Presentation on the topic "Strengthening of royal power in the XVI-XVII centuries." Presentation on the topic "Strengthening of royal power in the XVI-XVII centuries" History lesson strengthening of royal power
Problem: Absolutism contributed to the formation of strong states and restrained the wars of all against all. But at the same time in the XVI-XVII centuries. revolutions are taking place in Europe, one of the tasks of which is the destruction of the system of absolutism. Why was there a struggle against absolutism in society? Can the authorities demand unconditional obedience from the individual? 2
Members of corporations were equal, answered each other. Their actions were based on the right given by God. Another source of law were ancient customs. 1. The concept of ABSOLUTISM .. Absolutism Unlimited supreme power At the head of the state - MONARCH Power belongs to one person form of government
Work on the table “The difference between a centralized state and a feudally fragmented one” 7 Questions for comparison FragmentedCentralized 1. Who held power in the country? Feudal lords to the King 1. Rights of the king: A) in relation to the feudal lords; B) in the state. A) B) A) B) 1. Sources of the king's income. 1. What military forces did the king have? 5. Court and laws. 6.Administrative management. 6. Cities in the state system.
Work on the table “The difference between a centralized state and a feudally fragmented one” 8 Questions for comparison FragmentedCentralized 1. Who held power in the country? Feudal lords to the King 1. Rights of the king: A) in relation to the feudal lords; B) in the state. A) First among equals. B) Formal law. A) The supreme right of the king (feudal lords are subjects of the king). b) head of state. 1. Sources of income of the king. Royal domain. Treasury of the state. 1. What military forces did the king have? Personal squad. Vassals. Permanent army. 5. Court and laws. Each region has its own court and laws. Single court and laws. 6.Administrative management. Governing bodies in each separate area. The local government is appointed and subordinate to the central government. 6. Cities in the state system. Residences of local rulers. Centers for crafts and trade.
2. Specific traits absolutism 1. Creation of a nationwide administrative apparatus, consisting of officials; 2. Formation of a permanent professional army. 3. Creation of the state tax system; 4.Introduction of unified legislation and administrative structure, unified measures and weights; 5. Formation of the state church; 6.Conducting a unified state economic policy. 10 Check Your Schema
Text on 163 Add. material "Etiquette at the Court of Louis XIV" Choose a source yourself 12 1. Compose an oral story What was the cult of the monarch - the anointed of God? Absolutism is a form of government in which power is unlimitedly vested in one person - the monarch. Monarch - "God's anointed"
Allotted to Parliament by the English Monarchs Allotted to the Estates General by the French Monarchs 14 Find out what place in the system government controlled... Henry VIII Tudor. King of England Elizabeth I Tudor.Queen of England of England James I Stuart. King of England and Scotland. Francis I of Valois. King of France
Unified management system (p.29-30) England Privy Council: 1. Foreign policy 2. Domestic politics 3. Finance 4. Defense of the country. kingkingkingking of FranceGovernment 1.Foreign policy 2.Domestic policy 3.Finance 4.Defense of the country. kingkingkingking 15 Compare the activities of the state apparatus of England and France
United Judiciary England Star Chamber Judges Justices of the Peace Judges 1.News trials; 2. Expose conspiracies; 3. Suppress rebellions; 4. Pursue vagrants; 5. Collect taxes; 6. Collecting money for the poor. FranceParliaments 1.Right to appeal judicial and government decisions; 2. Appointment of a regent; 3. Consideration of contracts, decrees. sixteen
Local government England France Officials Salary + payment of the population for services 17 Livelihood?
22 Mercantilism is an economic policy based on the idea of the predominance of export of goods over import in order to accumulate gold Protectionism - Protectionism is the economic policy of the state, which consists in purposefully protecting the domestic market from the receipt of foreign-made goods.
