Fundamental human values. Human values and their role in life

30.03.2020

Women undergo uterine curettage or own will for the purpose of terminating a pregnancy or as prescribed by a doctor for any pathology for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

Unfortunately, in some cases, it is prescribed to undergo a second cleaning of the uterus. The cause may be bleeding from the genital tract as a result of insufficient contraction of the uterus, the accumulation of blood clots or the remains of a fetal egg in the uterine cavity, the presence of a placental polyp. All this can occur after:

miscarriage (spontaneous abortion);
(failed abortion), when the fetus stops developing and dies;
medical abortion or after, carried out at an early stage up to 6 weeks of pregnancy;
unsuccessful abortion in the early stages up to 12 weeks or in the late periods from 13 to 27 weeks strictly for medical reasons;
artificially induced premature birth, when termination of pregnancy is required in terms of more than 28 weeks and urgent delivery.

In addition, there are gynecological indications:

recurrent postmenopausal bleeding;
rarely, but still there is a repeated curettage after removal of the neoplasm.

If endometrial hyperplasia is detected, a separate diagnostic curettage of the uterus and cervical canal is normally performed, then a second cleaning is prescribed:

after 3 months if atypia is detected for control;
if a relapse occurs against the background of hormonal therapy;

How is the cleaning process going?

The procedure for curettage of the uterus is an operation lasting about 20 minutes under the influence of general intravenous anesthesia. The patient falls asleep and feels nothing. Epidural (spinal) anesthesia can also be used when the woman is conscious and does not feel the lower half of the body, but this type of anesthesia is used much less frequently. In other cases, they may be limited to local anesthesia, but the pain still remains.

Before and after the operation, the external genital organs and the vagina must be treated.
Then, using special tools, the cervix is fixed, the length of the uterus is checked and the cervical canal is expanded.
The contents of the cavity and the surface layer of the uterine mucosa are removed using a curette, hence the name - curettage; or carry out vacuum cleaning with aspiration.

Reminder to the patient after repeated cleaning of the uterus

After repeated curettage, it is important to follow the doctor's recommendations so that there are no complications and recover faster:

continue and complete the prescribed treatment (antibacterial, hormonal, hemostatic, uterine contractions and other groups of drugs);
watch for secretions from the genital tract. Normally, after the procedure, spotting gradually decreases in volume and lasts no more than 10 days;
sexual rest for at least 2 weeks, and preferably up to a month and after a follow-up examination;
do not use tampons or douche;
exclude physical activity;
you can not go to the sauna, take a hot bath.

If you experience the following complaints, you should consult a doctor to exclude or identify pathology, and carry out appropriate treatment:

body temperature above 37 degrees, general weakness, dizziness;
after a few days, pains appeared in the lower abdomen and lower back;
vaginal discharge with an unpleasant odor;
the amount of bloody discharge does not decrease or they suddenly stop;
after 1-1.5 months, the discharge did not begin, and the first menstruation may be scarce.

Consequences of repeated cleaning

Curettage of the uterus is a surgical intervention, so there may be Negative consequences that occur immediately after the procedure or after some time:

inflammation of the lining of the uterus (endometritis);
perforation of the walls of the uterus during the procedure;
stenosis (narrowing) of the cervical canal of the cervix;
the formation of adhesions in the uterine cavity;
menstrual irregularities;
due to damage to the deeper layers of the uterine mucosa, which prevents the implantation of a fertilized egg in the future.

In any case, after discharge, a follow-up examination by a doctor, an ultrasound examination in dynamics and, if necessary, a colposcopy, are necessary.

For better recovery, you can take a course of physiotherapy (electrophoresis, mud therapy, acupuncture). Eat more liquids and healthy food, drink.

