Physicist Mikhail Lukin: "It is very important for a scientist to change direction from time to time." The Future Has Come: When You Can't Do Without Quantum Computers Lukin quantum computer

04.05.2021

MOSCOW, 14 Jul- RIA News. Russian and American scientists working at Harvard have created and tested the world's first quantum computer, consisting of 51 qubits. The device is so far the most complex computing system of its kind, said Professor of Harvard University, co-founder of the Russian Quantum Center (RKC) Mikhail Lukin.

The physicist announced this while making a presentation at the International Conference on Quantum Technologies ICQT-2017, which is held under the auspices of the RCC in Moscow. This achievement allowed Lukin's group to become a leader in the race to create a full-fledged quantum computer, which has been unofficially held for several years between several groups of leading physicists in the world.

Quantum computers are special computing devices whose power grows exponentially due to the use of the laws of quantum mechanics in their work. All such devices consist of qubits - memory cells and at the same time primitive computing modules capable of storing a range of values between zero and one.

Today, there are two main approaches to the development of such devices - classical and adiabatic. Supporters of the first of them are trying to create a universal quantum computer, the qubits in which would obey the rules by which conventional digital devices operate. Working with such a computing device ideally will not be much different from how engineers and programmers manage conventional computers. An adiabatic computer is easier to create, but it is closer in its principles to the analog computers of the early 20th century, and not to the digital devices of our time.

Last year, several teams of scientists and engineers from the United States, Australia and several European countries announced that they were close to creating such a machine. The leader in this informal race was the team of John Martinis from Google, which is developing an unusual "hybrid" version of a universal quantum computer that combines elements of the analog and digital approaches to such calculations.

Lukin and his colleagues at the RCC and Harvard bypassed the Martinis group, which, as Martinis told RIA Novosti, is now working on creating a 22-qubit computer using not superconductors, like scientists from Google, but exotic "cold atoms".

As Russian and American scientists have discovered, a set of atoms held inside special laser "cages" and cooled to ultra-low temperatures can be used as quantum computer qubits that remain stable under a fairly wide range of conditions. This allowed physicists to create the largest quantum computer of 51 qubits so far.

Using a set of similar qubits, Lukin's team has already solved several physics problems that are extremely difficult to model using "classical" supercomputers. For example, Russian and American scientists were able to calculate how a large cloud of interconnected particles behaves, to detect previously unknown effects that occur inside it. It turned out that when the excitation is damped, certain types of oscillations can remain and remain in the system indefinitely, which scientists were not aware of before.

To verify the results of these calculations, Lukin and his colleagues had to develop a special algorithm that made it possible to carry out similar calculations in a very rough form on conventional computers. The results were broadly consistent, confirming that the Harvard scientists' 51-qubit system works in practice.

In the near future, scientists intend to continue experiments with a quantum computer. Lukin does not rule out that his team will try to run the famous Shor quantum algorithm on it, which allows hacking most existing systems encryption based on the RSA algorithm. According to Lukin, an article with the first results of a quantum computer has already been accepted for publication in one of the peer-reviewed scientific journals.

Phystech graduate Mikhail Lukin set up an experiment that amazed the world

M. Lukin entered the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology in 1988 at the FFKE, he underwent basic training at the Department of Solid State Electronics under the guidance of Academician Yu. V. Gulyaev. He was engaged in scientific work under the guidance of V. I. Manko, A. F. Popkov, I. A. Ignatiev. After the 4th course, he was sent for 9 months to the University of Alabama (USA). On his return he defended thesis and ahead of schedule, in 1993, graduated from Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology with honors. On the recommendation of Professor V. I. Manko, he was invited to the University of Texas to Professor M. Scully, in 1998 he defended his thesis. For a series of scientific works in 1999 he was awarded the medal of the American Optical Society.

What has our Lukin done? HE STOP THE BEAM OF LIGHT!

(from an exclusive interview with the correspondent of "KP" A. Kabannikov with a Russian scientist)

- ... How did you end up in America?

I was invited to graduate school at the University of Texas. And after defending his thesis on the use of lasers to control the environment, he received a special scholarship from Harvard for research.

- Where did the idea of the light delay experiment come from?

