Taken from here

After the accession of the Right-Bank Kuban to Russia in 1783 and the legal consolidation of the new border along the Kuban River by the Yassy Treaty (1791), the tsarist government decided to populate this region with Cossacks for land development and protection from external invasion. Diploma dated June 30, 1792, Empress Catherine II granted the Kuban lands to the Black Sea Cossack army, formed in 1787 from former Cossacks. The Black Sea Cossacks received about 3 million acres of land stretching between the rivers Kuban and Her, the Black and Azov Seas and the mouth of the Laba. According to eyewitnesses, "the region was an unfinished reserve of natural wealth that could be used with the help of modest expenditures of labor and capital. A favorable climate, full-flowing rivers and fertile land promised material contentment."

The royal charter emphasized that the Cossacks receive land "in full possession and disposal" for "zealous and zealous service, for inviolable loyalty, strict obedience and commendable behavior, for brave and courageous deeds on land and waters." They were also ordered to protect the southern Russian borders and develop the Kuban lands.

The resettlement of the Black Sea people from the Bug to the Kuban took place in two ways: by sea and by land. In August 1792, foot Cossacks led by Colonel Savva Bely were the first to arrive on rowing ships along the Black Sea and landed on the Taman Peninsula. The ataman Zakhariy Alekseevich Chepiga walked with horse regiments, family Cossacks and military property by land. He arrived on the Kuban land in late autumn and spent the winter in the Yeysk fortification. The remaining Black Sea people were gathered and brought in the next year, 1793, to the new lands by military judge Anton Vasilievich Golovaty. In total, 17 thousand former Cossacks, who then formed the basis of the Black Sea army, moved to the Kuban.

In the spring of 1793, the Cossacks began to fortify the Kuban border with cordons and build kurens (villages). Setting up your life in Zaporozhian Sich they tried to transfer to new lands. In the center of the kuren, as a rule, there was a maidan (square), where the Cossacks gathered to solve their common affairs. A military church was erected on the Maidan, in which, as usual, Cossack regalia were kept, received "on the field of honest merits to the state" and testifying "to the valiant service and courage of the ancestors."

The Chernomorians even outwardly looked very much like their Cossack ancestors: a long, drooping mustache, a shaved head, a sedentary man behind his ear, a shirt, wide trousers, and boots. In winter, they wore a high fur hat with a red top, trousers, and a short fur coat. Mounted Cossacks were armed with guns, pistols, edged weapons - sabers and pikes. Many of them were skilled warriors, shooting accurately at a target from a horse at full gallop and even by ear in the dark. The drill horse, along with weapons, was the main wealth of the Cossack.

The newly founded settlements retained the old names of 38 Zaporozhye kurens (Baturinsky, Vasyurinsky, Dinskoy, Umansky, Shcherbinovsky, etc.) and were supplemented with two new ones: Ekaterininsky, in honor of Empress Catherine II, and Berezansky - in memory of the Cossacks' feat on the Black Sea - the capture of the fortress on the island of Berezan among the Turks. Thus, in the Kuban, the Black Sea people founded 40 settlements (villages).

At the same time, the Kuban line, from the mouth of the Laba to Stavropol, was settled by the Don Cossacks, who made up the Linear Army. They founded here the villages of Vorovskolesskaya, Prochnookopskaya, Kavkazskaya and others.

Cossack kurens on the Black Sea coast were distributed in such a way that, along with land development, the Russian border along the Kuban River (see the map "Kuban lands at the end of the 18th century."). Temporary settlements of the Cossacks were equipped with earthen ramparts, wicker fences and cannons.

In the autumn of 1793, the Cossacks founded the military town of Yekaterinodar on the coast of the Kuban, which became the military-administrative center of the Black Sea coast and received its name in honor of St. Catherine. Its construction began on the territory of the Karasun Kut (the area of ​​the M. Gorky Park and the former Regional Hospital). To the south, opposite the bend of the Kuban River, a fortress was founded, which resembled the former Sich. In the fortress there was a military administration with barracks to accommodate kuren chieftains, homeless and elderly Cossacks.

Yekaterinodar was built strictly according to the plan, which allowed the city to maintain the straightness of streets and quarters. Already in 1794, there were 9 brick houses, 75 huts in the capital of the Black Sea coast, and the population reached 580 people.

The tsarist government granted land to the landowners in the Kuban. They transported serfs from the central regions of Russia to new places, but such resettlements did not justify the hopes of the owners.

More significant was the flow of fugitives from central Russia. They were attracted by fertile land, mild climate and freedom. But they met numerous obstacles in obtaining land. I had to overcome difficulties in the development of virgin lands. The local administration sought to stop such resettlements, to catch the fugitives and return them to their old places. However, this attempt was not successful.

Many problems associated with the development of the Kuban, the organization of everyday life and public life settlers, the management of the Black Sea army, remained unresolved.

The beginning of 1794 was marked by a general meeting of the military foremen in Yekaterinodar, at which the order of command and control of the army was discussed. Some forms of government used in the Zaporozhian Sich turned out to be outdated and inapplicable in the Black Sea region.

The meeting adopted a document called "Order of common benefit", according to which a military government was approved in the Black Sea army, consisting of a ataman, a military judge and a clerk. The entire Black Sea region was divided into five districts (Ekaterinodar, Fanagoriysky, Beisugsky, Yeisky, Grigorievsky), for the management of which colonels were appointed. All military and civil affairs were concentrated in the government.

The historically established Cossack self-government has undergone changes. The military Rada was abolished, all questions inner life now they were decided by the Military Government, which was subordinate to the Taurida provincial government.

Cossack self-government was preserved only in kurens. At the general meeting, the Black Sea people solved their local problems, elected chieftains. The village ataman was engaged in civil affairs, the kuren - in the military. However, the solution of land and judicial issues, orders for service were transferred to the higher Cossack administration. Atamans were subordinate to the government of the district.

In accordance with the "Order of Common Benefit", the Cossack received for military service land allotment, monetary salary and various benefits. The land was given to him for life use with the right of inheritance, but without the right of alienation. The foreman secured a privileged property position, (land holdings became inviolable) received "open sheets" for land and the right to be allocated to farms.

All of the above was the political and economic basis of the life of the Cossacks. The settlement of the Kuban by the Black Sea people, the organization of military service, civil self-government and the life of immigrants, the creation of economic and social relations on the principles of Cossack democracy made it possible to quickly and effectively for that time carry out the economic development of the region and reliably strengthen the southern borders of Russia.

There was a Russian-Iranian war. In 1796, two regiments of Black Sea Cossacks, 500 people each. led by military judge D. Golovaty were sent to the troops Caspian flotilla.

The "most serviceable and reliable Cossacks and zealous foremen" were selected for the regiments, who could fight on foot, and carry out naval service in boats, and "join the ranks of the cavalry."

The foot crossing of the Cossacks began on February 26, 1796 from the Ust-Labinsk fortress to Astrakhan. It amounted to 757 versts. Then, on the ships of the Caspian flotilla, they were transported to Baku, but the Cossacks were not involved in hostilities. Their strength was often wasted on unnecessary travel and excessive physical work. The Cossacks packed food into heaps, unloaded transport ships, delivered food to the army corps along the Kura River, cut wood for firewood and for the construction of batteries. They were sent to private household work to Messrs. Akhmatov and the brother of the favorite of Catherine II V. Zubov. The sergeant-major weighed, measured, counted the rank-and-file Cossacks and kept them on half-starvation rations. Cossack same provisions sold. So, for example, Nikita Sobakar claimed that the Cossack foreman in Baku received 1,700 rubles for the provisions sold to the Persians, and 700 rubles for portioned vodka. She concealed from the Cossacks 16 thousand rubles, which they earned in government work.

Diseases began among the Cossacks, and mortality increased. In the Persian campaign, up to half of the Cossacks perished. A. Golovaty also died of illness. The command of the Black Sea regiments was taken by Colonel I. Chernyshev.

Exhausted and exhausted, the Cossacks returned home only on July 22, 1797. They were met at the fortress tower of Yekaterinodar by a member of the military administration K. Kordovsky, along with a group of foremen and atamans. The archpriest and the clergy served a thanksgiving service at the church. Then the Cossacks were ordered to disperse to the kurens.

However, the Cossacks, offended by the attitude towards them and the aimless campaign, refused to obey the order. They demanded "satisfaction for all the grievances suffered in the Persian campaign." The next day, the Cossacks filed a petition with the Military Administration, in which they sought monetary compensation for deductions from salaries, payment for the transport of things, for non-payment of money earned from the treasury and for provisions sold by the foreman.

But ataman T. Kotlyarevsky took the petition as a rebellion. He refused to comply with the requirements of the Cossacks, ordered the arrest of the leaders of the delegation.

According to the testimony of Lieutenant General Markov, who inspected the fortifications of the Black Sea army in April 1798, "the whole mess, then called a "rebellion", occurred through the fault of ataman T. Kotlyarevsky, who did not satisfy the requests of the Cossacks who returned from the Persian campaign.

In early August, the unrest of the Cossacks turned into a riot. Ordinary Cossacks joined the participants in the Persian campaign. The rebels replaced chieftains on the ground, removed a number of officials in the Military Administration. In their place, they chose Cossacks from among the rebels. So, Fedor Dikun was elected to the post of military captain, Osip Shmalko - military gunner, Nikita Sobakar - caretaker of the exchange yard in Yekaterinodar. F. Dikun stood out among the nickname - a young Cossack from the village of Vasyurinskaya. He enjoyed great prestige among the ordinary Cossacks for his firmness and fair character, endurance and courage. The rebellious Cossacks found like-minded people among the elders and the clergy, though very few. So, N. Sobakar was a foreman, Dubovitsky was a priest. The latter gave advice, instructions, blessed the Cossacks.

The main demand put forward by the rebellious Cossacks was to restore elective positions in the Black Sea Host. The fact is that in 1797, Paul I forbade the election of chieftains and appointed T. Kotlyarevsky, hated by the Cossacks, as a military chieftain.