Vladlena Razmeritsa, obstetrician-gynecologist, specially for the site

Experts say in unison: regular professional facial cleaning in the salon is shown to all residents of the metropolis. City dust, toxins, make-up residue, mixed with skin secretions, gradually clog pores, leading to an earthy complexion and premature aging. So even if the notorious problems of black dots, micro-inflammations or acne have bypassed you, you need to visit a “cleansing ritual” with a beautician at least once every 2-3 months. But first you need to choose a method for cleaning the face in the cabin.

Mechanical face cleaning

A proven method for years and millions of women to get rid of blackheads. The master first prepares the skin with a special lotion that opens the pores. Many offer a steam bath in the old fashioned way. Next, hands or a special spoon are used to clean the pores, after which they make a soothing or anti-inflammatory mask. The method, no doubt, is effective, but the disadvantages of this technique are also obvious: the process is long and unpleasant (sometimes even painful). In addition, after such a cleansing of the face in the salon, redness and swelling may be noticeable on the skin for up to 2-3 days. Owners of sensitive skin and do look like they were bitten by a swarm of bees. Therefore, mechanical cleaning is best done on the eve of the weekend to give the skin a chance to recover. Doing makeup after cleansing is not recommendedso that the foundation does not clog open pores and reduce all efforts to zero.

Ultrasonic face cleaning

In this case, the cosmetologist acts on problem areas using high-frequency sound waves. Ultrasound is not audible to the human ear, but with a bang knocks out dust, sebaceous plugs, small remnants of cosmetics from the pores, and also removes dead cells from the surface. Associated micromassage improves metabolism. If necessary, a specialist can clean problem areas on the wings of the nose, chin or forehead with his hands. The mask ends the process again. Unlike mechanical facial cleansing in the salon, the ultrasonic method is completely painless and not so traumatic. Usually, after the manipulation, there are no traces, no bumps, no redness. The procedure can be done on the eve of an important event, as well as combined with other cosmetic techniques. Perhaps today it is the simplest, most reliable and affordable way, presented in most salons and clinics. True, in terms of efficiency and depth of impact, it is still inferior to others. It may be enough for owners of normal skin, but with problematic and oily it is better to choose other methods.

Vacuum face cleaning

It uses a unit with a small tube, the principle of which can be compared with a vacuum cleaner. The beautician removes sebaceous plugs even in hard-to-reach places. The advantages of the technique are low trauma and minimal risk of infection. And also - a lifting effect, saturation of cells with oxygen, an increase in skin tone. But due to the pronounced drainage effect of the apparatus, the technique is contraindicated for owners of fragile dry skin, as well as for those whose vessels are located close to the surface. Vacuum cleaning of the face in the salon and with numerous inflammations or acne during an exacerbation is not recommended.

Many consider chemical peeling to be a rather aggressive procedure, but in vain! Modern preparations with enzymes, retinol, salicylic and fruit acids are quite gentle. Of course, much depends on the qualifications of the specialist. It is necessary that the master correctly selects the product and its concentration, depending on the type of skin and problems. If everything is done correctly, you can cope with acne, and smooth out wrinkles, and make the complexion radiant. But if the specialist is too clever with the concentration of the product, the consequences can be disastrous - up to a burn of the epidermis. However, this happens extremely rarely, and only if you turn to an unverified master working at home. Attention: after dry cleaning of the face in the salon, the vulnerability of the skin increases, therefore, before going out, it is imperative to use a sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30.

The procedure on the Jet Peel apparatus is not quite a facial cleansing in the usual sense. However, in addition to the first wrinkles and other signs of premature aging, she copes with acne and post-acne. The principle of operation of the unit is as follows: a gas mixture of oxygen is sprayed onto the skin, carbon dioxide and a vitamin cocktail or saline solution under pressure of 8 atmospheres at almost supersonic speed. A large pressure helps to wash out dead skin cells from the surface of the skin, polishing scars, etc. By the way, Jet Peel can be used on any part of the body to even out the skin texture and increase its elasticity. It is appropriate to carry out such a peeling before a trip to the sea: the tan lies evenly and lasts longer. Other advantages of the technique are painlessness and the ability to immediately return to daily affairs. However, for a pronounced effect, you need to take a course of several sessions.