Two years ago, my former head of the University of Texas, Marlon Scully, turned 60 years old. On this occasion, it is customary to issue anniversary collections with the work of students. We have been thinking about the topic for a long time. At that time there was a lot of talk about slow light - the deceleration of its impulses. Literally three days before the submission of the manuscript, I and two young colleagues from Germany - Susanna Yelin and Mike Fleischhauer - finally decided that we would write about how to stop the light and use it as a way to save information.

Approximately a year was spent on theoretical justifications. The experiments began in April and by the fall had the first results, which fully confirmed the theory.

The most fantastic descriptions of your work are heard in the press. It is argued, for example, that the experiment refutes the theory of relativity. They even say that you can stop time in about the same way ...

This is the speculation of sensation lovers. What actually happened? Imagine an ordinary beam directed at some object. A pulse of light interacts with atoms, they are excited, radiate energy. Then it is lost - in the form of heat, glow. We have prepared a special environment of supercooled rubidium vapor. And then, with the help of a control laser, they made it electromagnetically conductive. A pulse of light was directed at her. When it reached Wednesday, we turned off the control laser. The momentum slowed down to zero, there were no photons. But the information was preserved inside the excited medium. And if you turn on the control laser again, the same pulse will continue its movement at the same speed. That, in fact, is all.

The New York Times covered your experiment on the front page, followed by the press all over the world reporting it as a scientific sensation with a great future...

Do not convict me of false modesty, but in fact the significance of the work is inflated. Made a small step in a small area. Although the implementation of the idea in its full form is fraught with interesting potential and can bring great results.

Is it true, as scientific commentators believe, that your experience marks a step towards a revolution in computer technology?

This is more of a matter for engineers, and we are engaged in pure science. But experience points to fundamentally new possibilities for storing and processing information. Although the path to them from laboratory experience is long, it will take years and even decades.

One way or another, this experiment brought you fame in scientific world; at the age of 29 you are a professor without five minutes University of Cambridge. Is there merit in this? Russian school?

Without any doubt! MIPT has been and remains a first-class university. A number of methods used by us are based on the ideas and developments of Professor Vladlen Letokhov from the Institute of Spectroscopy Russian Academy Sciences. When two years ago two Americans and a Frenchman received Nobel Prizes for laser cooling, many believed that Letokhov should have been among the laureates. Almost all the knowledge about the approaches to the experiment I got by collaborating with a group of remarkable scientists of the Lebedev Physical Institute.

And is it not a paradox at the same time that the experiment that surprised the world according to Russian methods was staged by Russian scientists ... in America?

Impoverished domestic science today rests only on veterans of the old school... I really assess the situation: believe me, if MIPT had the funds for research, they would have coped with the same task in just two years.

Washington.

Physical Review Letters

January 29, 2001 - Volume 86, Issue 5, pp. 783-786

Full Text: PDF (163 kB)

Storage of Light in Atomic Vapor

D. F. Phillips, A. Fleischhauer, A. Mair, and R. L. Walsworth Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138

M. D. Lukin ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138

We report an experiment in which a light pulse is effectively decelerated and trapped in a vapor of Rb atoms, stored for a controlled period of time, and then released on demand. We accomplish this "storage of light" by dynamically reducing the group velocity of the light pulse to zero, so that the coherent excitation of the light is reversibly mapped into a Zeeman (spin) coherence of the Rb vapor. ©2001 The American Physical Society

URL: http://publish.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v86/p783

DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.783

PACS: 42.50.Gy, 03.67.-a Additional Information

References

1. M. D. Lukin, S. F. Yelin, and M. Fleischhauer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 4232 (2000); L. M. Duan, J. I. Cirac, and P. Zoller (unpublished).

2. M. Fleischhauer and M. D. Lukin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 5094 (2000).

3. L. V. Hau, S. E. Harris, Z. Dutton, and C. H. Behroozi, Nature (London) 397, 594 (1999); M. Kash et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 5229 (1999); D. Budker et al., ibid. 83, 1767 (1999).

4. See, e.g., S. E. Harris, Phys. Today 50, no. 7, 36 (1997).

5. Dissipative techniques for the partial transfer of quantum statistics from light to atoms are reported in A. Kuzmich, K. Mölmer, and E. S. Polzik, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 4782 (1997); J. Hald, J. L. Schrensen, C. Schori, and E. S. Polzik, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 1319 (1999).

