PhD ahead of schedule. Oleg Zamulin, PhD holder at Michigan, professor at the New Economic School (NES): Only those who are truly created for science survive to the end. PhD is a specific environment that is not suitable for those who are looking for quick and easy ways to hit the big jackpot.
Not everyone does
You can enter a PhD right after university - it is enough to have a bachelor's degree (it corresponds to a Russian diploma of higher education). The age of doctoral students is from 23 years. They are usually younger than business school masters because MBAs, unlike PhDs, require work experience. However, many enter the PhD, already having work experience, and even an MBA master's degree.
An applicant for a PhD must pass the same exams as for an MBA (TOEFL, GMAT or GRE), submit two or three references and a notarized copy of the diploma. It is also desirable to have several publications or academic work experience. The last two conditions, as a rule, are not obligatory, but their owners have more chances to enter. You must apply for admission almost a year before the start of your studies.
Depending on the size of the faculty, doctoral enrollment ranges from 20 to 60 people. The average competition is 10-30 people per place. For example, this year Harvard accepted 22 people with 700 applicants, and Wharton received 795 applications for 80 places.
| Ph.D is more affordable than MBA |
As a rule, PhD programs cost nothing to students. Moreover, the university pays for studies, regardless of how long it lasts. Sergey Netessin PhD in operations management from the University of Rochester, professor at Wharton Business School: You can study for four years, and then work on your dissertation for the same amount of time. One of my classmates received a PhD for about ten years. In addition, universities often provide scholarships.
Academics...
If MBA graduates go only into business, then the PhD holder has three options to choose from: go into teaching, devote himself to research, or also go into business (usually in research or analytical departments various companies). Many manage to combine two of these three areas of activity. Approximately 70-80% of PhD graduates choose an academic career, that is, they become teachers at universities and business schools. So the average manager in a Western company is more of an MBA graduate than a PhD. Sergei Guriev, Professor of Economics, NES: Top managers usually don't become top managers after PhD. Not because they can't, but because they don't want to. PhD is a lifestyle of people born for deep analytical analysis and development of theories. According to Oleg Zamulin, MBA teaches to do business, that is, it has a practical focus, and PhD develops intellectual potential and the ability to think.
Graduates who choose an academic career immediately after their studies begin teaching at universities. Business schools pay more, but you have to teach very wayward MBA students. But the salaries of professors in business and economics are comparable to those of MBA graduates. For example, the average "assistant professor" (starting post PhD) earns either the same or slightly more than an MBA graduate. Sergei Netessin: Further income, for example, American professors range from $150,000 to $400,000 per year. Thus, junior professors are paid $200,000 each; professors and emeritus professors receive $250,000-400,000 a year. There are also so-called tenure professors in the USA. This status can be awarded six to nine years after the start of teaching. Professors are evaluated, and those who have shown the best results are awarded tenure status, which guarantees a lifetime contract with a university or business school - only the teacher himself can terminate it.
Very often, PhD holders teach at a different university than they graduated from.
Sergey Guriev:"It is believed that if a university hires its own graduate, this means that others have refused him. Therefore, PhDs usually go to competitors from among the "top" universities."
Irina Denisova, PhD of Economics Manchester University: "In Europe, professors receive less than in America, but their contract system is less rigid. Yes, and getting a job in Europe is much easier than in the USA. However, PhD guarantees 100% employment on both side of the Atlantic. According to Sergey Netessin, the demand for PhD exceeds supply by almost two to three times: for example, in the USA, about ten people apply for 20-30 vacancies. But it is very difficult to get a job in America after graduating from a European university. Therefore, those who plan to work in the US, they go to American universities. By the way, according to US law, immigrants with a PhD degree are considered for citizenship in the first place."
As already mentioned, an academic career is not the only option for PhD holders. Some go into business - for example, they develop methods for solving management problems, come up with all kinds of business schemes and cases, which are then used in MBA programs and in real business.
| Many Ph.Ds work in business |
According to Stanislav S. who listened training course PhD at LBS, 25% of Russian doctoral students go into business. In such specialists, Western companies value their heads, not practical skills. And highly valued. So, in investment banks, PhD employees are paid no less than freshly minted MBAs - $120,000-150,000 a year. In consulting companies, PhDs usually offer $60-100 thousand per year, but after three or four years they can count on higher returns.