Complete the sentences and write them down: 1. In the era of absolutism, the population of such European countries as _____________________________________ develops national self-consciousness and forms centralized states. 2. In Germany and Italy in the XVI - XVII centuries centralized states did not develop; there existed _____________________________ 23
Lesson summary: Absolutism is a form of government in which power is unlimitedly vested in one person - the monarch. Features: 1. Creation of a nationwide administrative apparatus, consisting of officials; 2. Formation of a permanent professional army. 3. Creation of the state tax system; 4.Introduction of unified legislation and administrative structure, unified measures and weights; 5. Formation of the state church; 6.Conducting a unified state economic policy. 24
Who owns the words? “I don’t understand how my ancestors could allow such an institution. I have to put up with what I can't get rid of." Jacob I Stewart Jacob I Stewart “In my person, God sent down a blessing on you. I am a husband, and the whole island is my lawful wife. I am the head and the island is my body. I am the shepherd, and the island is my flock.” (from a speech at the first parliament). James I Stuart "Such is my good will for so we desire" Louis XV. 25 “Did you think, gentlemen, that the state is you? You are wrong. The state is me! Louis XIV Louis XIV
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HISTORICAL WORKOUT. 1) Which of the sailors managed to open a sea route to India? A) Christopher Columbus. b) Bartolomeu Dias. C) Amerigo Vespucci. D) Vasco da Gama. D) Fernando Magellan. 2) Which traveler coined the term "New World"? A) Christopher Columbus. B) Bartolomeu Dias. C) Amerigo Vespucci. D) Vasco da Gama. D) Fernando Magellan.
Match the names of the indigenous people with the continent or country. Indians; Indians; black people; A) America B) Africa; B) India.
Theme of the lesson: Strengthening of royal power in the XVI-XVII centuries. Absolutism in Europe. Teacher of history and social studies Ronova Tatyana Vasilievna MBOU Taseevskaya secondary school No. 1 History lesson in grade 7
Problem: Absolutism contributed to the formation of strong states and restrained the wars of “all against all”. But at the same time in the XVI-XVII centuries. revolutions are taking place in Europe, one of the tasks of which is the destruction of the system of absolutism. Why was there a struggle against absolutism in society? Can the authorities demand unconditional obedience from the individual?
Lesson objectives: 1. Learn what is "absolutism"? 2. Find out what are the characteristics of absolutism. 3. What are its manifestations in European countries?
Complete the task: Read the definition and characteristics of absolutism. Consider the matrix of the "Absolutism" scheme and fill it with brief explanations: Absolutism: 1. It develops at the end of the XV-XVI centuries. 2. Reaches its heyday in the 17th century
1.What is absolutism? Absolutism is a form of government in which power is unlimitedly vested in one person - the monarch. p.27 of the textbook James I Stuart King of France Louis XV
2. Characteristic features of absolutism Creation of a nationwide administrative apparatus, consisting of officials; Formation of a permanent professional army. Creation of the state tax system; Introduction of unified legislation and administrative structure, unified measures and weights; Formation of a state church; Carrying out a unified state economic policy. Check your schema
Page 28 "One king - one country" Look at the map " Western Europe in 1648.” and find the territories that lost their independence, submitting to royal power during the period of absolutism?
Text on pages 32-33 Add. material "Etiquette at the court of Louis XIV" on p. 35-36) Choose a source yourself Compose an oral story “What was the cult of the monarch - the anointed of God?” Absolutism is a form of government in which power is unlimitedly vested in one person - the monarch. Monarch - "God's anointed"
The English Monarchs Allotted the Parliament The French Monarchs Allotted the Estates General Page, 28-29 Find out what place in the system of state administration... Henry VIII Tudor. King of England Elizabeth I Tudor. Queen of England James I Stuart. King of England and Scotland. Francis I of Valois. King of France
Unified management system (p.29-30) England Privy Council: Foreign policy Domestic policy Finance Defense of the country. King France Government Foreign policy Domestic policy Finance Defense of the country. king Compare the activities of the state apparatus of England and France
Unified judiciary (pp. 30-31) England Star Chamber Judges Justices of the Peace Conduct trials; Expose conspiracies; Suppress rebellions; Chase vagrants; Collect taxes; Collecting money for the poor. France Parliaments Right to appeal judicial and government decisions; Appointment of a regent; Consideration of contracts, decrees. Explain the diagram using the text on p. 30-31
Local authorities (p.31) England France Officials 1000-1500 8000 Salary + payment of population for services Livelihood?
Creation of a professional army England (lack regular army) Civil uprising. Detachments of noblemen-volunteers. France (permanent mercenary army) taxes direct indirect tax on land tax and salt property
Common Economic Policy Mercantilism Protectionism Remember what these terms mean? S. 34
Complete the sentences and write them down: 1. In the era of absolutism, the population of such European countries as _____________________________________ develops national self-consciousness and forms centralized states. 2. In Germany and Italy in the 16th-17th centuries, centralized states did not develop, because there existed _____________________________ S. 34
Lesson summary: Absolutism is a form of government in which power is unlimitedly vested in one person - the monarch. Features: Creation of a nationwide administrative apparatus, consisting of officials; Formation of a permanent professional army. Creation of the state tax system; Introduction of unified legislation and administrative structure, unified measures and weights; Formation of a state church; Carrying out a unified state economic policy.