Getting rid of pigmentation, blackheads, acne and traces of them. Redness can last up to two weeks. At this time, you need to actively use restorative products, do makeup with sparing makeup products, and completely refuse alcohol-containing lotions and tonics. They dry out the skin. Laser manipulations can be done only in the "cloudy season", otherwise pigmentation cannot be avoided.

According to cosmetologists, every woman, regardless of the condition of her cover and skin problems, needs a facial cleansing once every 2-3 months. Every second, a woman's skin has to deal with a huge number of pathogenic agents - dust and pollution of the metropolis, microscopic residues of cosmetics, and finally, natural skin secretions. These factors gradually clog pores, contribute to the appearance of micro-inflammation and acne, lead to a deterioration in the condition of the skin, a faded complexion and premature aging.

Facial cleansing by a beautician will not only get rid of possible problems in the future, but also visually rejuvenate the skin, make it even, smooth and radiant.

Facial cleansing: at home or in the salon?

It's no secret that many women do mechanical facial cleansing on their own. But its effectiveness, safety and "immunity" to possible unpleasant consequences directly depend on the competence of the person practicing the method. Unfortunately, it is very difficult to get rid of the consequences of improper home cleaning: inflammation, scars, scars are only a small part of the problems that you may encounter. That is why it is so important to trust your face only to a professional. A professional approach to facial care has a number of undeniable advantages.

In the arsenal of an experienced cosmetologist, as a rule, there is a good technical base, which makes it possible to work with each client individually, choosing the best option for cleaning the skin of the face. Everything is taken into account: the condition of the skin and the severity of the problem, the characteristics of the woman's body and her personal wishes. Having deep knowledge in the field of cosmetology, and having practical experience, a cosmetologist will never do something that will cause harm. This means that the risk of negative reactions is minimized.

What salon techniques for cleansing the skin of the face are popular today?

mechanical cleaning

A method tested by millions of women, which, despite the emergence of more advanced and absolutely painless technologies, nevertheless, still retains its relevance. It is rightly called a method of deep cleansing of the skin, giving the deepest effect. Mechanical facial cleansing is carried out in the salon as follows: a qualified specialist prepares the skin for the procedure with a lotion that opens the pores, sometimes a steam bath is offered as an alternative. After that, hands or a special spoon cleans the pores. At the end of the procedure, cosmetic therapy - a mask with a calming and anti-inflammatory effect.

Features of the procedure: this is a rather painful method that has contraindications, can lead to damage to the cover, infection and scarring. But if you entrust the person to a qualified specialist, all of these consequences can be avoided. After the procedure, you will have to follow the regime recommendations - treat the skin with anti-inflammatory agents (lotion, tonic), apply a protective cream, refrain from using decorative cosmetics for some time. Do not plan mechanical cleaning the day before important event, because it will take 2-3 days for the skin to recover.

ultrasonic cleaning

Ultrasonic cleaning does an excellent job with sebaceous plugs, knocks out the dust of the metropolis and the remains of decorative cosmetics that are resistant to cleansers. She has one more advantage: unlike the previous method, it is possible not only to painlessly remove impurities, but also to start the processes of skin restoration, natural reparation. The micromassage that accompanies the course of the procedure additionally polishes the skin and improves metabolism. At the end of ultrasonic cleaning - a soothing mask.

Procedure feature: This is one of the most gentle methods of skin cleansing. Painless, non-traumatic. Work on problem areas is carried out using a laser with high-frequency sound waves. After the procedure, there are no traces, swelling, red spotting. You can feel like a queen immediately after its completion. But there are also disadvantages.

In terms of the depth of impact on the skin, this option is inferior to other methods, therefore, it may not be suitable for owners of oily or combination skin types, or it may have to be combined with other technologies.

Chemical cleaning

It is one of the safest skin cleansing methods, but only a highly qualified master should carry out the procedure. Since chemical cleansing of the face is still a rather aggressive procedure, avoiding the protocol for its implementation and exceeding the permissible concentration of the active substance is fraught with bad reactions, up to a burn of the epidermis.