The rebels put forward demands: to return the lands taken from them by officers, to allow them to cut wood along with the foreman, to reduce duties for fishing and salt extraction. From August 5 to August 12, 1797, power in Yekaterinodar was in the hands of the rebels. Ataman T. Kotlyarevsky fled in fear to the Ust-Labinsk fortress. The control of the Black Sea army passed to the rebels, led by F. Dikun. He established a strict order in the city, which was maintained by squads of Cossacks who patrolled the streets. Perpetrators of violations were punished.

The displaced military government was in confusion and fear. T. Kotlyarevsky asked High Command send troops to "pacify the rebels." However, Colonel Puzyrevsky, sent from St. Petersburg, suggested a trick: send the leaders of the rebellion to the capital to file a complaint with the emperor, and then deal with the rebels. The idea succeeded. F. Dikun and all the Cossacks believed the colonel, who convinced them that the emperor would sort out all the grievances and satisfy the demands of the rebels. At the insistence of Puzyrevsky, F. Dikun ordered the Cossacks to disperse to their places before returning from St. Petersburg.

On August 12, 14 Cossacks, led by the new chieftain of the Black Sea army F. Dikun, left for the capital. The next day, repressions began in Yekaterinodar. The rioters were arrested. They were kept in the open air, poorly fed.

The Cossacks of the village of Dzhereliyevskaya decided to release the Cossacks who had been arrested for a while. They connected with detachments from the villages of Poltava and Ivanovskaya and waited for the approach of the Cossacks from other places. From the report of Major Bely it is clear that the participants in the campaign in 200 people We reached the village of Myshastovskaya, which was located 40 km from Yekaterinodar. However, they were not supported by the Cossacks of other villages.

Tragic was the fate of the Cossack delegation, which went with a letter to St. Petersburg. They arrived at the imperial palace on September 7, 1797, and waited a long time to be received by Paul I. But the arriving guard arrested them and escorted them to the Peter and Paul Fortress. The investigation went on for three years. The rioters were sentenced to death penalty through hanging. But Paul 1, fearing new unrest among the Cossacks, softened the sentence. In the royal decree of August 28, 1800, the leaders of the speech F. Dikun, O. Shmalko, N. Sobakar, I. Polovoi were ordered to be whipped, branded and sent to Siberia for hard labor; other participants "leave free without punishment". Of the 222 arrested participants in the Persian rebellion, 55 people had already died by the time the verdict was passed. A large number of deaths is due to the terrible content of prisoners in prisons. The survivors were released.

F. Dikun died under mysterious circumstances on the way from St. Petersburg to his homeland, where he was to be subjected to a shameful punishment. O. Shmalko died in prison in Yekaterinodar, N. Sobakar and I. Polovaya were sent to Siberia.

Thus ended the Persian revolt of the Black Sea Cossacks in 1.797-1800. The spontaneity of the speech, firm faith in the just decision of Emperor Paul I led to defeat.

The rebellion became a bright episode in the history of the Black Sea Cossacks. This performance was, according to F. Shcherbina, the swan song of the Black Sea people about the Cossack will and democratic order.

18 century

1734. Zaporozhye Cossacks with the ataman Ivan Malashevich, they moved from the Crimea to Russia and founded a kosh (that is, a settlement) on the Podpolnaya River, 8 versts from Staraya Sich on the Chernomylka River 1778.Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov took command of the Kuban Corps and soon - in February - outlined places for the construction of fortresses and redoubts along the Kuban River ... Having formed two so-called "worker armies" of 700 people, Suvorov began the construction of the Kuban cordon line 540 miles from the Black Sea to Stavropol. 9 fortresses and 20 paramedics "threw a bridle on the Trans-Kuban Circassians," he reported to his superiors. Later he added that “the inhabitants of the rivers live in peace, and there are no long-range enterprises (that is, raids) from them. But from time to time from some vagabonds on our patrols there were shootouts, only without any damage. However, we are quiet and everything is safe. 1783. Empress Catherine II the Manifesto on the annexation of the Crimea, the right-bank Kuban and Taman to Russia was proclaimed - recorded in the complete collection of laws Russian Empire, published in St. Petersburg in 1830.
1786. Khopersky regiment was included in the number of Cossack regiments of the Caucasian line 1788.Empress Catherine II granted land to the “troop of faithful Cossacks” for settlement in the Kerch Kut or on Taman, giving the choice of place to Prince Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin, who notified the ataman Sidor Bely about this. Catherine II granted the "troop of faithful Cossacks" a large white banner with a black eagle and the inscription "For Faith and Loyalty", small banners for kurens, an ataman's mace, small kuren seals and a seal with the inscription "Seal of the kosh of faithful Cossacks." 1792.The commander-in-chief of the troops in the Caucasus and the Kuban, General-in-Chief Ivan Vasilievich Gudovich, presented to Empress Catherine II a project for the construction of the Caucasian Line, which provides for the construction of new fortresses and a settlement along the border, from the Ekaterinograd village on the Malka River to the Kuban River and along the Kuban to the mouth of the Laba, Cossack villages. And this was partly carried out two years later - in 1794 - due to the resettlement of the Don Cossacks to the Kuban, who founded six villages - Ust-Labinskaya, Caucasian, Grigoripolis, Prochnookopskaya, Temnolesskaya and Vorovskolesskaya. “This region would be calmer,” Ivan Gudovich wrote in 1792, “if the entire border along the Kuban would be occupied by the same Cossack troops as along the Terek. There, from Grigoriopolis itself up to the mouths of the Kuban, for more than three hundred miles there is no housing, and therefore the redoubts were occupied only in the summer, but in the winter it was impossible to maintain posts here ... " State interests coincided with the aspirations of the Black Sea Cossacks: if the plan of the Commander-in-Chief of the Forces in the Caucasus and the Kuban, General-General Ivan Gudovich, was implemented, the space from the mouth of the Laba along the lower reaches of the Kuban River to the shores of the Black and Azov Seas, which was still unprotected, required similar measures. Which is what was done. 1793. Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov visited Taman and examined the flotilla of the Black Sea Cossack army. It was the penultimate - fourth - visit of the Russian commander to the Kuban. At that time, under the leadership of Suvorov, the Phanagoria fortress was being built on Taman in order to cover the Black Sea Cossack army that had moved to the Kuban from the Turkish Anapa.
1794.The question of the construction of Yekaterinodar was considered. On this day, a response was received from the Vice-Governor K. Gablitz regarding the request of the government of the Black Sea Cossack Army to send a “surveyor”. The vice-governor reported that whether the city of Yekaterinodar would remain in the place chosen by the Cossacks, and “he does not have approbation from the higher authorities about other buildings that are needed here,” and asked the ataman Zakhary Chepiga, if he had such a command, to write off from a copy of it and deliver immediately. “The requested land surveyor,” the letter said, “will soon be seconded.” According to the inquiries made in the office of the military government, K. Gablitz was told that there was “no command from the higher authorities to receive” about the city of Ekaterinodar. 1794.We received places for settlement, and in early May, the historical kurens of the former Zaporozhye Cossack army began to settle in the allotted places. Now these are the villages and cities: Baturinskaya, Bryukhovetskaya, Irklievskaya, Dinskaya, Plastunovskaya, Vasyurinskaya, Starovelichkovskaya, Kanevskaya, Platnirovskaya, Prochnookopskaya, Timashevskaya (now the city of Timashevsk), Ust-Labinskaya (now the city of Ust-Labinsk) and some others. 1794.The newly formed kuren in the Black Sea Cossack army received the name "Berezansky". The settlement of the new kuren was carried out in early May. The first ataman was cornet Vasily Gordeenko. 1794. The name of the newly established smoking village "Ekaterinov" in the Black Sea Cossack army was approved. Cornet Nazar Rezviy was elected the first ataman. The placement of the Cossacks began in May of the same year. Now it is the village of Krylovskaya of the district of the same name. 1794.At the border fortress of the Caucasus on the Kuban River, the Don Cossacks (435 male souls) settled the village of the Caucasus. 1794.The "Order of Common Benefit" was adopted - a document regulating the management, resettlement and land use in the Black Sea Cossack Host. This act officially fixed the name and status of the city of Yekaterinodar. Seal of the Black Sea Cossack Host It was recorded, in particular, that it was decided to arrange a military residence in the Karasun Kut in the Kuban and call it the “city of Ekaterinodar”. In addition, the entire territory of the Black Sea coast was divided into five districts, including Yekaterinodar. The Ekaterinodar District Administration was given a seal (with the image of a Cossack who planted a ratishche (that is, a pike) into the ground), which, obviously, can be considered the first seal associated with the name of the city. Soon, the “Manual from the military Black Sea government to the Yekaterinodar district government” was prepared - a kind of instruction for managing the district, containing instructions “On positions”, extracts from the “Order of Common Benefit”, as well as from all-Russian legal provisions (in particular, from the “Charter of Deanery” ), slightly tweaked in a local way. The latter, in particular, said: “If someone takes up a certain position for the sake of deeds, demand, or take, or take from someone a payment, or a gift, or a promise, or some other bribe or bribe, deliver like a covetous person to the government ... If someone is malicious in drunkenness, constantly drunk, or more than a year drunk than sober, such a person should be sent to the government for determination on abstinence ... If someone learns to repair sorcery, or sorcery, or any other similar deception that comes from superstition, or ignorance, or fraud ... or frightening by a monster, or interpretation of dreams, or searching for treasure, or having visions, or whispering on paper, or grass, or drinking send it to the government." "Instruction ..." was carried out: to this day, reports from the Yekaterinodar mayor about the arrest of those guilty of foul language and "living in a drunken state" have come down to this day. True, there were few such cases ... 1794.To harvest timber for the construction of a residential building, the judge of the Black Sea Cossack army, Anton Golovaty, was assigned a large kut near Berestovoy Island, along the Kuban River below the Konstantinovsky cordon, "so that no one cut down the forest more than him, Golovaty."
The plot of land allotted to the military judge later became known as Kut Golovaty, (now Krasny, in the Old Kuban region). A part of the Konstantinovsky cordon has also been preserved - some of the defensive fortifications southwest of the village of Starokorsunskaya. 1794.The government of the Black Sea Cossack Host was considering the construction of Yekaterinodar. IN State Archive In the Krasnodar Territory, a document is kept, which says: “... As now, spring time and for house-building is opening up and the need already requires the construction of a castle in the city of Yekaterinodar (meaning a military fortress) in a proper order and there are forty kurens in it; peace for the military government; cathedral military church; as well as near it, a suburb with shops. To the Taurida governor, submit a report and ask for a surveyor to send a land surveyor soon for a decent settlement of the city of Yekaterinodar. 1794. For the preparation of timber for the construction of a residential building, the ataman of the Black Sea Cossack army, Zakhary Chepiga, was assigned forests in the Circassian kut “to the field along the creases, and down the first old fortress” into eternal and hereditary possession.
By the way, later the Circassian kut was called Timashevsky after the eponymous smoking village, which was located until 1807 on the territory of the current village of Elizavetinskaya. 1794. Four annual fairs have been established in Yekaterinodar: March 25 (for the Annunciation), June (for the Trinity), August 6 (for the Transfiguration), October 1 (for the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos).
1794. A decree was issued by the government of the Black Sea Cossack Army on the prohibition of logging, "except for self-necessary economic necessities."
The decree noted that many forests over the Kuban had already been “cut down and devastated from the stump” and without the adoption of protective measures they “would not remain at all in the future.”