6. J. I. Cirac, P. Zoller, H. J. Kimble, and H. Mabuchi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 3221 (1997).

7. M. Hennrich, T. Legero, A. Kuhn, and G. Rempe, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 4872 (2000).

8. M. D. Lukin et al., quant-ph/0011028.

9. L. Duan, J. I. Cirac, P. Zoller, and E. Polzik, quant-ph/0003111.

10. A. Kuzmich, L. Mandel, and N. Bigelow, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 1594 (2000).

11. O. Kocharovskaya, Yu. Rostovtsev, and M. O. Scully, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 628 (2001).

12. H. Schmidt and A. Imamolu, Opt. Lett. 21, 1936 (1996); ; S. E. Harris and Y. Yamamoto, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 3611 (1998); S. E. Harris and L. V. Hau, ibid. 82, 4611 (1999); M. D. Lukin and A. Imamolu, ibid. 84, 1419 (2000).

13. For observation of Zeeman-coherence-based EIT in a dense medium, see V. A. Sautenkov et al., Phys. Rev. A 62, 023810 (2000).

14. In our present experiment up to ~50% of the input light excitation has been trapped. We anticipate that the stored fraction can be increased by either using a larger density-length product or with an optical cavity .

15 S. E. Harris, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 552 (1993); M. D. Lukin et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 2959 (1997).

16.C. Liu, Z. Dutton, C. H. Behroozi, and L. V. Hau, Nature (London) (to be published).

Russian and American scientists working at Harvard have created and tested the world's first 51-qubit quantum computer, the most complex computing system of its kind.

This was stated by Professor of Harvard University, co-founder of the Russian Quantum Center (RQC) Mikhail Lukin, RIA Novosti reported.

The physicist spoke about this at the International Conference on Quantum Technologies ICQT-2017 in Moscow.

This achievement allowed Lukin's group to become a leader in the "race" to create a full-fledged quantum computer, which has been unofficially going on for several years between several groups of the world's leading physicists.

Quantum computers are special computing devices whose power grows exponentially due to the use of the laws of quantum mechanics in their work.

All such devices consist of qubits - memory cells and at the same time primitive computing modules capable of storing a range of values between zero and one.

Today, there are two main approaches to the development of such devices - classical and adiabatic.

Supporters of the first of them are trying to create a universal quantum computer, the qubits in which would obey the rules by which conventional digital devices operate.

Working with such a computing device ideally will not be much different from how engineers and programmers manage conventional computers.

An adiabatic computer is easier to build, but closer in principle to the analog computers of the early 20th century than to the digital devices of today.

Last year, several teams of scientists and engineers from the United States, Australia and several European countries announced that they were close to creating such a machine.

The leader in this informal race was the team of John Martinis from Google, which is developing an unusual "hybrid" version of a universal quantum computer that combines elements of the analog and digital approaches to such calculations.

Lukin and his colleagues at the RCC and Harvard have bypassed the Martinis group, which is now working on a 22-qubit computer, using not superconductors, like scientists from Google, but exotic "cold atoms".

Using a set of similar qubits, Lukin's team has already solved several physics problems that are extremely difficult to model using "classical" supercomputers.

For example, Russian and American scientists were able to calculate how a large cloud of interconnected particles behaves, to detect previously unknown effects that occur inside it. It turned out that when the excitation is damped, certain types of oscillations can remain and remain in the system indefinitely, which scientists were not aware of before.

According to Lukin, an article with the first results of a quantum computer has already been accepted for publication in one of the peer-reviewed scientific journals.

The costs of the Russkoye Pole project are partially covered by funds provided by the Russkiy Mir Foundation

Recently, the Harvard group of physicist Mikhail Lukin managed to create - in fact, a semblance of a substance that does not consist of atoms, but of light quanta. This fundamental discovery - earlier the possibility of photon matter was discussed only theoretically - has a direct practical use: on the basis of interacting photons, it is possible to create computational logic for quantum computers. So far, this is a matter of the distant future, but Lukin's group is already working on the creation of communication devices for absolutely secure communication systems.