Read the objectives of the lesson Did you achieve the objectives of the lesson? In what degree? Evaluate your work in class. If at the end of the lesson you scored: 25 points, then you get a mark of 5 20–15 points - a mark of 4 10 points - a mark of 3 5 points - a mark of 2
Who owns the words? “I don’t understand how my ancestors could allow such an institution. I have to put up with what I can't get rid of." “In my person, God sent down a blessing on you. I am a husband, and the whole island is my lawful wife. I am the head and the island is my body. I am the shepherd, and the island is my flock.” (from a speech at the first parliament). “Such is my good will, because this is how we wish” “Did you think, gentlemen, that the state is you? You are wrong. The state is me!
Sources http://festival.1september.ru/articles/532938/ http://www.proshkolu.ru/club/historians/file2/181296 http://www.uchportal.ru/load/54-1-0- 14873 http://director.edu54.ru/node/73607 A.Ya. Yudovskaya, P.A. Baranov, L.M. Vanyushkina. General history. History of the new time. 1500-1800. M., Enlightenment. 2009
Strengthening the royal
power in the 16th and 17th centuries.
Absolutism in Europe
LESSON PLAN
Absolutism
One king - one country
Restriction of the role of estate representation bodies
State centralization
1. Formation of centralized states
At the beginning of the New Age, large states appeared on the territory of Europe.
How is it different from the Middle Ages?
England
France
Spain
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Russian state
1. Absolutism
"Born subjects must obey" - the meaning of absolutism. Absolutism is a form of government in which supreme power is unlimitedly vested in one person - the monarch.
Absolutism took shape at the end of the 15th - 16th centuries.
Creation of a nationwide administrative apparatus, a permanent professional army, a state tax system, a unified state legislation and administrative structure, a unified state economic policy, etc.
2. One king - one country
WHAT DOES THIS STATEMENT MEAN?
2. One king - one country
After the end of the Hundred Years War in France, the old rights of the provinces (Normandy, Burgundy, etc.) were liquidated, they lost their independence and came under the authority of the king. In England, the king subjugated the remote northern counties and Wales to his power (the Council of the North and the Council of Wales were created).
To prevent the beginning of new feudal strife, lands were taken away from the old recalcitrant and wayward nobility, castles were destroyed, detachments of feudal lords were disbanded. Restrictions on freedoms also affected the cities that defended their ancient rights.
2. One king - one country
During the period of absolutism, the organs of class representation (the English Parliament, the Spanish Cortes, the French States General) lose their significance. Kings seek to get rid of their influence.
During the 37 years of the reign of Henry VIII, Parliament met only 21 times, and during the 45 years of the reign of his daughter Elizabeth - 13 times. The kings could not get rid of parliament altogether, but they significantly limited their influence, thereby strengthening their absolute power.
3. Limitation of the role of estate representation bodies
James I Stuart (1603-1625), who ascended the English throne after Elizabeth (1603-1625), struggled with parliament throughout his reign, limiting its role in every possible way.
James I believed that Parliament harms the affairs of government. In his speech to Parliament in 1604, the king declared that he was the sovereign master of the whole country: “I am the head, and the island is my body, I am the shepherd, and the island is my flock.”
James I Stuart
Slide #10
3. Limitation of the role of estate representation bodies
In France, absolute monarchy began to take shape by the 16th century. King Francis I of Valois (1515-1547) single-handedly accepted all major decisions, on his decrees he wrote: "For it is so pleasing to us." The States General in France did not become a permanent body, but met only in case of great need, by decision of the king. From 1614 to 1789 the Estates General never met.
Francis I of Valois
Slide #11
4. Centralization of the state
In England, the central administrative and executive body was the Privy Council, whose members were appointed by the king. In France, there was a council under the king, which was considered the government, but its members were also appointed by the king and carried out his will. The members of this government were princes of the blood, high spiritual ranks, financiers, lawyers, but there was a personal rule of the king in the country.
French
Estates General
in 1614
Slide #12
4. Centralization of the state
In England most of court cases were handled by two royal courts. The Star Chamber oversaw justice and rebellious nobles. Locally, there were elected justices of the peace (from the old aristocracy and the new nobility), but they were elected under the control of the government and the Privy Council.