The principle of the procedure is based on the effect of fruit acids and other chemical components. Most often, preparations with retinol, enzymes, glycolic and retinoic acids are used. During the action of the reagent on the skin, the bonds between dead cells are destroyed, they are removed, and the structure of sebum is changed. All this allows you to effectively cleanse the skin of cosmetic imperfections, add freshness and youthful colors to it. Wrinkles are smoothed out, the complexion becomes healthy and radiant.

Features of the procedure: after the procedure, the vulnerability of the skin to ultraviolet radiation increases significantly. Therefore, you need to use a sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30. Deep chemical peeling is strictly forbidden to be done at home, since it is a medical procedure that requires prior training and absolute knowledge of the technique.

vacuum cleaning

Vacuum cleaning of the skin is carried out by means of a special device with several interchangeable nozzles. Depending on the treated area of the skin, a beak-shaped tip (to work with oily areas), a flat nozzle (wrinkle correction) and a round nozzle (improvement of lymph flow) are used. The device creates negative pressure in the cavity of the nozzle - the “vacuum cleaner effect”, due to which the cover is cleaned - acne is removed, sebaceous fat is drawn out, pores are cleaned.

Features of the procedure: The advantages of this method include its low trauma and minimal risk of infection. Due to the effect of the device, the skin is cleansed and saturated with oxygen, its tone and elasticity increase, it visually tightens and becomes younger. But practicing vacuum cleansing of the skin is not worth it for women with dry, sensitive skin and the presence of rosacea, since the device has a drainage effect and skin damage is possible. Also, women with numerous inflammations on the face and acne during the period of exacerbation should refrain from this technique.

Laser cleaning

This is a conditional method of cleansing the skin, as it pursues other, larger goals. It is called heavy artillery in the fight for youth and beauty of the skin. Cleansing the cover is a good bonus to the processes of renewal of connective tissue, getting rid of scars and age spots. Laser peeling is carried out under local anesthesia, after preliminary application of a special moisturizing solution to the skin.

Features of the procedure: you can practice laser skin cleansing only in the “cloudy” season, since the activity of the sun's rays can cause hyperpigmentation on the cleansed skin. Within two weeks after the procedure, redness of the skin may persist, you will have to comply with regime requirements - use special restorative products, minimize makeup application and perform it with gentle means, abandon alcohol-containing compounds. The reward "for persistence" will be a pronounced rejuvenating effect and blooming healthy skin.

Values in human life: definition, features and their classification

08.04.2015

Snezhana Ivanova

The most important role in the life of an individual and society as a whole is played by values and value orientations...

The most important role not only in the life of each individual person, but also in the whole society as a whole is played by values and value orientations, which primarily perform an integrative function. It is on the basis of values (while focusing on their approval in society) that each person makes his own choice in life. Values, occupying a central position in the structure of personality, have a significant impact on the orientation of a person and the content of his social activity, behavior and actions, his social position and on general attitude him to the world, to himself and to other people. Therefore, the loss of the meaning of life by a person is always the result of the destruction and rethinking of the old system of values, and in order to regain this meaning again, he needs to create new system based on common human experience and using socially accepted forms of behavior and activity.

Values are a kind of internal integrator of a person, concentrating around themselves all his needs, interests, ideals, attitudes and beliefs. Thus, the system of values in a person's life takes the form of the inner core of his entire personality, and the same system in society is the core of its culture. Value systems, functioning both at the level of the individual and at the level of society, create a kind of unity. This is due to the fact that the personal value system is always formed based on the values that are dominant in a particular society, and they, in turn, influence the choice of the individual goal of each individual and determine the ways to achieve it.

Values in a person's life are the basis for choosing the goals, methods and conditions of activity, and also help him answer the question, why does he perform this or that activity? In addition, values are the system-forming core of the idea (or program), human activity and his inner spiritual life, because spiritual principles, intentions and humanity no longer relate to activity, but to values and value orientations.