Few return to Russia after receiving Western PhDs
Sergey Guriev:“There are dozens of them out of several hundred. Firstly, in the West, the salary is higher, and secondly, in their homeland they lack communication with colleagues. As a rule, PhD holders are not engaged in teaching activities in Russia - our universities are not able to pay for their services "Therefore, doctoral students are much more likely to be found in practical business. Thus, the Russian representative office of McKinsey in the last recruiting hired about 40% of new employees with a PhD degree. However, MBA holders still win in terms of the number of proposals."
Igor Goncharov, financial analyst at Business Consulting Group: "80% of the staff in consulting, investment banking and industry still give an MBA. In our company there are many people with an MBA and a few with a PhD. It is believed that PhD holders have a wide intellectual potential, but business savvy after all, MBA holders have more."
"We learned from magazines"
This year Svetlana Kirillova She received her PhD from LBS Business School. She now works as a consultant in the London office of the consulting firm McKinsey. Here is what she had to say about her studies and employment experience.
"I graduated from the Department of Psychology of Moscow State University, studied for two years in graduate school, where I was engaged in research in the field of consumer behavior. Then I studied at the Academy for Educational Development in Washington for several years and worked in parallel. And in 1997 I entered the PhD program at LBS - there are interesting marketing projects. I had a scholarship of more than $11,000 a year, which, however, is not much for London.
Why did I choose a PhD and not an MBA? I wanted to become a qualified specialist in one area, and an MBA provides too broad an education. For the first year and a half, we took about a dozen compulsory subjects, as well as specialized courses on various aspects of marketing. Wrote articles for dissertation preparation. For example, the results of a study conducted jointly with Professor Kent Grayson were published in the Financial Times.
We studied not from textbooks, but from magazines - they contain the most relevant material. A PhD student should not only be able to draw conclusions, like MBA students, but also know the arguments that led to these conclusions. Education at LBS is almost individual - one teacher works with two students.
Then you write a study, and after a year and a half, pre-defense passes. The dissertation is usually defended by the end of the fourth - the beginning of the fifth course. Mine was devoted to the development of brands. Basically, PhD students are oriented towards teaching in business schools. But I was interested in putting my experience into practice. Three years ago, McKinsey published an article about what firms need to do to strengthen their brands. I suggested that this research be continued. And it turned out that our goals coincided. I currently work for McKinsey as a marketing consultant doing research in marketing strategy development."
Ph.D. thesis)In addition to the Ph.D., which is awarded to people involved in scientific research, there are three more doctoral degrees:
- Doctor of Arts Doctor of Arts ) - usually assigned as evidence of deep knowledge in a certain scientific area, but not research activity.
- Doctor of Pedagogy Doctor of Education ) - assigned to specialists in the field of pedagogy.
- Doctor of Social Work Doctor of Social Science ) - assigned to specialists in the field of social work, social knowledge, social science.
Story
It first appeared in the 12th-13th centuries in Great Britain, Italy and France.
Despite the name, nowadays the degree has no practical relation to philosophy (only historical) and is awarded in almost all scientific fields, for example: PhD in Literature or PhD in Physics.
This situation is connected with traditions dating back to the days of medieval universities, the standard structure of which usually assumed the presence of faculties of philosophy, jurisprudence, theology and medicine. Therefore, in addition to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, there are limited range other doctorates of the same rank; doctors are awarded a degree M.D., lawyers - doctor of law, theologians - doctor of divinity, and to everyone else - Ph.D.
Position in different countries
At the same time, in a number Western countries postgraduate education to the same extent as in Russian Federation, is characterized by two stages, each requiring the defense of a separate dissertation. For example, in Brazil, Canada, the first postgraduate level is the title master (master) of science(Master of Science, M.Sc.), while the second degree is the title PhD(Ph.D.). In this case, the doctoral degree that is obtained with the status PhD, is not similar to the degree of Doctor of Science in the Russian Federation, although it is the second degree of postgraduate education. The degree of Doctor of Science in the Russian Federation involves the solution of a major scientific problem or priority research in a new scientific direction and compliance with the requirements established in the Russian Federation.