English lawyer of the 16th century.
Slide #13
4. Centralization of the state
In France, the restriction of royal power was the highest judicial bodies in the provinces - parliaments. They could appeal court and government decisions. The kings were in sharp conflict with the parliaments. King Louis XIV, in a dispute with the Parlement of Paris, said: "The state is me!"
Louis XIV
Slide #14
4. Centralization of the state
The administration of the country in both England and France was carried out by officials. The positions of officials were inherited, bought. Personal dignity did not play a role - it was important to have money. Most officials did not receive payment from the state, but lived at the expense of the population (gifts, offerings, bribes).
Slide #15
2. Monarchy and nobility
In the emerging centralized states, this principle does not suit the monarchs. They strive for the complete subjugation of all classes of society.
To this end, the feudal lords are gradually deprived of their privileges and influence. Kings take on the service of the nobles (a new estate, the position of which depends entirely on its service to the king)
The old aristocracy - the feudal lords (dukes, earls, barons, marquises, baronets) strongly oppose these attempts.
Slide #16
3. Absolutism
Monarchs are striving for the maximum possible centralization of control, the concentration of all the levers of power in their own hands - ABSOLUTE MONARCHY.
Slide #17
3. Absolutism
To substantiate the claims of the king, the theory of ROYAL SOVEREIGNTY is put forward; the king does not share his authority and power with anyone.
The king unites in his hands all branches of power EXECUTIVE LEGISLATIVE ADMINISTRATIVE foreign policy
sun king
Slide #18
3. "Bureaucratic" monarchy
Open p.79 and read the section "Bureaucratic" Monarchy"
1. What is bureaucracy? What functions does it perform?
2. Why did the kings have to endure the stubbornness and red tape of government officials?
3. What was the result of the strengthening of the bureaucracy in France?
Slide #19
4. Aristocratic opposition
Henry of Navarre
France became a model of absolutism. Henry IV restored religious peace by acting as supreme judge.
In 1610 he was killed by a religious fanatic. Power passed into the hands of Marie de Medici. Catholic aristocrats demanded the restoration of all their privileges. The "Trouble" began, which lasted 10 years.
Sections: History and social studies
Class: 7
Target: students should get a general idea of the state of modern society, a specific idea of the role of the church and absolutism in the development of nation-states; identify the role of representative bodies under absolutism; develop the ability to analyze and make generalizations, conclusions; draw up schemes (the main features of absolutism), develop the ability to make messages, form the desire for self-education, for self-development.
Basic concepts Keywords: absolutism, monarch, etiquette, mercantilism.
Historical figures People: King James I Stuart, Louis XIV, Henry VIII.
Lesson equipment: map "Western Europe in 1648"
During the classes
1.Check homework(answer the question: What was important for you to learn when studying the topic “The Age of Discovery”, messages about X Columbus, F. Magellan)
2. Study of new material.
Plan for studying new material:
- "Born to be a subject must obey"
- "One king - one country."
- "Will not be more wars all against all."
- “How could my ancestors allow such an institution…”
- Unified system of state administration. Judicial and local authorities under the control of the king.
- The monarch is the anointed of God.
- The army and the tax system in the service of the king.
- Common economic policy.
- Creation of nation-states and a national church.
1. "Born subjects must obey"
When the teacher tells this question, the students draw up a diagram that reflects the main features of absolutism. This allows students to self-test.
2. "One king - one country."
Read the textbook on your own. 23. Answer the question how students understand "One king - one country."
3. "There will be no more wars of all against all."
Within the boundaries of its state, absolutism was able to restrain the bloody wars of "all against all", which brought misfortune to all the inhabitants of the country. The kings disbanded the feudal troops, leveled the castles of the rebellious feudal lords to the ground. The lands of the rebels were confiscated and transferred to the royal treasury.
4. “How could my ancestors allow such an institution…”
Considering the issue of strengthening the territorial integrity of states during the period of absolutism, it is necessary to use the map "Europe in 1648".
By this issue it is necessary to reveal the relations between kings and parliaments in England and France. (In England, in order to make parliament obedient, Elizabeth tried to influence its composition (the composition of the House of Commons). At the end of the question, give students the task of answering the question: What place did Elizabeth Tudor assign to parliament in the system of government?
5. Unified system of public administration. Judicial and local authority under the control of the king.
In England, the Privy Council became the central administrative and executive body, whose members were appointed by the monarch. The Privy Council determined the direction of the domestic and foreign policy of the state, dealt with finance and defense of the country.