1794. The question of the construction of Yekaterinodar was considered. On this day, a response was received from the Vice-Governor K. Gablitz regarding the request of the government of the Black Sea Cossack Army to send a “surveyor”.

The vice-governor reported that whether the city of Yekaterinodar would remain in the place chosen by the Cossacks, and “he does not have approbation from the higher authorities about other buildings that are needed here,” and asked the ataman Zakhary Chepiga, if he had such a command, to write off from a copy of it and deliver immediately. “The requested land surveyor,” the letter said, “will soon be seconded.” According to the inquiries made in the office of the military government, K. Gablitz was told that there was “no command from the higher authorities to receive” about the city of Ekaterinodar. 1794. A land surveyor Sambulov arrived in Ekaterinodar, who, without making a demarcation, "took the location of the city on a map" to coordinate it with the Taurida governor.
1795. On March 20, and then on March 22 - during the palm week - the first crops of wheat were produced in the Kuban.
Two sacks of Egyptian wheat were sent to the judge of the Black Sea Cossack army Anton Golovaty by Count Zubov for trial sowing.
Wheat was sown within the boundaries of Ekaterinodar on the plot near Karasun, allotted to Golovaty for a garden, with "a prayer in the hope of getting good grain and an abundance of harvest in the future." The harvest, as evidenced by archival documents, was obtained "in the grain of the longest kind from three - one pound, round kind from seven - sixteen pounds."

1795 An archival document dated January 30 reports that “the city of Yekaterinodar has already been laid out according to plan, and in the spring of this year military churches, the government, forty kurens and other things, equally elders’ and Cossack houses, buildings, for which a forest is needed, will begin.” Therefore, the position of forester was established (Captain Pavel Geldish was appointed to him), to whom three assistants were assigned and they were instructed that no one was allowed to cut down without the permission of the military forest.

1795The Cossack Pavel Lebed, living in the capital of the Kuban, with nineteen of his comrades, “knowing the shoemaking craft”, turned to the government of the Black Sea Cossack army with a request “to establish a shop in the city of Yekaterinodar for their craft.” Being engaged in craft, the Cossacks continued to carry out military service. On this condition, the “petitioners for shoemakers” were allowed to establish a workshop, but to elect not an ataman, but a workshop master. 1795In the Kuban capital - the city of Ekaterinodar, a call was announced for those wishing to deliver stone from the ancient Temryuk fortress to the city for the construction of a church, a military government and other buildings. And in the spring of the same year, construction work in Yekaterinodar began to boil ... 1795Danila Volkorez, the first mayor of Yekaterinodar, resigned. In the petition, he indicated that, while fulfilling the position of mayor "on all his pay," as a result of non-stop service, he reached the point that he "has no more daily food" and asked to be dismissed from his post "in order to find food for himself," - says in archival documents. Indeed, initially the position of mayor was not paid. And it took a lot of time to perform "proper duties". The mayor was supposed to control all construction in the city, all industry and trade. In addition, he had to make night rounds around the city, monitor military discipline and combat readiness, and also “lead lazy residents to industriousness, naughty people to good manners, disobedient to due obedience.” Subsequently, Danila Savinovich Volkorez - the first mayor of Yekaterinodar - served as the treasurer of the Black Sea Cossack army, was a member of the military office, and a trustee of the cathedral church. After him, the post of mayor was occupied by lieutenants Mayboroda, Bely, captain Tansky and others. 1795. For the first time in archival documents, Lagernaya Sloboda is mentioned - a settlement near Yekaterinodar, where mostly poor Cossacks settled.
Thus, the Cossack of the Vasyurinsk kuren, Fyodor Kalyuzhny, received permission to settle "for permanent residence in the newly demarcated suburban settlement", since he did not have oxen or horses and could not move to the kuren village. Soon, the Cossack Timashevsky kuren Ivan Vertai filed a petition for the desire to “have a residence in the settlement of Lagernaya”. The Cossack of Ivanovsky kuren Aleksey Devyatka and Irklievsky Onisim Bely also announced their intention to "settle in the outskirts of the city." 1795. A fire brigade has been established in Yekaterinodar. A few days earlier, a strong fire broke out in the young capital of the Kuban - a dugout completely burned out ... On that day, it turned out that "there are no ways to extinguish fires, like water barrels, steeps and other necessary things."
Therefore, the government of the Black Sea Cossack army ordered in each kuren to bring one barrel of water on carts, “always ready to extinguish the fire,” and to collect fire tools from all city residents from “property” twenty, and from “non-property” ten pennies of money.
By the way, the first fire tower in Yekaterinodar was built only in 1843. It was wooden and located on Krasnaya Street.
And 1895 was marked by the construction of a brick tower on Ekaterininskaya Street, 23 and a half meters high and shaped like an octahedron - at that time the tallest building in the city. At the same time, the tower was a water tower with a capacity of 8 thousand buckets and an observation deck for sightseers. 1795. Head physician Ivan Bravinsky turned to the military government with a request for an increase in salaries of 300 rubles per year, referring to the fact that almost all the Cossacks moving to the city of Yekaterinodar (and at that time the city was just becoming such and the influx of new settlers was large) suffered from a severe fever and for their treatment, he “underwent great labors, so that he himself almost lost his life from that and unhealthy air, and such cases in the local climate can be expected in advance,” wrote the head physician.
It was decided to submit Ivan Bravinsky's request for consideration to the Tauride Governor. The governor granted the request. He positively resolved Bravinsky's petition to allocate him a place for the construction of a residential building and shops "near the commander's yards." In addition, the first Ekaterinodar physician was allowed to start a farm on city land for arable farming and two Cossacks were allocated for servants.

1795. On this day, an order was issued to send by May 10 to Ekaterinodar from each kuren five ox carts with drivers for the construction of brick factories and other work on the construction of the city. “For the construction in the city,” said the judge of the Black Sea Cossack army Anton Golovaty, “the time has come, which is necessary for military use, honor and glory require, and therefore, before summer, start brick factories in the army ...”

And indeed, in the summer of 1795, one of the first industrial establishments was built in Ekaterinodar, behind Karasun - a military brick factory. It was located opposite the yard of the military colonel Kuzma Bely and was a "three-hundred-yard barn."
1796. The beginning of the so-called Persian campaign. For foot five-hundred regiments, made up of "selected fellows", led by the judge of the Black Sea Cossack army Anton Golovaty, by order of the government, set out from Yekaterinodar to the Caspian Sea for battles with the Persian troops and arrived in Baku on July 13.
The campaign was unsuccessful for the Chernomortsev. Having won several small skirmishes, the Cossacks, as the historian Fyodor Shcherbina noted, “just got into an enchanted place: there were no hostilities, forces were wasted in vain on unnecessary movements and overwork.”
Diseases began, out of a thousand people, half survived. In July 1797, the hard-pressed Cossacks returned to Yekaterinodar.

1796 Circassian princes, murzas, nobles and, as reported in an archival document, "many Bzhedug and Khatukai peoples" arrived at the Epiphany pier near Yekaterinodar (now the territory of the Krasnodar river station).