France
There is no PhD in France. An analogue of this degree is the degree of doctor of the corresponding specialty (fr. Doctorate
Germany
There is no PhD in Germany. The analogue of this degree is the degree of doctor of the corresponding specialty (German. Doctor ). In particular, this degree is officially equated to Russian degree candidate of sciences.
see also
Notes
Literature
- Vlasov A. V., Filippov Yu. M. Russia and Kazakhstan: the reform of higher education (continued) //APN-Kazakhstan, 12.01.2006
- S. Kolenikov Academic degrees (USA) // Abroad.ru
- A. Mindagulov On the Western concept of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) // Izvestiya-Kazakhstan, 10.11.2006
- Maryanovich A. T. Academic degrees and titles in Western countries // Elitarium: Center distance education, 27.09.2010
- Yu. Morozov Is a Western PhD higher than a PhD in Russia/USSR? or How the flopnik (flopnik) defeated the satellite // Sociodynamics, 03/15/2007.
- Raizberg B. A. Academic degrees and titles: who is who // Elitarium: Center for Distance Education, 02/17/2006
- E. Solodovnikova Who is better to be: doctor of science or phd? // Media group "Objective", 06/06/2007,
- M. Yakovlev Is Postgraduate Study Necessary? //Journal "Job and salary", 30.01.2006
- E. G. Will we have our own PhD? // "St. Petersburg University". - 2010. - № 6 (3813).
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See what "Doctor of Philosophy" is in other dictionaries:
- (lat. Philosophiæ Doctor, Ph.D., PhD, usually pronounced as pi h di) a degree awarded in many Western countries. The qualifying work of the degree applicant is a doctoral dissertation (English Ph.D. Thesis) Despite the name ... Wikipedia
The highest academic degree awarded since the 12th-13th centuries. in the UK, Italy and other countries, as a rule, after defending a master's thesis in the relevant humanities and social sciences ... Big encyclopedic Dictionary
- "DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY", USSR, TsT, 1976, color, 84 min. Teleplay. Based on a play by Branislav Nusic. Cast: Vladimir Etush (see ETUSH Vladimir Abramovich), Ivan Dykhovichny (see DYKHOVICHNY Ivan Vladimirovich), Leah Akhedzhakova (see AKHEDZHAKOVA Liya Medzhidovna), ... ... Cinema Encyclopedia
Ph.D- - Telecommunication topics, basic concepts EN doctor of philosophyPMSE T H. D ... Technical Translator's Handbook
The highest academic degree awarded since the 12th-13th centuries. in the UK, Italy and other countries, as a rule, after defending a master's thesis in the humanities and social sciences. * * * DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY, higher… … encyclopedic Dictionary
Prof. Shlyakhetsk. cadet. corps; R. 20 Sept. 1787, † 18?? city (Polovtsov) ... Big biographical encyclopedia
V American universities After receiving a bachelor's degree, you can enroll in a master's or graduate school. A master's degree gives a master's degree, and a PhD is issued from postgraduate studies, which means Doctor of Philosophy and is comparable to our Ph.D. This is the last degree, if we are not talking about doctors who can become doctors of medicine. Some universities award the Doctor of Science (Doctor of Science) degree instead of PhD, which is the same as PhD in terms of knowledge.
Why study for a PhD in the USA?
1. To receive interesting work in the field of science (not to be confused with teaching) and in the long term a residence permit in the United States.
2. To return home with practical education and experience with advanced research technologies.
3. To get acquainted with world famous scientists, corporations and influence the fate of the world.
Or maybe get a bachelor's degree in the US first?
This is also an option, and not a bad one, but a bachelor's degree in the USA is deprived of one very important thing, which is available in CIS universities - even not the best ones. There is little theory in the US. All education is based on practical experience, solving narrow problems. You learn by exploring specific problems, but you don't get the very famous knowledge base that we were so proud of in the days of the USSR. Besides, free education not in the US, and a bachelor's degree will take a lot of your money. Therefore, subjectively, the best option is to get a bachelor's degree at home, while studying English along the way, and to come to the USA for graduate school, which lasts 4–5 years.
How to apply for graduate school in the USA?
For admission, you need to collect a package of documents, which includes the following:
1. Certificates of passing TOEFL and GRE exams (GMAT)
TOEFL measures your level of spoken American English. GRE and GMAT - are adaptive tests that test your ability to analyze. They include mathematics, speaking and analytical essay. Roughly speaking, GRE - for the humanities, and GMAT - for techies. In the first, vocabulary plays a big role, and mathematics is simple. The second has a lot of complex math, and the verbal part is much simpler.