In France and England, the head of state was the king, who had full power. Under him there was a council, which was considered the government, but the monarch himself appointed the members of the council and himself decided all issues. The organization of the judiciary was also used to reinforce absolutism.
6. Monarch-anointed of God.
To the content of the textbook on p. 27-28, it must be added that in England, Elizabeth Tudor sought to achieve popular love and worship, considering this as one of the means of achieving personal security and strengthening state power. To this end, the queen endlessly showed herself to the people. Images of the Queen were in great demand.
According to Louis XIV you can use Additional information US. 30-32 of the textbook "Etiquette at the Court of Louis XIV".
7. Army and tax system in the service of the king.
8 Common economic policy.
These questions can be combined and given to students for independent study. After reading the text, answer the question: “How were the army, tax and economic policy organized under the conditions of absolutism”? Students should familiarize themselves with the term mercantilism and write down its definition in a notebook.
9. Creation of nation-states and a national church.
Within the framework of absolutist states with clear national boundaries, one dominant religion, one language and common culture, traditional occupations of the population, centralized nation-states are formed. The population of such states develops a national identity (England, France). Within the boundaries of its state, absolutism was able to contain the destructive wars of "all against all", which caused suffering to all sections of the population.
Knowledge check:
1. Absolutism contributed to the formation of strong states and restrained "wars of all against all." At the same time, in the XVI - XVII centuries. revolutions take place, one task of which is the destruction of the system of absolutism. Why do you think there was a struggle against absolutism in society?
Literature:
Lesson 3 Absolutism in Europe
Objectives: to characterize the features of absolutism as a form of government; consider the various forms of European absolutism.
Planned results: compare the development of England and France, their political system, management methods; evaluate the activities of historical figures of the studied era, give detailed characteristics of historical personalities; learn to justify their judgments; give definitions of concepts.; explain the learned provisions with specific examples.
Relationships, values, internal attitudes: to assess the activities of historical figures of the era under study, the moral values that guided them; express your attitude towards the figures of the period under consideration.
Equipment: map "Europe in the 16th - 17th centuries", multimedia equipment, a package with test tasks.
Type of lesson: lesson of discovery of new knowledge.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment
II. Updating of basic knowledge
Student reports on the travels of Christopher Columbus and Ferdinand Magellan. Let's check how well you have mastered the studied material.
What was the significance of the Great geographical discoveries? When answering, use the plan in the notebook (student response, completion of test tasks)
III. Motivational-target stage
In the 19th century German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck said: "Absolutism requires from the ruler, first of all, impartiality, honesty, fidelity to one's duty, efficiency and modesty." Did the kings of Europe really fit this description? We will find out during our lesson.
Topic: “Strengthening of royal power in the 16th – 17th centuries. Absolutism in Europe.
Lesson plan:
One king, one country.
The monarch is the anointed of God.
IV. Work on the topic of the lesson
"Born to be a subject must obey."
Working from § 3 of the textbook (pp. 29, 30), write down the definition of absolutism and determine why the subjects were ready to completely submit to the king.
Writing in a notebook
Absolutism is a form of government in which the supreme power is unlimitedly vested in one person - the monarch.
Absolutism assumed the cessation of internecine wars, the abolition of feudal seigneuries, which fettered the development of industry and trade, and the formation of a single national state. All this met with the support of the peasantry, townspeople and nobility.
One king, one country.
Working from § 3 of the textbook (pp. 29-37), complete the comparison page.
Signs of absolutism
Relations with representative bodies
The kings convened parliament, but sought to do so as infrequently as possible. They had the right to veto - they could ban any decision of the Parliament.
The kings did not assemble the Estates General from 1614 to 1789, but were forced to reckon with the parliaments of the large cities.
Nationwide administrative apparatus
Creation of the Privy Council (from 1 to 1.5 thousand officials).
Intedants, representatives of the king and a powerful apparatus of officials (from 8 to 46 thousand people).
Standing army
Small army, but strong navy.
The largest and strongest land army in Europe.
State Army
Unified legislative system
Taxes were set by Parliament, which did not give the king the opportunity to constantly increase them.
Laws were discussed in parliament and passed by the king.
Constant growth of direct and indirect taxes.
The king believed that his signature was enough for his decrees to become law.
Monarch - Vicar of Christ on Earth
Anglican Church, the spread of Protestantism.
Catholicism. The king was able to subjugate the church in the first place to himself.