Anton Andreevich Golovaty - military judge of the Black Sea Cossack army At their request, the judge of the Black Sea Cossack army, Anton Golovaty, crossed to the left bank of the Kuban, where he was solemnly greeted by princes and bridles. After the announcement of Catherine II’s decision to accept the Circassians, at their request, among the subjects of Russia, “some of the princes and peoples, sitting on horses, rode as fast as possible on them along the coast of the Kuban, showing themselves on horses signs characteristic of their courage ...” Further, Anton Golovaty wrote in the report, “they recorded Mogorych; all the princes, murzas, nobles and people, saying goodbye to me, escorted me from the pier with music, where I, sitting on a boat, went in my direction, and they, seeing me safely crossed over, saddled on their horses, retired to their own borders " . This celebration was the first (from the evidence that has come down to us) a joint holiday of two peoples who, by the will of history, became close neighbors. 1797.The ataman of the Black Sea Cossack army, Zakhary Chepiga, who fell ill a week earlier with a "prick of the lung" died. On January 16, he was buried in the fortress "in the middle of the place appointed for the cathedral military church." By the time of the liquidation of the Zaporizhzhya Sich, Zakhary Chepiga was a colonel of the Protovchanskaya palanka. He did not know the letters, the papers were signed for him by others. In the Russian-Turkish wars of the late 18th century, he commanded cavalry, had a reputation as an experienced and brave warrior, and was wounded. He was awarded the rank of army brigadier, the orders of St. George and St. Vladimir, the gold Izmail Cross and a saber adorned with diamonds. In 1793, Zakhary Chepiga led the resettlement of the Cossacks to the Kuban and determined the place for laying Ekaterinodar. The State Archive of the Krasnodar Territory contains a description of the burial ceremony of the ataman, compiled by military clerk Timofey Kotlyarevsky. The coffin of the ataman was carried on a chariot drawn by six black horses, six foremen with lit candles walked on both sides of it, they carried a lid in front, with two sabers laid crosswise on it - the royal and the hetman's (that is, sabers donated by Tsarina Catherine II and Prince Potemkin). Chepiga's two favorite riding horses were led alongside, and his awards were carried on cushions made of thin green cloth. All military regalia accompanied the koshevoi to last way… Twelve times the procession stopped, and twelve times the army priest read the Gospel, after which the foot and horse Cossacks fired from their guns, and the gunner fired from a three-pound military cannon. Under a cannon salute, the coffin was lowered into the grave. 1797. Anton Golovaty, who had died before receiving this news, was approved as the ataman of the Black Sea Cossack army.
Anton Golovaty was in Persia, commanded two foot Cossack regiments, then a flotilla and landing troops. In January 1797 he died on the Kamyshevan peninsula. At the same time, the ataman Zakhary Chepiga died in Yekaterinodar (he died of pneumonia), and the Black Sea people elected Anton Golovaty as their ataman.
With the then existing means of communication, Anton Golovaty did not learn about the new honorary election, approved on March 21 by the rescript of Emperor Paul I . Anton Golovaty was the last elected ataman in the Kuban. All subsequent chieftains were "mandatory", that is, they were appointed to this position by royal decree, and not at the choice of the Cossack society.
1797. On this day - February 10 - Anton Andreevich Golovaty, one of the organizers of the resettlement of the Black Sea residents to the Kuban and the establishment of a new region, died. It was he, Anton Golovaty, who procured and delivered to the troops a letter of commendation from Empress Catherine II.
Anton Holovaty was born in the Poltava province in 1732, in the family of a Cossack foreman. He studied in the Kiev bursa, but fled to the Zaporizhzhya Sich, where he was enrolled in the Cossacks of Kushchevsky kuren and soon, thanks to his education, intelligence, outstanding abilities and personal courage, he took a prominent position, being in 1762 (at the age of thirty!) Elected kuren chieftain. And two years later he became a regimental foreman.
Anton Golovaty - a participant in two Russian-Turkish wars, commanded a Cossack rowing flotilla. A gifted man, he succeeded not only in military and economic affairs, but also perfectly played the bandura and sang, several songs composed by him later became folk. He built the Church of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos in Taman.
He had six sons and a daughter. In February 1796, at the head of a detachment of Cossacks, he left Ekaterinodar for the Persian campaign, where on January 28 (or February 10, according to the new style) of the next, 1797, he died of a fever. Anton Andreevich Golovaty was buried on the Kamyshevan Peninsula. He never found out about his appointment as ataman.
1797. Born Baron, lieutenant general from the cavalry, a well-known military leader, since 1834 the commander of the Kuban line, and from 1840 - the head of the right flank of the Caucasian line and the founder of the Labinsk line of fortifications Grigory Khristoforovich Zass. The village of Zassovskaya is named after him in the Kuban 1799In archival documents dating back to the young city of Yekaterinodar, for the first time an industrial establishment is mentioned - a brewery. The mayor Radich submitted a report to the government of the Black Sea Cossack army that Yesaul Chizhevsky had built a brewery in Yekaterinodar "near the army powder magazine, which, God forbid, would not result in an accident through such a close distance ...". During the proceedings, it turned out that the place for the brewery was assigned to Chizhevsky in October 1798 below the courtyard of the late ataman Zakhary Chepiga with the condition that firewood for the plant would be delivered from the Trans-Kuban side, but he built the plant in the wrong place, but at 34.5 fathoms from the powder cellar, where he “began to brew beer” ... 1799The mayor of Ekaterinodar Radich turned to the military government with a request for an increase in the salary of him, his assistant and the clerk, since “there is no possibility of maintaining oneself about the current high cost in everything.” The salary of the mayor at that time was 50 rubles a year, his assistant received 30, and the clerk - 20 rubles. The military government ordered "to announce to the mayor's lieutenant Radich that he would take patience until consideration of the request." It is recorded in archival documents that on the same day in 1799, the military government for the second time ordered not to give firewood from the military forest for distillation and “to build a distillery under the forests”, and to demolish the distilleries already built in the city and start those “in remote places, no closer 50 versts from the forest", and use reeds or reeds for them. 1799. By February 19, the first mention in documents about the archive of the Black Sea Cossack army in Yekaterinodar dates back. I mean the archive building.
In general, for the first time we meet the mention of the military archive in the report of Anton Golovaty dated January 13, 1792. Ataman wrote about “the delivery of military property and archival files from different places to Slobodzeya, from where the military archive was transported to the Kuban.
The archive was housed in a house set aside for the treasury, and occupied a small room, partitioned off with boards. The building was guarded by guards. The archivist was the regimental foreman Bonchevsky, who was supposed to lock the doors with a lock or “seal” when leaving the archive. But Bonchevsky often neglected this, as a result, through the crevices in the archival wall, knots with copper money stored in the treasury were torn and 18 rubles 96 kopecks were stolen.

1799. The government of the Black Sea Cossack army considered the petition of the stone master cadet Philip Makdich, with whom a contract was concluded three years earlier “so that he could make burnt bricks with his own working people in the military brick factory under Yekaterinodar and build them according to plan in the Svyatotroitskaya fortress church, arsenal, military and 40 smoking houses, with the condition that for the manufacture and laying of each thousand bricks he will be paid 20 rubles, and the bricks will be delivered to the side at 10 rubles per thousand.

However, Philip Makdich soon spent not only the military, but also his own money, because, in the absence of masters, “he found such in other Russian places, but because of the heavy air here, having been at work for a short time, getting sick, they died out,” and in March 1798 year he was denied a contract. During this time, sheds, a mill, a log bathhouse with a plank ceiling, a brewery and a malt house were built at the plant, which the petitioner considered his own building, and after death agreed to give it to the military treasury to pay off the penalty.
The military government confirmed that, due to the lack of artisans in the region, Philip Makdich “invited from inside Russia those who, according to their news, could not bear the severity of the local climate here, almost all died out, through which he, Makdich, was ruined to the extreme.” Therefore, they decided to grant his request. 1799The government of the Black Sea Cossack army announced another ban on oak felling in the military forests, "because of the oak tree ... for all the buildings necessary for the army, as well as for the construction of God's temples, there is a need ... ". However, it turned out that the forest, suitable for the construction of a temple in Yekaterinodar, was “not at all available” within the army. Then 6,000 rubles were allocated from the military treasury, and with this amount, Lieutenant Semyon Vizier, "well-behaved and experienced," went to the town of Kachalin, located on the Volga, to buy three thousand logs for the construction of a military church, which were to be delivered to the Don by wagons and raft down the river to Cherkassk.

5. Settlement of the Right Bank Kuban by Cossacks

17,000 former Zaporizhian Cossacks, who had resettled in the early years, set about strengthening the cordon line and building kurens (villages). According to F. A. Shcherbina, 7860 men and 6514 women settled in 24 cordons. On August 15, 1793, the military government decided to erect the military city of Yekaterinodar in memory of the Empress, and immediately the construction of a military fortress began in the Karasun Kut (in the area of ​​​​the modern city park named after Gorky). A year later, there were 9 houses and 75 huts in the fortress, in which 580 people lived. At a meeting of rural chieftains convened in Yekaterinodar, the places of settlement of 40 kurens were determined by drawing lots (in 1842 they were renamed into villages). In October 1794, a plan for laying out kurens was approved. It was prescribed to equip the Cossack yard in kurens with a length of 40 and a width of 20 three-arshin sazhens, providing for a width of streets of 10 sazhens. Together with the old names, the Cossacks transferred to the new lands their way of habitual life and appearance - a long lowered mustache, a shaved head, a settler behind the ear, a spacious shirt, wide trousers, boots. In winter, they wore a high fur hat with a red top and a short fur coat. They also preserved their military skills - the accuracy of shooting, including from a horse at full gallop and even in the dark by ear.

In the spring of 1794, the Cossacks began a difficult military and labor life for the improvement of a new place of residence, the plowing of the Kuban black soil and the simultaneous service on the cordons. In the same year, by the highest command, they were already to send two cavalry regiments of 500 people each to participate in hostilities in Poland, and after 2 years two more foot regiments, already in Persia.

In 1794, a general meeting of the military foreman was held in Yekaterinodar, which approved a new (compared to Zaporozhye) order of command and control of the army. The adopted document called "Order of Common Benefit" introduced the functioning of a military government, consisting of a kosh ataman, a military judge and a clerk. The military Rada was abolished. All questions of internal life were now decided by the military government. Cossack self-government was preserved only in kurens. The leader of the Black Sea troops Zakhary Chapega was the last ataman, elected by the Rada. After his death in 1797, his successor Anton Golovaty was already appointed king and was called the military chieftain. However, the kurenny chieftains were still elected by the Cossack circle. In accordance with the "Order of Common Benefit", the Cossack received a land allotment, monetary salary and various benefits for military service. The land was given to him for life use with the right to inherit. There was an acute shortage of people as a labor and fighting force. It was so sharp that Ataman Kotlyarevsky asked Paul 1 to allow all newcomers who fled to the Kuban to be enrolled as Cossacks, and the tsar allowed this. Three mass migrations of peasants were organized: in 1809-1811. - 25 thousand in 1821-1825 - 50 thousand, in 1848-1849. - 12 thousand

In subsequent years, the Kuban line from the mouth of the Laba to Stavropol was settled by the Don Cossacks, who made up the Linear Army. They founded the villages of Ust-Labinskaya, Caucasian, Prochnookopskaya. For a long time, the Cossack regiments settled on the Caucasian line did not have a common organization and only in 1832 were united into the Caucasian linear Cossack army, while the flat villages between the Kuban and Laba were called the New (or Labinskaya) line. In 1860 there was a reorganization of the Cossack troops in the North Caucasus. The Black Sea army was ordered to be called the Kuban Cossack army.