- TOEFL costs about $200
- GRE costs about $190
- GMAT costs about $250
Not all universities need to take the GRE (GMAT), some accept TOEFL from 72 out of 120.
2. Examples of publications
It is assumed that you live a busy scientific life and by the time you graduate from your bachelor's degree, you have already made several publications about your own research in scientific journals. Publications must be attached in the original and translated. The higher the level of publications, the better.
Let's say you're not applying for the same major you studied. It's nothing, but the overall profile should match. For example, a philologist may well enroll in graduate school in the social sciences, such as political science. And then you need publications, at least partially related to political science.
Three authority figures should recommend you according to your profile and reveal different qualities of you as a scientist in their recommendations. These may be professors from your university, but only if they have observed your work on graduate topics, or if you have been on their research team. These can be practitioners with whom you worked on thematic projects, directors of companies where you managed to apply your knowledge on the topic. Of course, the content of the letters should not be repeated. You need to approach this seriously - recommendations are more important than even ratings.
4. Essay (Statement of Purpose)
This is your essay, in which you tell why you decided to enter this university, why they should teach you, how you use the acquired knowledge.
It is written according to a template: you talk about your interests, experience, explain why you chose this university, what you want to work on at its base, what benefits you will bring to it and the country (world) as a whole later. There must be truth in the essay, and if your truth is that you just want to go to the USA - this is in vain, look for another way to get a visa.
You send these documents with your diploma and the translated insert with grades to the selected universities. There can be as many as you like, for each consideration of documents you have to pay 50-100 dollars.
In fact, it is really important to get to know and start a dialogue with one or more professors from your future university even before admission, so that they already know where to put you and want to take you on.
If the university approves your candidacy, you will be sent a package of documents with Form I-20 for student visa F1, which allows you to study in the US for up to 7 years and only work at the university. There will also be a document stating that you are invited to work part-time as an assistant in your faculty, and for a consular officer this means that you have money to exist in the United States.
You buy tickets and apply for an interview. Tickets can be bought if you have already received a visa, but then it will be more expensive. You can buy immediately, but not the fact that they will give a visa. If the university does not provide a place in a dormitory for a graduate student, in the visa application package you will also need a document about rented housing at least for the first time.
How to choose a university for a PhD degree in the USA?
If you need to get to the top scientific progress, your choice is prestigious universities such as Columbia, Stanford, Yale, Harvard, MIT, California and Princeton. It is very difficult to enter them, but theoretically there is a chance.
If you need an intelligent education, you can choose any university by following this review.
Scholarship at US Universities
Almost all PhD students receive scholarships from the university or sponsors. Additional money can be obtained by working on campus. Scholarships are traditionally higher for science students than for humanities students. Doctors and lawyers do not receive scholarships.
In order to be paid a scholarship, you must meet various standards, such as studying for a B+/A- or taking enough subjects in a year. Sometimes the scholarship includes general health insurance and other benefits. However, you must pay taxes: federal, tuition, state. Indulgence typical for US residents, you are not entitled to these taxes.
How to pay for PhD studies
in the USA for higher education you have to pay an average of 35-60 thousand dollars a year. Graduate students usually study for sponsors' money or pay for their studies with their scholarship and salary at the same university. You are strictly forbidden to work off campus, and violation of this rule is an excellent reason for deportation. You have three options.
1.Teaching assistantship. The TA - work is a traditional first-second-year PhD work. You do labs with students, you carry papers, you help the teacher check papers and stuff like that.
2. Research assistantship. It's lab help, all the menial work, but there's less academic workload and you can enjoy constant practice on the latest equipment.
3. Corporate Sponsoring - This is when you get paid by companies to research technology for them. The fact is that paying senior scientists is much more expensive, and you are already competent enough to give the desired result for less money.
V good universities you exist comfortably and pay for your studies according to the first two options, plus you also have a scholarship, which is always higher for techies than for humanities. However, your salary will not allow you to save money and send it home, as many plan initially, so you should not hope to earn money while studying.
Despite the campus norm of 20 hours a week, TA and RA take up far more of your time. Be prepared to work day and night and often without days off. Therefore, forget about additional illegal earnings.
What you need to get a PhD degree
You must collect the required number of courses from compulsory and elective. In the first year, the professor with whom you will work further should like you, and he can also transfer you to positions from TA to RA and, for grant money, take you to his project.