The role of values in human life: theoretical approaches to the problem

Modern human values- most actual problem both theoretical and applied psychology, since they influence the formation and are the integrative basis of the activity of not only a single individual, but also a social group (large or small), a team, an ethnic group, a nation and all of humanity. It is difficult to overestimate the role of values in a person's life, because they illuminate his life, filling it with harmony and simplicity, which determines a person's desire for free will, for the will of creative possibilities.

The problem of human values in life is studied by the science of axiology ( in lane from Greek axia / axio - value, logos / logos - a reasonable word, teaching, study), more precisely, a separate branch of scientific knowledge of philosophy, sociology, psychology and pedagogy. In psychology, values are usually understood as something significant for the person himself, something that gives an answer to his actual, personal meanings. Values are also seen as a concept that denotes objects, phenomena, their properties and abstract ideas that reflect social ideals and therefore are the standard of due.

It should be noted that the special importance and significance of values in a person's life arises only in comparison with the opposite (this is how people strive for good, because evil exists on earth). Values cover the whole life of both a person and the whole of humanity, while they affect absolutely all areas (cognitive, behavioral and emotional-sensory).

The problem of values was of interest to many famous philosophers, sociologists, psychologists and educators, but the beginning of the study this issue was established in ancient times. So, for example, Socrates was one of the first who tried to understand what goodness, virtue and beauty are, and these concepts were separated from things or actions. He believed that the knowledge achieved through the understanding of these concepts is the basis of a person's moral behavior. Here it is also worth referring to the ideas of Protagoras, who believed that each person is already a value as a measure of what exists and what does not exist.

Analyzing the category of “value”, one cannot ignore Aristotle, because it is to him that the term “thymia” (or valued) originated. He believed that values in human life are both the source of things and phenomena and the cause of their diversity. Aristotle identified the following benefits:

valued (or divine, to which the philosopher attributed the soul and mind);
praised (impudent praise);
opportunities (here the philosopher attributed strength, wealth, beauty, power, etc.).

Philosophers of modern times made a significant contribution to the development of questions about the nature of values. Among the most significant figures of that era, it is worth highlighting I. Kant, who called the will the central category that could help in solving the problems of the human value sphere. And the most detailed explanation of the process of formation of values belongs to G. Hegel, who described the changes in values, their connections and structure in the three stages of the existence of activity (they are described in more detail below in the table).

Features of changing values in the process of activity (according to G. Hegel)

Steps of activity	Features of the formation of values
first	the emergence of a subjective value (its definition occurs even before the start of actions), a decision is made, that is, the value-goal must be concretized and correlated with external changing conditions
second	Value is in the focus of the activity itself, there is an active, but at the same time contradictory interaction between value and possible ways its achievements, here the value becomes a way for the formation of new values
third	values are woven directly into activity, where they manifest themselves as an objectified process

The problem of human values in life has been deeply studied by foreign psychologists, among which it is worth noting the works of V. Frankl. He said that the meaning of a person's life as his basic education. Under the values themselves, he understood the meanings (he called them “universals of meanings”), which are characteristic of a greater number of representatives not only of a particular society, but of humanity as a whole throughout the entire path of its development (historical). Viktor Frankl focused on the subjective significance of values, which is accompanied, first of all, by the person taking responsibility for its implementation.

In the second half of the last century, values were often considered by scientists through the prism of the concepts of "value orientations" and "personal values". The greatest attention was paid to the study of the value orientations of the individual, which was understood both as an ideological, political, moral and ethical basis for a person's assessment of the surrounding reality, and as a way of differentiating objects according to their significance for the individual. The main thing that almost all scientists paid attention to was that value orientations are formed only thanks to the assimilation of social experience by a person, and they find their manifestation in goals, ideals, and other manifestations of personality. In turn, the system of values in human life is the basis of the content side of the orientation of the individual and reflects its internal attitude in the surrounding reality.