Mikhail Lukin is a professor at Harvard University and part-time head of the International Advisory Board of the Russian Quantum Center. He is one of the most cited physicists of Russian origin. His group is engaged not only in fundamental research in photonics, but also in its technological applications. And not only in the field of quantum communications or quantum computing, but also in application to medicine: this summer, Lukin's group created diamond, with which you can selectively and controllably kill cancer cells. Lenta.ru talked to the scientist about how a new discovery can bring the emergence of full-fledged quantum computers closer, whether it is easy for fundamental physics to turn into medical startups, and about what he is doing for Skolkovo while working in Boston.

Lenta.ru: Your last article talks about the creation of photonic matter. What it is?

Let me try to explain simple example. Imagine two laser beams that you cross over each other. The photons of these beams do not interact in any way, they pass through each other without affecting each other in any way, like two waves on the surface of a lake. This is due to the fact that individual light quanta, photons, are fundamentally non-interacting particles. However, if you cross the same laser beams not in a vacuum, but in some medium, for example, in glass, the situation will change. Light from different beams will interact: the beams will slightly deflect each other, or the speed in one beam will change depending on the intensity of the other.

Why is this happening? The fact is that light itself changes the medium in which it propagates. Usually very weakly, but changes. The changed medium conducts electromagnetic radiation in a different way - and it is through the medium that photons interact.

All this has been known for quite some time. The field of physics that deals with such interactions has been around for almost half a century and is called nonlinear optics. By the way, Soviet scientists made a great contribution to it. However, so far no one has been able to make not laser beams interact, but individual light quanta.

In principle, theoretically, many have thought about this before. About 20-30 years ago there were theoretical predictions about what kind of light propagation medium needs to be made in order to make the photons inside it interact. The possibility of the existence of such exotic objects, photon pairs, - in essence, photon molecules, was predicted. In this article in Nature, which you are talking about, we described how we finally managed to get such pairs. They, in fact, are called photon matter - due to the fact that they strongly resemble molecules, but do not consist of atoms, but of photons.

It should be added here that the study of interacting photons is interesting not only in itself. It has a direct practical application in information technology, in communications. The point is this. On the one hand, the fact that usually photons do not interact is their great advantage as a carrier of information. But on the other hand, if we want to somehow process the information that is transmitted with the help of light, then it is necessary to make some kind of switches, some kind of logical elements. And for this it is necessary that the photons somehow interact with each other. Now light is mainly used only to transmit information, and in order to manipulate it, it must be translated into some kind of electrical signal. It's inconvenient, slow and inefficient. So if we can get photons to interact with each other, we can create completely photonic devices that process information.

How is the environment arranged in which photon matter exists?

In our setup, it consists of cooled rubidium atoms, which form a fairly dense atomic gas. Light travels very slowly in this medium. That is, in comparison with vacuum, the speed of light falls in any medium, this is understandable, but in this case, photons almost stop - their speed is about one hundred meters per second. We published the method of such “stopping the light” back in 2001 (Lenta.ru about this work).

Images: Ofer Firstenberg et al., Nature, 2013

Propagating in such a medium, photons, as it were, pull a train of atomic excitations along with them. Due to this, in fact, the light slows down. But the most interesting thing is that the atoms in this medium begin to interact with each other so strongly that these interactions are transferred to photons, and they, photons, seem to begin to attract each other. As a result, photons, firstly, acquire an effective mass and, secondly, due to mutual attraction, form a bound state that resembles a molecule. The laws that describe the behavior of photons in such a medium are very similar to the laws that describe the behavior of particles with mass, massive atoms.

The photonic molecule that we have managed to obtain is only the beginning, because, in principle, more complex objects can be created from them. First of all, we are now interested in analogues of crystal structures, photonic crystals.

Do you mean photon matter containing not two photons, but more?

Not only more, but at regular intervals. To achieve this state, photons must repel rather than attract. In principle, we know how to achieve this, and I think that small crystals can certainly be made in the near future.

The photon pairs you have received are, as far as I understand, fairly stable. That is, they, like any photons, cannot be stopped, they must move in the medium, but they exist in pairs for a relatively long time, do not collapse, do not turn into, say, one photon of increased energy. In this case, as you said, in the medium between them there is only an attraction force, without repulsion. Why is this happening?