After the first year of study, you must pass the qualifying exams. At some universities, after these exams, you get a master's degree and can be free if you do not want to go further.
In the second year, you need to find a curator with whom you will write a dissertation, that is, you write, and he keeps it under control. In addition, you need to do at least two years of research and finally defend your thesis.
The requirements become more difficult if the university is higher in the ranking.
What happens after receiving a PhD?
Already in the last two years of studying for a PhD in the United States, you should look for a job and actively establish contacts with potential employers. You can go to the industry or stay in school. In the first case, you get hired by a corporation that does research for itself. In the second one, you stay to research and teach at the university. At school, you also need to constantly publish, but with sufficient experience and seniority, you get a job from which you cannot be expelled by law.
Ironically, the higher the degree, the more difficult it is to find a job, because titled scientists are more expensive, and it is often easier to hire a bachelor who can do the same tasks for less money. So you need to look for a job right away, get to know a lot of people from your industry and keep in touch with professors so that you will be remembered when they start to assemble a team for new research.
There is an option to take your own development as a basis and create a business, but here the risk of failure is much higher than the probability of success, because only 2% of developments in science become successful commercial projects.
Doctor of Philosophy (lat. Philosophiae Doctor, Ph.D., PhD, usually pronounced as pi-h-di) is a degree awarded in many Western countries. The qualifying work of the degree applicant is a doctoral dissertation (Ph.D. Thesis)
The scientific degree is directly related to philosophy only historically: it is awarded in almost all scientific fields, including jurisprudence (Ph.D. in Law / Ph.D. in Legal Studies). In a number of countries, for example, Great Britain, the USA and Canada, this degree is the highest.
Within the EU, the PhD degree is the basis for teaching and scientific activity in higher educational institutions.
The University of Oxford ranks second in the list of the oldest universities in the world (after Bologna), is the oldest English-speaking university in the world, and also the first university in the UK. According to the Charter (The Position of the University of Oxford), the University of Oxford has been certifying PhDs for more than a hundred years, confirming the qualification of the defended candidate with the Diploma Ph.D. Scientists from all over the world successfully defend themselves at the University.
Candidates from the CIS countries who decide to get a Ph.D. at Oxford University, should already have a degree in their home country. In this case, Ph.D. Thesis (doctoral dissertation for a Ph.D. degree) lays down an already defended dissertation.
A unified international act defining the status of Ph.D. diplomas do not exist. Oxford University functions on the basis of the Agreement between the USA, Canada and the UK, in which the Ph.D. established as the highest scientific degree.
Every 2 years the University accepts Graduate&Postgraduate Studies Prospectus, (a document governing the issuance of Ph.D. diplomas), which is an integral part of the Charter (The Position of the University of Oxford).
Excerpts about Ph.D. from Graduate&Postgtaduate Studies Prospectus:
Article 1
1.1 Doctor of Philosophy - a degree awarded in the UK to scientists who, through their theories and research, have contributed to the world fundamental science, and recognized as the highest academic degree in the UK.
1.2 The title "Doctor of Philosophy" has a historical basis; at present, the degree has no practical relation to philosophy and is awarded in almost all scientific fields.
Article 2
The University of Oxford, on the basis of the conclusion of the academic commission and the scientific works provided by the candidate for the degree, awards the degree of "Doctor of Philosophy" in the following disciplines:
(here only Social sciencies in which there are legal disciplines; in addition to them, there are humanitarian, mathematical and medical groups)
Anthropology and Museum Ethnography (Anthropology and Ethnography)
Archaeology (Archaeology)
Economics (Economics)
Law (Law)
Politics and International Relations (Politics and International Relations)
Sociology (Sociology)
Article Z.
The presence of a PhD degree gives its holder the right to conduct scientific and teaching activities in the UK, submit papers for grants, and also participate in international conferences held by CIS (Union of British and American Universities Scientists).
The University of Oxford successfully cooperates with applicants from Russia, helping them to obtain a Ph.D. degree without leaving the country. Dissertations are accepted in Russian, abstracts - in Russian and additionally in English. Moreover, necessary condition is the publication of at least three articles on the topic of the dissertation in international journals and bulletins. Articles with a volume of at least 0.5 p.l. are also provided in two languages.