The economic development of the region began with the expansion Agriculture The leading industry has so far been cattle breeding - cattle, sheep, goats and horses. Black Sea horses were distinguished by endurance and unpretentiousness. The meat breed of cattle, brought by the Cossacks from Zaporozhye, was also famous, as well as outbred sheep, hardy and prolific. So far, arable farming has played a secondary role, and the harvests have been small, since crop rotation has not yet been applied. The cultivation of vegetables, fruits, gourds and potatoes has become widespread. Each family had a garden. To improve horticulture in Ekaterinodar, a nursery was founded, in which there were 25,000 grape bushes, 19,000 fruit bushes exported from the Crimea.

The industry was represented mainly by handicraft production. Each village had its blacksmiths, carpenters, carpenters, masons, weavers, tailors, shoemakers, millers. In a number of places they were engaged in lime burning, stone mining, and partly oil, which was carried out manually and often farmed out to private individuals. Of great importance was the extraction of salt, which is essential for fisheries and in everyday life. Salt also served as a subject of barter with the highlanders and a source of income for the military treasury. Salt was mined in the lakes by special Cossack teams. Fishing was very widespread, especially in spring, when the fish went to spawn in the upper reaches of the rivers in a solid wall. I. D. Popko cites a case when one messenger, galloping with the necessary papers, while trying to cross an ordinary ford on the river, “was overturned along with his horse by fast moving columns of fish.”

Trade was very poorly developed. The revival of trade was facilitated by the opening of a trading port in Novorossiysk in 1845 and in Gelendzhik in 1847. The development of trade led to the formation of commodity-money relations and overcoming the isolation of the Cossack and mountain economy. This increased social differentiation.

On average, at the end of the 18th century, there were 10 acres of land per audit soul, and from 1842, 30 acres per capita, for a chief officer - 200, for a staff officer - 400, for a general - 1.5 thousand acres. Tsarism in every possible way supported the Cossack elders and the wealthy Cossacks. Cossack ranks were equalized with the army. Moreover, according to the Decree of 1845, the Cossack officers received hereditary nobility in the Black Sea line army.

Ordinary Cossacks had no such advantages. However, tsarism, creating a social support in the person of the prosperous Cossacks, and most importantly - a military support for the protection of the southern borders, sought to give certain privileges to ordinary Cossacks. In addition to using the land, the Cossacks received a salary for service of 12 rubles a year and fodder for horses. The Cossacks were free from poll tax and recruitment duty.

They were granted the right to duty-free use of all lands (forests, pastures, hayfields, the right to fish, extract salt, engage in trade, sell wine. But the duties were considerable: in particular, with their right horse and in full uniform, appear at the first signal to the national team item, and one clothing and equipment had to be purchased for 30 rubles for an infantryman, for a cavalryman - for 80-100 rubles. Not everyone had such money, and wealthy Cossacks used this. They helped the Cossack to equip himself for service, but he became an eternal debtor and often , returning from service, had to go to serve again, but for his "benefactor". Their labor and the labor of their relatives were used in the "hot season" for harvesting, haymaking, etc. The Cossacks were responsible for maintaining roads and bridges, delivering mail , procurement of fuel for the village government and authorities - the wealthy sent the poor to these works.

Analysis of the formation of the education system in the Kuban in the XIX - early XX centuries

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Administrative-territorial structure

Chernomorie at the end of the 18th century

The issues of administrative-territorial transformations in the Black Sea region did not go unnoticed by Kuban scientists. At the same time, this topic was not the subject of a special study (except, perhaps, the extremely fruitful work of G.N. Shevchenko) and historians worked only with the main legislative acts, analyzing the main stages of transformations only on them.

Our goal is to trace how the practical implementation of these legal provisions proceeded on the ground, while paying attention to Special attention middle and lower levels of the administrative system, some of which simply went unnoticed by researchers.

The Black Sea Cossack army was not only a military, but also a socio-economic, political and ethno-cultural organism.

The specifics of internal control in the army (and then in the lands of the army - Chernomorie) consisted in poorly defined boundaries between administrative, judicial and military power. In many cases, one can speak of the absence of such boundaries at all. Every person in the Black Sea army, who possessed any military power, actually possessed administrative, police, judicial power.

At the time of its formation, the army took over to some extent the "Cossack detachment" of the former Zaporozhye army. At the very top of the pyramid of power was the kosh (military) ataman. It was he who fully combined military, administrative and economic power in his person. The second person after the ataman was the military judge. He handled civil and criminal cases, and he also had judicial duties. At the same time, the judge was considered an assistant to the ataman and also performed administrative and military affairs, led the military economy. At the third rung of the hierarchical ladder was the military clerk, who was in charge of the office of the troops, kept accounts, sent orders. The most diverse duties were combined by the military captain: he monitored the execution of the orders of the ataman and the judge, carried out inquiries and investigations, observed order and deanery. In a number of documents of the late XVIII century. these four persons are singled out in a separate group of "military" foremen.

Military colonels commanded regiments, separate commands or administrative districts and had full power in the sector entrusted to them. From experienced and authoritative Cossacks, kuren chieftains were selected, who had significant rights and obligations in their kuren.

Joining the opinion of G. N. Shevchenko, we note that the central governing body of the Black Sea army was Kosh, which was in charge of the administrative, military, financial, judicial and other affairs of the troops (personally, it seems to us, Kosh represented the triumvirate in the person of the military ataman, judge, clerk). At the same time, it is worth noting that at the end of the XVIII-beginning of the XIX century. the term "Kosh" also carried other semantic meanings: headquarters, main camp, camp, residence, "capital" of the troops; in a number of cases, as it seems, the entire administrative apparatus of the first persons of the army (the so-called Chancellery).

The resettlement of the Black Sea Cossack army to the Kuban as part of large and organized parties took place in 1792-1794. . A different system of administrative bodies is being formed in Chernomorie. There are two structures that differ from each other - rural and urban (of course, while maintaining the combined arms administrative apparatus).

The first settlers founded many temporary settlements in the Kuban, where Cossacks, assigned to various kurens, lived. In August 1793, all the villages located near the border were transferred to the jurisdiction of cordon foremen, while the inhabitants were ordered to elect atamans and clerks. Every seven days, the chieftain was obliged to report “about well-being” to the cordon foreman, he to the “private” head of the cordon (the cordon line was divided into two parts at that time), and the latter to the chieftain.

However, already on November 19, all cordon foremen were removed from the command of the villages, the inhabitants were ordered for the second time "to elect among themselves honest people, chieftains and serviceable clerks." The chieftains of the villages were obliged to report every Saturday to the commander of their part of the cordon about thefts, murders, theft. At the same time, residents were forbidden, bypassing their chieftain and private commander, "to work on the main team about all quarrels and fights." All litigation was to be sorted out by the ataman, having gathered the whole society. This is how the institute of rural chieftains arose in Chernomorie.

The first administrative-territorial formations in the Black Sea coast were the Fanagoriyskaya and Yeyskaya palankas. The first historians of the Black Sea Host Ya. G. Kukharenko and A. M. Turenko report this event as follows: major Savva Bely, and the second on the river Her, in a quarantine building, under the control of Colonel Semyon Pismenny, ... this department received fishing on the coastal spits of Yeisk, Dolgaya, Kamyshevata.

The territorial division into palanques and distances existed in the army during the war years in the interfluve of the Bug and the Dniester. For example, in April 1792, M. Gulik reported to Kosh about the atrocities committed by the foremen of the Kinburn palanka. Captain Peter Burnos reported in the same year: “My distance in the settlements of Korotkaya and Nezavertai ... is safely between the army and the villagers.”

The most important step towards the creation of a clear administrative-territorial structure of the Black Sea coast was the adoption on January 1, 1794 of the "Order of Common Benefit" - a document regulating the management, resettlement and land use in the Black Sea army. This document has been repeatedly analyzed from a variety of positions. Based on the purpose and objectives of our work, we will try to focus only on the key points and those that have passed the attention of researchers.

First of all, we note that the “Order” is not legally an independent and original document, created only by the intellectual efforts of the local Cossack elite. It is based on the all-Russian acts: "Institutions on the management of provinces" and "Charter of the deanery". In this regard, it seems that the leading role in the creation of the “Order of Common Benefit” was played by the military judge A. A. Golovaty, who served before the formation of the Black Sea Cossack army as a police captain (that is, a police official) in Novomoskovsk and therefore knew the all-Russian legislation perfectly .

The first paragraph of the "Order" established the Troop Government, "governing the army on the exact and unshakable basis of all-Russian laws." It consisted of a ataman, a military judge and a military clerk. Thus, Kosh - as the main governing body of the army - was transformed into a military government. In the meaning of “the main camp of the army”, Kosh was used for many more years even in all-Russian legislative acts.

It is important to note the following circumstance - the establishment of the Troop Government was, in fact, a formal act that consolidated what had already existed in life for a long time. The fact is that papers signed by the Military Government are found long before 1794. For the same period, documents entitled: “From the kosh of the faithful Black Sea Cossacks” and “From the military government of the troops ...” appear in parallel. The "Order of Common Good" only eliminated this ambiguity. In fact, it was a by-law local act, since the existence of the Military Government was legally legalized by the letter of Catherine II of June 30, 1792.

At the same time, one cannot fail to say that the government itself already at the end of the 18th century. considered itself to have existed since 1794 and did not take any responsibility for the decisions of an earlier period.

In Yekaterinodar, forty kurens were supposed to be built for the “refuge of the homeless Cossacks”, and kuren villages were to be settled along the borders of the troops. In kurens, kuren chieftains were elected for a period of one year, who were obliged to have a “non-stop stay” during the kuren. Their function included: “according to the outfits of the authorities for the service of the Cossacks, to repair the immediate deployment and the unimportant quarrels and fights that occur between smokers and fights to disassemble unfounded and reconcile, delivering just pleasure to the offended side, and for an important crime to submit under legal judgment to the military government.