Thus, value orientations in psychology were considered as a complex socio-psychological phenomenon that characterized the orientation of the personality and the content side of its activity, which determined the general approach of a person to himself, other people and to the world as a whole, and also gave meaning and direction to his personality. behavior and activities.

Forms of existence of values, their signs and features

Throughout its history of development, humanity has developed universal or universal values that have not changed their meaning or diminished their significance for many generations. These are such values as truth, beauty, goodness, freedom, justice and many others. These and many other values in a person's life are associated with the motivational-need sphere and are an important regulatory factor in his life.

Values in psychological understanding can be represented in two meanings:

in the form of objectively existing ideas, objects, phenomena, actions, properties of products (both material and spiritual);
as their significance for a person (value system).

Among the forms of existence of values, there are: social, subject and personal (they are presented in more detail in the table).

Forms of existence of values according to O.V. Sukhomlinsky

Of particular importance in the study of values and value orientations were the studies of M. Rokeach. He understood by values positive or negative ideas (and abstract ones), which are in no way connected with any particular object or situation, but are only an expression of human beliefs about types of behavior and prevailing goals. According to the researcher, all values have the following features:

the total number of values (significant and motivated) is small;
all values in people are similar (only the steps of their significance are different);
all values are organized into systems;
the sources of values are culture, society and social institutions;
values have an impact on a large number of phenomena that are studied by a variety of sciences.

In addition, M. Rokeach established a direct dependence of a person's value orientations on many factors, such as his income level, gender, age, race, nationality, level of education and upbringing, religious orientation, political beliefs, etc.

Some signs of values were also proposed by S. Schwartz and W. Bilisky, namely:

values are understood as either a concept or a belief;
they refer to the desired end states of the individual or to his behavior;
they have a supra-situational character;
are guided by the choice, as well as the assessment of human behavior and actions;
they are ordered by importance.

Classification of values

Today in psychology there is a huge number of very different classifications of values and value orientations. Such diversity appeared due to the fact that values are classified according to various criteria. So they can be combined into certain groups and classes, depending on what types of needs these values satisfy, what role they play in a person's life and in what area they are applied. The table below shows the most generalized classification of values.

Classification of values

Criteria	Values can be
assimilation object	material and moral
subject and object content	socio-political, economic and moral
subject of assimilation	social, class and values of social groups
purpose of assimilation	selfish and altruistic
generalization level	concrete and abstract
mode of manifestation	persistent and situational
the role of human activity	terminal and instrumental
content of human activity	cognitive and object-transforming (creative, aesthetic, scientific, religious, etc.)
belonging	individual (or personal), group, collective, public, national, universal
group-society relationship	positive and negative

From the point of view of the psychological characteristics of human values, the classification proposed by K. Khabibulin is interesting. Their values were divided as follows:

depending on the subject of activity, values can be individual or act as values of a group, class, society;
according to the object of activity, the scientist singled out material values in human life (or vital) and sociogenic (or spiritual);
depending on the type of human activity, values can be cognitive, labor, educational and socio-political;
the last group consists of values according to the way of performing activities.

There is also a classification based on the allocation of vital (human ideas about good, evil, happiness and sorrow) and universal values. This classification was proposed at the end of the last century by T.V. Butkovskaya. Universal values, according to the scientist, are:

vital (life, family, health);
social recognition (values such as social status and ability to work);
interpersonal recognition (exhibition and honesty);
democratic (freedom of expression or freedom of speech);
particular (belonging to a family);
transcendental (manifestation of faith in God).

It is also worth dwelling separately on the classification of values according to M. Rokeach, the author of the most famous method in the world, the main purpose of which is to determine the hierarchy of a person's value orientations. M. Rokeach divided all human values into two broad categories:

terminal (or value-goals) - the person's conviction that the ultimate goal is worth all the effort to achieve it;
instrumental (or value-methods) - a person's conviction that a certain way of behavior and actions is the most successful for achieving the goal.