The point is that this is a quantum system. Think of Bohr's atomic model, which is celebrating its centenary this year. Indeed, in an ordinary atom there is also a positively charged nucleus, there is an electron, and there are no repulsive forces between them, only attraction. However, the electron does not fall on the nucleus, as we know.

This happens due to the quantization of energy, which allows the electron to move around the nucleus, as it were, without collapsing. Exactly the same story happens with our photons. In principle, there is only an attractive force between them, but due to the fact that this is a quantum system, it does not collapse, it is in a stable state. The situation is very similar to that which occurs in molecules with two atoms. That is, the name "photon matter" for these pairs of particles is quite justified - the analogy here is quite deep.

In the same issue Nature, where your article appeared, the work of Fukuhara was published, where a similar pairing effect was demonstrated not on photons, but on magnons - virtual magnetic particles.

Yes, the Emmanuel Bloch group from the Max Planck Institute did it. This is indeed a very unusual coincidence, because the systems we work on are completely different, but the effects we observe are remarkably similar.

Bloch's group worked with atoms fixed in an optical trap. This is a fairly well-known system that, using several lasers, allows you to create an optical lattice in which atoms sit in potential wells, relatively speaking, like eggs in a box. In the initial state, all these atoms have one spin, that is, their magnetic polarization is directed in one direction. By exposing this medium to light, Bloch and his colleagues succeeded in causing a pair of atoms to reverse their spin, and then this inversion began to propagate along the lattice in a wave.

In this case, a pair of bound particles also appeared, only in their case, magnons, and not photons. The fact that magnons can exist in a bound state was known, in principle, before. But for the first time, Bloch's group was able to trace the propagation of these bound particles in a medium. The wave function of such a bound state of particles is very similar to what we saw for photons. It turns out that this is such a fairly universal effect.

Emmanuel and I recently met at a conference. At breakfast, when I showed him my data, a rather funny situation arose: our data turned out to be so similar in completely different physical processes that all that remained was to say “wow”.

Yes, but pairs of magnons, unlike photonic matter, are much less convenient for use in communications. Tell us, please, what can be done with photon matter in practical terms?

The applied goal of our work is the creation of photonic logic. In systems where individual photons can interact with each other, we can create, say, one-photon switches or one-photon transistors. One of the specific tasks is to approach the creation of a quantum repeater - a device that allows you to transmit quantum information without destroying its quantum nature.

What is a quantum repeater? Of course, you know about, in which information is transmitted using single photons that are in a superposition of two states. Theoretically, key transmission using single photons is an absolutely reliable encryption technology, because any attempt by an attacker to interfere with the system and intercept the message will be noticeable. This, in fact, quantum cryptography is interesting. However, there are losses in any channels, so the current quantum communication is limited to the distance at which most of the photons are not lost - these are tens, at most hundreds of kilometers.

In principle, the problem of losses also exists in classical communications, but there it is solved with the help of conventional repeaters that receive the signal, “clean” it a little, repeat it in amplified form and send it further along the optical network. Quantum communication requires analogues of such devices. But the problem is that if you send information encoded in a single photon, you cannot "amplify" it ( a typical example is the detection of a photon with an unknown polarization - if the measurement basis does not coincide with the basis of the photon polarization, the information will simply be lost - approx. "Tapes.ru").

A quantum repeater must be able to do two basic things. First, it must be able to store the quantum information that is transmitted with photons. To achieve this, we, in fact, worked on what is called "stopping the light." This, in fact, was the practical motivation of our work - we tried to stop the impulse by writing its information into atomic excitation.

Secondly, to make this repeater, you need to learn how to make logical switches for photons, photon logic. And those experiments that have now been published, they are directly related to the creation of such logic for quantum repeaters.

Are photon pairs the qubits in this computer?

No, individual photons are qubits. And the logic will be built on the basis of their connection and separation into photonic molecules. Since we can pair photons, we imagine how to create a switch where, say, the presence of one photon can stop another from propagating. It is already possible to build computational logic on this.

Of course, there is a lot of work to be done here. To create a switch, we must improve the interaction between photons many times over. But we have already shown the basic principle, and it works. Now you can think in a more practical way. In fact, in an independent experiment, we have already greatly improved even the quality of interaction (performance) that was obtained in published experiments.