In order to “establish and approve a well-organized order”, the military land was divided into five districts with the following district administrations at the head: Ekaterinodar, Fanagoriy, Beisug, Yeisk, Grigorievskoe. “The first, at the Kuban River, between the Cossack Erik and the Ust-Labinsk Fortress, the second, from the Black Sea to the Black Erik on Fanagoriysky Island, the third, from Achuev up the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov to the Chelbas River, on the left side of the Beisu River, at its mouth , the fourth, from the Chelbas River to the Yeya River, at its mouth, and the fifth, at the border from the side of the Caucasian viceroy, along the delimitation of lands. It should be noted that the district boards of the Black Sea coast were nothing more than the Zemstvo police. In a number of documents of 1794 there are such wordings: “... for better management zemstvo police ... military land is divided into five districts.

The zemstvo (or rural police) in the form of the so-called lower zemstvo court was created on the basis of the “Institution for the management of the province”, published in 1775. The court performed administrative, police and judicial functions on the territory of the county, was elective and collegiate, consisted of 4- 5 people led by a district police officer.

In Chernomorie, the district boards included a colonel, a clerk, a captain, a cornet. The "Order of Common Benefit" did not clearly fix how the district boards were to be formed - by election or by order. Subsequent documents leave no doubt that there was no question of any election - all these persons were appointed by the Military Government. The head of the district board in official documents was most often referred to as: "Colonel of the Yeysk district." However, he was often referred to simply as the "chief" or "commander" of the district.

The duties of the district boards of Chernomorie were in general similar to those of the rural police. The responsibilities of the county boards included the following:

To take care of “the establishment by the inhabitants of arable farming, mills, forests, vineyards, cattle breeding, fishing factories, merchants and other arts;

Preserve existing forests from deforestation and fire;

- “unfoundedly” sort out quarrels and fights, defend those offended, help widows and orphans in everything, accustom the lazy to industriousness, “encourage” the unmarried to marry, fine those who disobey the authorities, and send criminals to the military government for legal condemnation;

Send seven-day reports to the main team on the welfare of all military residents, and in case of emergency, send a report at the same hour;

Regularly inspect whether crossings, bridges, gati are in good condition;

Look after the residents, cleanliness in cities and villages, and in case of fire, check whether there is water and tools for extinguishing;

Catch and send thieves and robbers to "legal condemnation";

In the case of a contagious disease, separate the infected from the healthy, surround them with guards and report to the military government “where did such evil originate”;

Report to the military government about cases of loss of livestock.

A purely local feature was the observation of the total and constant armament of the inhabitants.

An intermediate link between the military government, middle and lowest level power - was occupied by the military captain. "Order" charged him with the functions of monitoring the execution of the orders of the ataman and the government by district officials and cordon foremen. The instruction to the military captain, in particular, prescribed:

- “Not executors of the law and the established order ... to represent to the authorities”;

- “Unimportant and criminal cases should be dealt with in the department of this army that happened, not excluding those places where military residents and private commanders are identified ... send guilty foremen ... to government decisions, and fine the privates in the same place according to their guilt ... ". Important cases were ordered to be sent to the government or the nearest district board.

- “If there will be ... a crowd of thieves and robbers, let the government know about them, and go yourself with the required number of teams to that place, try to catch everyone; and then, upon questioning on the spot ... taking under guard, the estate of all of them to describe without a trace ... themselves who committed an evil deed ... deliver to the government for judgment according to the laws ”;

Monitor deforestation, serviceability of bridges, cleanliness of streets and yards, fire prevention measures;

Watch the weights and measures. Sellers with false weights and measures are taken under guard and delivered to the government, their goods are sealed;

Fugitives and those without passports should be taken into custody and transferred to the military government; "to involve overexposures in judging according to the laws"

For the "Order of Common Benefit" a special "State for the post of ataman and military government" was developed. The state provided for the creation of the following expeditions and departments: passports and tickets, military, state and civil cases, cases on various publications. In total, the staff of the government and the ataman consisted of 18 people, the cost of wages, stationery and firewood was determined at 2000 rubles. It should also be noted that there is a different point of view on the structure of the Troop Government. In the certificate of 1822, prepared for the "Rules for the management of the Black Sea Army" (developed by A.P. Yermolov), it was stated that the Military government in 1794 consisted of a military ataman with two judges, a secretary, a protocol clerk and consisted of three povyts and a registry . The specified composition of the government documents of the late XVIII century. not confirmed.

It was far from immediately possible to “start” the district boards appointed by the “Order of Common Benefit”. In September 1794, military judge A.A. Golovaty reported to the government that the “Order of Common Benefit” provided for five district boards, of which only two were open: Fanagoria (headed by Colonel I. Yuzbasha) and Yeisk (Colonel E. Chepega). The military judge personally appointed K. Bely, A. Mirgorodsky and I. Kulik as colonels in the Yekaterinodar, Beisug and Grigorievsk administrations. Having informed the government about this, A. Golovaty offered him to divide the land into five districts. Thus, we can conclude that in the eight months since the decision was made, no practical measures have been taken to delimit military land.

On September 26, 1794, a meeting of the Military Government was held, where it ordered that the lands of the troops be divided into 5 districts, while their boundaries were specified and somewhat different from those indicated by the "Order".

In the Kuban historiography, it seems, there has not yet been a message that in August 1793 a special team was created in the Black Sea region "for mapping military lands" . Perhaps it was her data that made it possible to divide Chernomorie into districts and allocate the proposed places for the settlement of smoking settlements. Subsequently, the boundaries of the districts became the subject of lengthy and fierce disputes, but this is a topic for a separate study.

In their territory, district colonels wielded considerable power. They introduced new positions: bazaar, coastal foremen, special caretakers in remote villages, tracts, braids, fish factories.

In addition to the "Order of Common Benefit" official duties district boards, the military captain and kuren chieftains were determined by special instructions. For the district administrations, a special “Instruction from the military Black Sea government” was prepared, created on the basis of the “Charter of the Deanery” and only slightly corrected in a local way. The duties of the colonels of the boards largely coincided with the powers of the zemstvo police officers or captains, recorded in the "Institution for the management of the provinces" (November 7, 1775).

It is more difficult to deal with the competence of the kuren and village atamans and the village overseer. From the “Instruction” for the kurenny atamans of the military ataman T. Kotlyarevsky dated February 10, 1799, we learn that the ataman of the kurennaya was certainly considered the main one in this triad, and the rural one acted as his assistant, fulfilling all his orders on the spot in the kurenny village.

Thus, at the end of the XVIII century. The administrative apparatus of Chernomorie (without Yekaterinodar) was represented by the Troop government, the military captain, district administrations, kuren and rural chieftains, special caretakers, bailiffs and tenth villages and various officials who were responsible for some narrow area of ​​\u200b\u200bwork (for example, "coastal foreman" ).

In conclusion, a few words about the creation of administrative structures in the military city of Yekaterinodar. On October 20, 1793, the ataman Z. Chepega appointed D. S. Volkorez the first mayor of Ekaterinodar. The mayor, according to the "Institution for the management of provinces" was the head of the administration and police of the county town. His functions were determined by a special instruction, in many respects similar to the instruction of the police captain of the lower zemstvo court. The duties of the mayor of Ekaterinodar were determined by the order of the ataman Z. Chepega on November 19, 1793. This document has been cited quite often in the historical literature and there is no point in dwelling on it. One can only note the appearance of quartermen in the city. Documents of this period testify to the existence of a "city government": the mayor, his assistant, the clerk.

In August 1798, Ataman T. Kotlyarevsky ordered the mayor captain Tansky to have two quarterly and two horse messengers during the “gorodnichestvo”, and to elect tenths and watchmen from the citizens of the city.

Thus, the order of organization of administrative and police power in Yekaterinodar at the end of the XVIII century. can be represented as follows: the Black Sea military government, mayor, assistant mayor, clerk and his assistant, quarter guards, tenths, watchmen. It should only be noted one city feature: every Cossack who lived in Ekaterinodar, but being assigned to his kuren, obeyed not only the city authorities, but also his kuren ataman.

Let's summarize. By the end of the XVIII century. in the Black Sea region, a rather harmonious and relatively capable administrative system has developed. Its middle and grassroots links find their counterparts in the all-Russian, naturally having some local features. The military government is the highest executive power and deals with military, economic, cultural, social, religious issues. At the same time, at the local level, it also has some legislative rights (which is due to the relative autonomy of the Cossack army), and a significant share of the judicial power, being the highest judicial authority in the Black Sea region. At the same time, all-Russian laws are very flexibly interpreted and adapted to the old Cossack customs.

A distinctive feature of the administrative apparatus of the Black Sea region at the end of the 18th century was its pronounced military-police character.

Number, national and social composition

Black Sea Cossack army at the end of the XVIII century

In the first months of its existence, volunteer teams, created by order of Prince G. A. Potemkin, replenished very slowly. By the end of 1787, there were only 600 people in the “free Zaporozhye team” (several names of this military contingent were also used at the same time). By order dated January 2, 1788, Potemkin calls on S. I. Bely "to use every possible effort to increase the Cossacks." The January documents already use the expression "army of faithful Cossacks", whose military chieftain S. I. Bely is appointed. The name "army" is still too pretentious for such a small group of people. In this case, the legal and psychological consequences of this decision were taken into account.

The dynamics of growth in the number of troops looked like this. In February 1788, it consisted of 732 people, by the end of March - 1343, in May - 1812, in June - 2095. In June 1788, the line-up of the troops was as follows: one military chieftain, one military captain, 5 colonels, captains, cornets, 6 regimental foremen, 38 smoking chieftains and one artillery, 104 gunners and 1973 ordinary Cossacks.

It should immediately be noted that any statistics regarding the Cossack army is largely relative. A considerable number of Cossacks were constantly in legal and illegal absences. Some simply ran away, others went to work. Some of the Cossacks returned from service to their homes and took care of the household, many were on “home leave” for various reasons. For example, in August 1788, there were 2245 people on the rowing flotilla, and only 1621 were available.