State economic policy
Mercantilism
Mercantilism.
Conclusion. Despite the peculiarities of development in both England and France, the kings sought to strengthen their personal power, believing that the right to command was given to them by God. They successfully tried to limit the influence of Parliament and the Estates General in the state.
The monarch is the anointed of God.
The supreme power of the king was manifested in the right to determine the religion of the state, to administer a fair trial, to declare war and make peace, to appoint officials and bestow nobility on commoners, to legislate, to mint coins, to collect taxes, and also in the right to pardon.
Working from § 3 of the textbook (p. 34-36) and additional material"Etiquette at the court of Louis XIV" p. 38; 39, determine if the King of France matched Bismarck's characterization of absolutism. Support your answer with examples from the text.
Louis XIV was not modest, "even the statues in the park should have reminded him of his splendor - Jupiter was sculpted with the face of Louis XIV himself." He was neither honest nor impartial - showering handouts on the courtiers, he sought to control their lives and prevent conspiracies.
Creation of nation states.
Working with the text on p. 37.38 textbook, map "Europe in the XVI - XVII centuries." highlight the features of the formed nation-states. Write down the answer in a notebook.
Notebook entries
England and France became centralized monarchical states;
Germany and Italy retained feudal fragmentation, in public entities which local rulers actually turned into absolute monarchs;
Venice, Switzerland and the Netherlands became republics, which was a rarity in those days.
V. Consolidation of the studied material
Let's check how well you learned the new material.
Define the terms "absolutism" and "mercantilism". (Absolutism is a form of government that assumed the supreme unlimited power monarch. Mercantilism is an economic concept based on the idea that economic well-being depends on the concentration of financial resources (precious metals)).
What are the reasons for the formation of absolutism in European countries. (The end of internecine wars, the abolition of feudal seigneuries, which fettered the development of industry and trade, and the formation of a single national state).
Why did the kings see the threat to their power in the estate-representative bodies? (The estate-representative bodies approved the amount of taxes in the country, thereby determining the size of the royal army, which was the backbone of the absolute power of the monarch).
How was the absolute power of monarchs ideologically justified? (The king is the anointed of God, his power is illuminated above).
Working with additional material, answer the questions.
VI. Summing up the lesson
The monarchs of Europe, seeking and receiving absolute power in the country, at the same time could not establish despotic power (they could not imprison subjects, deprive them of their property, etc.)
Additional material
About why people, especially sovereigns, are praised or blamed
Now it remains to consider how the sovereign should behave towards his subjects and allies. Knowing that many have written about this, I am afraid that I may be considered arrogant because, having chosen the same subject, I am more at odds with others in interpreting it. But, having the intention to write something useful for people who understand, I preferred to follow the truth not imaginary, but real - in contrast to those many who depicted republics and states that no one really knew or saw. For the distance between how people live and how they should live is so great that he who rejects the real for the sake of what is due, acts more to his own detriment than to his good, since, wanting to confess goodness in all cases of life, he will inevitably perish. , encountering a lot of people who are alien to good. From which it follows that the sovereign, if he wants to retain power, must acquire the ability to retreat from good and use this ability as needed.
If we talk not about the fictional, but about the true properties of sovereigns, then it must be said that in all people, and especially in sovereigns who stand above other people, they notice certain qualities that deserve praise or blame. Namely: they say that one is generous, the other is stingy - if we take the Tuscan word, for the greedy in our dialect is still the one who wants to take away someone else's, and we call the stingy one who clings too much to his own - one is wasteful, the other is greedy; one is cruel, the other is compassionate; one is honest, the other is treacherous; one is tender and cowardly, the other is firm in spirit and bold; this one is condescending, that one is arrogant; this one is dissolute, that one is chaste; this one is crafty, that one is straightforward; it is stubborn, that one is flexible; this one is frivolous, that one is sedate; this one is pious, that one is wicked, and so on. What could be more commendable for a sovereign than to combine all the best of the listed qualities? But since, by virtue of his nature, a person can neither have virtues alone nor follow them unswervingly, then a prudent sovereign should avoid those vices that can deprive him of the state, while the rest should be abstained to the best of his ability, but no more. And even if sovereigns are not afraid to incur accusations of those vices, without which it is difficult to stay in power, for, on reflection, we will find a lot of things that at first glance seem to be a virtue, but in reality are detrimental to the sovereign, and vice versa: it looks like a vice. , but in fact delivers the sovereign's well-being and security.
Machiavelli N. "The Emperor"