There are many other classifications of values, summary which are shown in the table below.

Value classifications

Scientist	Values
V.P. Tugarinov	spiritual	education, art and science
	socio-political	justice, will, equality and brotherhood
	material	various types of material goods, technology
V.F. Sergeants	material	tools and methods of implementation
V.F. Sergeants	spiritual	political, moral, ethical, religious, legal and philosophical
A. Maslow	being (B-values)	higher, characteristic of a person who is self-actualizing (values of beauty, goodness, truth, simplicity, uniqueness, justice, etc.)
A. Maslow	scarce (D-values)	lower, aimed at satisfying a need that has been frustrated (values such as sleep, security, dependence, peace of mind, etc.)

Analyzing the presented classification, the question arises, what are the main values in human life? In fact, there are a lot of such values, but the most important are common (or universal) values, which, according to V. Frankl, are based on three main human existentials - spirituality, freedom and responsibility. The psychologist identified the following groups of values (“eternal values”):

creativity that allows people to understand what they can give to a given society;
experiences, thanks to which a person realizes what he receives from society and society;
relationships that enable people to realize their place (position) in relation to those factors that somehow limit their lives.

It should also be noted that the most important place is occupied by moral values in human life, because they play a leading role in people's decisions related to morality and moral standards, and this in turn indicates the level of development of their personality and humanistic orientation.

The system of values in human life

The problem of human values in life occupies a leading position in psychological research, because they are the core of the personality and determine its direction. In solving this problem, a significant role belongs to the study of the value system, and here the research of S. Bubnova, who, based on the works of M. Rokeach, created her own model of the system of value orientations (it is hierarchical and consists of three levels), had a serious impact. The system of values in human life, in her opinion, consists of:

values-ideals, which are the most general and abstract (this includes spiritual and social values);
values-properties that are fixed in the process of human life;
values-modes of activity and behavior.

Any system of values will always combine two categories of values: values-goals (or terminal) and values-methods (or instrumental). Terminal includes the ideals and goals of a person, group and society, and instrumental - ways to achieve goals that are accepted and approved in a given society. Values-goals are more stable than values-methods, therefore they act as a system-forming factor in various social and cultural systems.

To the specific system of values that exists in society, each person shows his own attitude. In psychology, there are five types of human relations in the value system (according to J. Gudechek):

active, which is expressed in high degree internalization of this system;
comfortable, that is, externally accepted, but at the same time a person does not identify himself with this system of values;
indifferent, which consists in the manifestation of indifference and complete lack of interest in this system;
disagreement or rejection, manifested in a critical attitude and condemnation of the value system, with the intention of changing it;
opposition, which manifests itself both in internal and external contradiction with this system.

It should be noted that the system of values in human life is the most important component in the structure of the personality, while it occupies a borderline position - on the one hand, it is a system of personal meanings of a person, on the other, its motivational-need sphere. Values and value orientations of a person act as the leading quality of a person, emphasizing its uniqueness and individuality.

Values are the most powerful regulator of human life. They guide a person on the path of his development and determine his behavior and activities. In addition, the focus of a person on certain values and value orientations will certainly have an impact on the process of formation of society as a whole.

Good afternoon, dear readers! Have you ever thought about why some people have an easy and joyful life, while others seem to attract all sorts of ridiculous moments into their lives, get into unpleasant life situations? a huge role in the choice life path and the correct following on it is played by the system of human values. This is a landmark for everyone, rules and ideas about normal life, work, study, leisure, communication. These characteristics play a key role in every action, intention, deed, as well as in the reaction to situations and even the words of people.

Thanks to this, each person knows exactly what is central in life, and what is not so important. Consequently, the model of his behavior in different situations is also based on this.

What are the values?

Depending on the sphere to which the values belong, they can be divided into:

cultural;
universal;
individual.

All values, except for individual ones, are formed on the basis of the opinions of others, as well as the characteristics of the area in which the person was born, traditions and trends in communication. But individual values include exclusively subjective features of the individual's worldview. Let's consider each type in detail.