We hope that the use of photonic matter will not be limited to quantum repeaters. In the future, based on them, it will be possible to create full-fledged quantum computers that perform calculations. This is still a very distant horizon, because for this it is necessary to create hundreds, maybe even thousands of qubits. And the quantum repeater is our current, quite tangible, practical goal.

You are not only dealing with photonic matter. In August, we're talking about how your group came up with unexpected uses for nitrogen-vacated diamonds. Usually they are used as qubits, but you made thermometers out of them not even of cells, but of their individual parts. Where did such an idea come from?

Now, as qubit carriers, they use the most different systems. These can be, for example, cooled superconducting cavities, individual ions, or cooled atoms in an optical trap. Or, in the case of this work, electrons in the so-called NV centers. Physically, the NV center is just a hole in crystal lattice diamond, which exists next to an impurity - a nitrogen atom. These impurities also exist in ordinary diamonds, but we can also create them artificially by irradiation, for example, with nitrogen atoms. Moreover, these centers can be made in very small particles, diamond nanocrystals.

The electrons of the NV center, if it is located close to the surface, are very sensitive to the external environment, to its temperature and magnetic field. Roughly speaking, the rate of their quantum evolution depends on these parameters. On the one hand, this is a problem for quantum computers - the state of the system becomes fragile, it becomes difficult to save it in such a qubit. But, on the other hand, such NV centers can be used as extremely sensitive sensors.

Their uniqueness is that they can be very small, that is, we can measure fields and temperature in very small volumes. Naturally, we tried to use such nanocrystals for applications where microscopic size is an advantage. For example, for spectroscopy of complex biomolecules at room temperature or for measuring the temperature of individual parts of a cell. In that article, we studied the possibilities of using diamond NV centers precisely as microscopic thermometers.

Such nanocrystals are not only a completely new tool for biologists. It is also, potentially, a method of controlled destruction of cancer cells. And in this sense, an example of how completely fundamental research, such "blue sky research" can lead to the development of real applications. There are already a couple of startups that are trying to commercialize this technique.

Are these your startups?

One of them created my former postdoc, the second - mine former student. I am involved in them only as an external adviser. I mean, I know a little about what's going on there. It is very interesting to see how research turns into real applications.

You head the scientific advisory board of the Russian Quantum Center in Skolkovo, but you do not work in Russia yourself. Although many of your colleagues have already moved here. How did it happen?

When, in fact, Skolkovo was being created, they tried to offer me to create a large laboratory in Moscow. But I am generally not a supporter of building large empires, it seems to me that when there are huge groups in which hundreds of people work, then the leader can no longer really engage in science, he must first of all be a manager. And in my memory, it never ended with something good.

My position was that if there is an active center in Moscow where good scientists work, with their own ideas, their own groups, then I will be happy to interact and cooperate with them. I did not want to create my own laboratory in Moscow. But I said that I could help create the RCC, and, in particular, I promised to help find good people that could create laboratories. Well and to advise how that it is possible to organize.

What was created in less than two years, what I saw this summer, is already impressive. There are several theoretical and experimental groups who are already starting to do serious experiments. With the group of Alexei Akimov, we published a joint article in the summer in Science.

We talked with him about this publication. He now works in Skolkovo, but this installation, on which, in fact, the article was made, was assembled in America.

This is true. However, there are already scientific life, are already appearing quite interesting work. I mean the groups of Akimov, Kalachevsky, Lvovsky, Zheltikov and Ustinov (Lenta.ru wrote about the creation of the latter in the laboratory).

I've spent quite a bit of time and effort helping make this all work properly. Now the main question that worries me is the question of what the future holds for the quantum center and similar projects in general. This question is important because...

Because people want to plan their lives...

Not only. The fact is that one Quantum Center will not solve all the problems. There must be at least some group of such institutes or centers. They must have at least some long-term perspective - this is the only way to create a real scientific environment.

To me personally, the most surprising thing about this story is how many of the world's leading scientists agreed to help create this center. And they helped, and helped completely free of charge. For Russian reality, this, as far as I understand, is a unique case. Maybe that's why it turned out to do something good.