This, rather unusual for us, picture is illustrated by the following document. In a report addressed to the military judge A. A. Golovaty, the regimental cornet Nochevny reports on the recruitment of 41 people into the army. At the same time, he is forced to report that he brought only 13 with him, and 28 remained at home "in the consideration of the current working hours."

According to the September pay slips, the total number of troops was estimated at 4104 people. For the winter, most of the Cossacks were sent home and to work. It turned out to be extremely difficult to collect them, and only by the summer of 1789 did the number of troops reach the level of the previous year. It should be noted the extreme inconsistency of the sources. According to the June statement, there were 3143 people in the walking team, and according to the report of Golovaty to Prince G. A. Potemkin - more than five thousand people. In any case, the number of people did not justify the prince's calculations. On October 4, he once again orders: "The army of the faithful Cossacks of the Black Sea is allowed to receive all free people ...". By the end of the year, the army already had more than 7 thousand people on the payroll, including about 2300 cavalry.

In 1790, approximately the same figures appear in the documents. The composition of the troops increased significantly in the next 1791. In the statement of November 30, 1791, the number of Black Sea residents is 12,620 people. This number included 4 military foremen (troops: chieftain, judge, clerk, captain), 27 colonels, 12 bunchuk comrades, 15 regimental foremen, 171 regimental captains with the rank of lieutenant, 34 regimental captains with the rank of second lieutenant, 321 regimental cornets (ensigns) , 148 foremen without army ranks (that is, a total of 732 foremen) and 11888 atamans (kurenny and Pushkar), gunners, Cossacks. Of these, 335 foremen and 7165 Cossacks really were in the service. By March 1792, the total payroll of the troops was reduced to 10 thousand people. In the same year, the resettlement of the Black Sea Cossacks to the Kuban began.

In the historical literature there is no consensus on the number of settlers in 1792-1794. A. Skalkovsky wrote about 5803 Cossacks. M. Mandrika believed that 8200 people crossed to the Kuban, and 4400 remained for various reasons. I. D. Popko pointed to 13 thousand combatant Cossacks and "with them up to five thousand female souls." P. P. Korolenko and F. A. Shcherbina talked about 17,000 male souls.

In some cases, these disagreements are quite understandable. In the sources it is not always possible to make out the meaning of a particular figure (and you can trust the sources with very great caution). Is it only about men, or about women too? Are only combatants listed among the Cossacks, or are combatants together with the elderly and youngsters? In addition, it is impossible to establish a clear time limit for the end of resettlement. The transition of large organized Cossack parties to the Kuban was completed in 1793. However, the data of 1794 are so different from the data of 1793 that one can speak of a real flow of settlers and fugitives to the Black Sea coast. Therefore, the indication of the number of migrants must necessarily be tied to a specific time.

At the beginning of 1793, there were 3947 Cossacks and foremen on Taman, but about a thousand of them went to work in the Tauride region. Ataman Z. A. Chepega went on a campaign with a team of just over two thousand people. In the columns of A. A. Golovaty there were a little more than 7 thousand people. Consequently, by September 1793, about 13 thousand people crossed to the Kuban. But from the detachments of Chepega and Golovaty, some of the people also went to work, some returned for their families (in both cases, many Cossacks did not return), some of the Cossacks moved to the lands of the Donskoy army and settled there.

According to a report dated December 1, 1793 to the governor S. S. Zhegulin, the number of troops was shown at 11,677 people. Of this number, 3682 Cossacks were absent. The reports of 1793 give the impression of formal replies. For several months, the same numbers are indicated. Indeed, who could at least relatively accurately count the Cossacks who came to Chernomorie at different times, as part of different detachments and parties, and settled spontaneously and chaotically. Literally 4 years later (in 1797), ataman T. T. Kotlyarevsky, in a note addressed to the emperor, claimed that in 1793 “passed to this land ... among the males up to 16 thousand” .

According to the census conducted by lieutenant Mirgorodsky and cornet Demidovich in the winter of 1793-1794. (completed by March 1, 1794) 12,645 Cossacks lived in Chernomorie. In reports to the higher authorities for July 1794, the number of troops is shown as 12,544 people. Of these, adults and fit for service - 7,761 people. The rest are the elderly, the sick, the young. By October 1794, the combatant had reached 10,408 people, the total - 14,516, by December - 16,222. Thus, in the second half of 1794, the composition of the Black Sea troops increased by almost 4 thousand (it is quite possible that such a significant increase is due not only to the influx from outside, but also to a more accurate account of the Black Sea people scattered among flocks, fish factories, floodplains).

In the second half of 1795 and in 1796, there is a tendency for the population to decrease. On the one hand, this was the result of decisive measures taken by the authorities to prevent the flight of serfs to the Black Sea coast, on the other hand, there is some outflow of Cossacks to their places of former residence. Diseases have also taken their toll. According to February 1797, the total number of the Black Sea troops was 14,416 people. Cossacks fit for service, 9,498, elderly and sick - 1,594, minors - 3,308. In a December note of 1797, ataman Kotlyarevsky wrote: total males up to 13,500 people ".

The statement of the state of the army for July 1798 already shows 18,618 Cossacks (that is, an increase of 5,000 in half a year) and 7,988 women. Fit for service - 12,543, elderly - 1,454, minors - 4,091. But literally two months later, the "statement of the welfare of the troops" of September 30 presents us with a completely different picture. Men - 13,173, women - 5,846. - 8,702, the elderly - 774, minors - 3,687. Such a significant discrepancy is most likely due to the costs of the information collection system. Deliberate falsification of data is not excluded.

The 1800 census registered 23,474 men and 9,135 women in Chernomorie. 15,573 fit for service, 2,446 elderly, 5,415 youngsters. According to an additional census made by order of General I.I. Michelson, more than two thousand vagrants were revealed.

One of the meetings of the Military Chancellery of 1801 speaks eloquently about how “accurate” the population censuses were in the Black Sea region: “According to the censuses made again this year, there were more than the indicated number for all kurens there are more than 11 thousand 653 souls, including 8,693 males, 2,960 females, which, counting on the previous ones, will make up all 32,657 ... This is proof of how much people need to have the most accurate account.

Thus, we can state with caution that over the 7 years of residence in the Kuban, the number of Cossacks of the Black Sea Host, in comparison with its initial composition at the time of organized resettlement (1792-1793), increased almost three times.

Volunteer teams that laid the foundation for the Black Sea Host were originally recruited from Cossacks who served in the former Zaporizhzhya Sich. V. A. Golobutsky singled out four groups among the former Cossacks, who, for one reason or another, entered the new army. Before the foreman and the propertied Cossacks, prospects for a service career and obtaining land were opened. Middle-income Cossacks sought to restore their property and free themselves from the lord's guardianship. The former Zaporozhye poor, who owned a tiny farm, tried to free themselves from the fetters of serfdom. The fourth group included completely poor people - the seroma, which at that time consisted of serfs and homeless barge haulers.

Permission to accept as Cossacks all willing free people dramatically changes the appearance of the army. Social elements rushed into it, representing various class groups of Russian society. Petty and landless Ukrainian nobles joined the Black Sea army. Often such an introduction was pure fiction. The newly assigned Cossack continued to live peacefully at home, even outside the territory of the army, having received documents on indefinite leave or dressed up from this mercenary. These people were attracted by the economic benefits associated with joining the army.

Under the patronage of the troops sought to get merchants and nobles who traded in trade. Having entered the Cossacks, they left the taxable estate, and by putting a mercenary in their place, they also excluded the tragic vicissitudes of warlike life.

Representatives of other Cossack troops also entered the new army. These are, first of all, the former registered Cossacks of the Left Bank, who sought to escape from the landowners. In the nominal list of Cossacks in 1793, in almost every kuren we meet the expression: “from the Hetman Cossacks”, “from the Little Russian Cossacks”. The Don and Chuguev Cossacks are also mentioned here. There is evidence of the arrival of the Cossacks of the Bug Regiment in the Black Sea.

Quite a few among the Black Sea Cossacks are found who came out "from the Polish service zholner". There are frequent cases of enrollment in the Cossacks of retired soldiers and officers of the Russian army. A significant group in the army were raznochintsy.

In the lists of Cossacks, there are often “settlers from the state department”, people of “muzhik rank” and “it is not known what rank”. This is not surprising, since only by one command of G. A. Potemkin, 4,569 villagers of the Yekaterinoslav governorship were enrolled as Cossacks. A large number of fugitives from different regions of Russia was identified by V. A. Golobutsky. For these people, joining the Cossacks meant the legalization of their position. The bulk of the fugitives were serfs, but there were criminals and deserters.

The practice of recruiting troops "from above" has reached considerable proportions. People of various social origins were enrolled in the Cossacks, not only on the orders of G. A. Potemkin, but also Major General de Ribas, Prince N. V. Repnin, M. I. Kutuzov and other commanders of the Russian army. Therefore, it is appropriate to ask the question: how many in the Black Sea army were the former Cossacks?

According to I. V. Bentkovsky, in 1795 there were only 30% of “true Sich” people, 40% of “hunters” from free people, and 30% of “others”. The method of obtaining these figures is not entirely clear and may not be entirely correct. F. A. Shcherbina simply stated: “... many people who had no connection with Sich signed up for the Black Sea army.”

Certain assistance in resolving this issue can be provided by the materials of the 1793-1794 census mentioned by us. Of the 12,645 Cossacks of the former Cossacks, 5,503 people are shown in it, that is, approximately 43%. These numbers are, of course, relative. Among the "Cossacks", no doubt, there are quite a few fugitives (this is easily confirmed by documents), who created more or less convincing legends for themselves. The influx of fugitives to the Kuban, which sometimes, according to V. A. Golobutsky, "features of organized resettlement", had to steadily reduce the percentage of former Cossacks among the Black Sea Cossacks.