Universal

The system of universal human values includes:

Health. Probably, for every sane person it is an indisputable value of life, without which neither material nor spiritual benefits are absolutely necessary. Obviously, when something hurts, we need nothing more than to get rid of the ailment. We spend any amount of money, any amount of time and effort to restore the usual healthy state of our body.
life success. Of course it all starts with school education. Each of us strives to study well at school in order to enter a prestigious university in the future. educational institution, and then - to find a good job in the specialty. All this promises us good earnings and, as a result, a successful career. We feel fulfilled in life and enjoy it. Although today many, having achieved such results, cannot withstand social pressure and resort to the so-called downshifting - a return to a simple life, away from densely populated cities and towns and closer to nature.
Family. For many, a career is of no value if there is no one to share this success with. Many feel the need to work and achieve results not for themselves, but in order to care for and provide for their families. After all, relatives and friends are those who are always waiting for you, understand, hear. The formation of a family for such people can begin already from the senior classes of the school or from the institute.
Children- flowers of life. And many live by this principle. They see in them their reflection and continuation. We pass on our life experience and strength to them, often even to our own detriment. It is worth noting that although nowadays there is propaganda for the rejection of offspring called "childfree", for many children were and remain main value life.

As a result of the above, it is important to note that such a system tends to . Someone realizes himself in career growth, someone - in the family, someone - in children. All this pursues one goal - to consolidate its own significance and broadcast it into the future.

Cultural

Cultural values include:

creativity and;
close contact with relatives;
friends;
freedom of opinion;
and self-confidence;
independence;
respect for others;
work that meets interests;
courage and courage;
a responsibility;
realization in creativity and work;
travel, etc.

Individual

Individual life values include the most important things for each person. Their basis is formed in childhood due to the environment. For someone it will be truth, honor and justice, for someone it will be a lot of money and good job, for someone - a healthy family and the happiness of people close to him.

All people have their own psychological type. That is why we think and behave differently in identical situations, strive for different goals.

Proper formation of life values

Life orientations and values begin to form in early childhood. The process and the result depend on the conditions in which the child is. Of course, the family plays a key role, as well as close people and friends with whom the baby spends the most time.

Nobody knows how to determine what will be the main thing. It all depends on the individual's own ideas. personality system The child's values will be created and improved not only by his personal experience, but also by your prompts and example.

To form correctly life values baby, you need to try to do the following:

to show by personal example what is important in life and what can be left to chance;
surround the child with kindness and understanding;
watch and read books with a moral meaning, where greed and lies are punished, and honesty, generosity, truth are encouraged;
help and give advice in choosing friends and people who should be equal, reinforcing the words by comparing the achievements of these individuals;
listen to the child even if he is wrong, talk to him and give unobtrusive advice.

Values are formed over the years not only from your personal experience but also from the opinions of people who matter to you. It can be both parents and mentors, teachers, school friends, etc. These are the people you admire and respect immensely.

Indirectly, the process is influenced by religion, trends in society, cultural characteristics of the territory where a person lives, and many other factors. It is important to try to surround the child with good and kind people. The main thing, if possible, isolate him from negatively influencing personalities for as long as possible.

How to define your life values?

Own values are determined in 3 steps:

Take a piece of paper and write down everything you think is important on it. It doesn't matter how big or small the list gets.
Review it in detail and analyze each item. Constantly ask yourself the question: is it really important or can you do without it? If there is even the slightest doubt, feel free to cross out this item.
Repeat the steps from the previous paragraph, reducing the list to 7-10 points - these are your personal values.

It is worth noting that people who are distinguished by a cheerful character and optimism, in any situation, try to take into account the action of factors that affect their life values, cut off everything superfluous. This approach allows, over time, to form from them a truly powerful mechanism that dictates the direction of movement in any, even the most confusing life situation.

Fundamental human values. Human values ​​and their role in life