The sources of recruitment and replenishment of the Black Sea Cossack army determined its multinational composition. According to F. A. Shcherbina, the army of various tribes assembled from different places included Great Russians, Poles, Lithuanians, Moldavians, Tatars, Greeks, Germans, Jews. V. A. Golobutsky noted cases of Bulgarians, Serbs, Albanians entering the Cossacks. We find confirmation of the words of historians in many documents that came out of the Cossack environment. For example, at a meeting of the Military Government on March 16, 1794, it was said: “The foremen and Cossacks at the meeting of this army entered the service from different places of the Russian Empire and the Polish region.”

In the higher echelons of the Black Sea foremen, we meet the "Polish breed" of the military clerk and. Podlesetsky. The history of the well-known Black Sea family of Burnos is noteworthy. The founder of the family Piotr Burnos is a Pole Pinchinsky. At the beginning of the XIX century. he adopted an Abadzekh boy. The native son of Peter Burnos - Korney, took a Jewish boy into the family. A few decades later, the adopted son of P. Burnos wrote: “Vasil Korneevich Burnos is a Pole, I am a Circassian, Starovelichkovsky Burnos is a Jew.”

A significant number of documents have been preserved on the admission of Circassians, Jews, Armenians, Greeks and representatives of other nationalities to the Cossacks. However, recognizing the multi-ethnic composition of the army, we are in full solidarity with F. A. Shcherbina, who argued that representatives of other nationalities simply “drowned” among the Little Russian population.

The Little Russian origin of the majority of the Black Sea Cossacks is indirectly confirmed by the smoking and regimental lists, where Ukrainian surnames clearly predominate. True, it is worth mentioning that surnames (nicknames, nicknames) do not always serve as a reliable guide. The real name of the military colonel Alexei Vysochin turned out to be Tsven (in a number of documents - Tsvenenko), Colonel Ivan Pavlovich the Great - Gubar. Under the surname Melnichenko, a certain Moldavian signed up, and the father of the hundredth Yesaul Grednev was the “Prussian Edelman Greif”.

One should not trust such ethno-marking surnames as Bessarab, Gypsy, Bolgarin, Litvin, etc. The real name of Captain Lyakh was Shanka. The ethnonym "Litvin" could mean (depending on who compiled the document) both a resident of northern Ukraine and a Belarusian, less often a Pole, or even just a Catholic.

But the percentage of such errors is small. The Little Russian origin of the overwhelming number of Black Sea Cossacks is confirmed by a huge number of documentary sources containing such a standard wording: "... he is a Little Russian breed, the title of a Cossack."

Three-stage resettlement to the Kuban in the first half of the 19th century. more than a hundred thousand Little Russian Cossacks (actually peasants) finally determined the ethnic face of the Black Sea Cossacks.

Conclusion

The resettlement of the Black Sea Cossack army to the Kuban can in no way be attributed to the number of ordinary events in Russian history at the end of the 18th century. Paradoxical as it may seem, but we do not formulate documented substantiated reasons that brought this event to life. The weakness of the source base forces researchers to act within the framework of formal logic and resort to the extrapolation method. Let us name several, in our opinion, “obvious” reasons: the need for a permanent Russian military presence in the Northwestern Caucasus, the creation of a defensive line along the new southern border of the empire; colonization and economic development of the Kuban lands; removal from western border restless elements in constant contact with the Turkish Cossacks; the destruction of the Zabuzh "bridge" (V. A. Golobutsky's term) for the fugitive population of the Right-Bank and Left-Bank Ukraine; redistribution of land between the Bug and Dniester rivers and, in connection with this, the search for a new territory for the army ... A number of other reasons can be cited, but in fact, they can acquire the status of “obvious” only if the source base is not representative. Unfortunately, the words of Golobutsky, expressed half a century ago, remain relevant today: “It is difficult to say what specific considerations turned out to be decisive in the issue of resettling troops from behind the Bug to the Kuban.” So far, we hardly understand the logic of decision-making in the highest echelons of power and the algorithm for their implementation.

It is obvious that in the initial draft of the government, it was about the allocation of only "Taman Island" to the Black Sea people. When the wording “Taman with its environs” first appeared, who its author was, how these “surroundings” were localized - there are no exact answers to these questions yet.

We can quite definitely state that the decision to allocate lands to the army had already been made, and only after that an order was received in Kosh to send a deputation to the capital to receive a letter of commendation for these lands. At the same time, the development in Kosh of a petition addressed to the empress and instructions to the head of the delegation clearly testify to the amorphousness of the government's plan and the real chances of the Cossacks to introduce more favorable conditions into it.

In the Kuban historiography, the diplomatic activity of A. A. Golovaty in St. Petersburg, overflowing with borrowings from fiction, strongly resembles an adventure novel. As is clear from the letters of the military judge himself, he did not conduct any negotiations with the empress, the interests of the army were represented by V. S. Popov. At the same time, we are not inclined to downplay the role of the head of the deputation in the success of the military diplomatic mission. The clever and resourceful military judge A. A. Golovaty had wide connections in the capital, knew how to get along with the "powerful" of this world, and therefore indirectly could influence the course of decision-making.

A significant body of sources on the history of the rowing Cossack flotilla made it possible to establish all the main stages of its preparation for resettlement. The author can attribute to his merits the clarification of the place and time of the flotilla's departure to Taman, the analysis of its quantitative and qualitative composition (by types of ships), the development of the problem of the number of the first landing force.

An analysis of the documents of the overland resettlement parties made it possible to identify the initial resettlement plan, which provided for the transition of the ataman Z. A. Chepega's detachment through the Crimea to Taman. The refusal of this route and the choice of the northern direction of the route of movement was due to a number of "technical" problems. By the way, it was the detachment of the ataman, and not at all K. Kordovsky, who became the second resettlement party. Recreated (following P. P. Korolenko) real - in terms of timing and sequence of departure on a campaign - a picture of the movement of resettlement parties, completely distorted by F. A. Shcherbina.

With particular interest, the author wrote the section "Foundation of smoking villages." The collection of materials for it lasted a good 15 years - after all, this is not the main topic of our scientific interests. And only after all the cases of this period, stored in the SAC, were viewed (literally in a row), the author read his extracts, summarized them and came to conclusions that were unexpected for him. It turned out that in the spring and summer of 1794 the kuren villages (in any case, the vast majority of them) had not yet been founded. Moreover, the foundation of settlements along the eastern border in 1794 seems unlikely. So far, we have not found direct documentary evidence of their real existence this year. On the other hand, at least two kuren villages existed even before 1794. In our opinion, it is appropriate to talk about the legal (1794) and actual foundation of kuren villages. Such a gradation seems appropriate also because many of the kuren villages were located in already existing settlements (settlements). Only the name has changed, and the settlement itself has been functioning since 1792 or 1793. However, the issue remains debatable.

The question of the place where the first smoking villages were founded turned out to be even more complicated and, moreover, falsified. All the information cited in the historical literature dates back to the statement of the end of 1795. But the documents clearly indicate the transfer of a significant number of villages during 1795 to new places.

Thus, the author updated many small gaps and "blank spots" in the history of the migration of the Black Sea Cossacks to the North-Western Caucasus. It seems that the general outline of these events has long been known Russian history the end of the 18th century, but the “mosaic” of the historical process seems unclear without clarifying every little detail. If the author for the reader was able to clarify at least some fact early history Black Sea Cossacks, he considers his goal fulfilled.

materials

Prepared for publication:

T. I. Serzhanova, V. G. Markaryan

Notes

1. Shcherbina F. A. History of the Kuban Cossack army. T. 1, 2. Ekaterinodar, 1910, 1913; Shevchenko G.N. Black Sea Cossacks at the end of the 18th - the first half of the 19th century. Krasnodar, 1993; Essays on the history of the Kuban (under the editorship of V. N. Ratushnyak). Krasnodar, 1996.

2. Bondar N. I. Kuban Cossacks (ethnosocial aspect) // Kuban Cossacks. History, ethnography, folklore. M., 1995. S. 10.

3. Shcherbina F. A. Decree. op. T. 1. S. 505.

4. Shevchenko G. N. Decree. op. S. 12.

5. Korolenko P. P. Ancestors of the Black Sea Cossacks on the Dniester. B / m, b / g.

6. He is. The initial settlement of the Kuban land by the Black Sea Cossacks // Izvestiya OLIKO. Issue. 1. Ekaterinodar, 1899.

7. Dmitrenko I. I. Collection of historical materials on the history of the Kuban Cossack army. T. 3. St. Petersburg, 1896. S. 673.

8. HACC. F. 249. Op. 1. D. 296. L. 1.

9. Turenko A. M. Historical notes about the Black Sea army. Kyiv antiquity. 1887. Vol. 17 (March). S. 510.

10. HACK. F. 396. Op. 1. D. 161. L. 59.

11. HACK. F. 249. Op. 1. D. 169. L. 13.

12. PSZ. T. 27. 1802. St. Petersburg, 1830. Art. 20508.

13. Copies of Imperial letters and other written acts belonging to the Kuban Cossack army // Kuban collection. T. 8. Ekaterinodar, 1901. S. 287.

14. HACK. F. 249. Op. 1. D. 338. L. 3.

troops on theKuban/ B. E. Frolov. - S. 43-46. - ... Kolesov. - Krasnodar, 2005. - Issue. 4: resettlementBlack SeaCossacktroopson theKuban/ B. E. Frolov. - S. 36-41. - ...

Krasnodar - Yekaterinodar history and modernity

Lesson

The third history of the city. Teacher's story: resettlementBlack SeaCossacktroopson theKuban 3.1 Education Black SeaCossacktroops In the spring and summer of 1787 in the air...

I, having deployed border guards along the Kuban River, am with the government over it at the Karasunsky Kut tract, where I found a place for a military city ... ( Koshevoy ataman 3. A. Chepega)

On January 14, 1794, a by-law was adopted in the Black Sea Cossack Army, regulating management, resettlement and land use. As Fyodor Shcherbina writes in the "History of the Kuban Cossack Army", this military government published in the name of "gentlemen colonels, bunchuk partnership, regimental foremen, kuren chieftains and the entire army." "Order of Common Benefit" consisted of a short preamble and 25 paragraphs, it fixed the name and status of the city of Yekaterinodar. The entire territory of the Black Sea Cossack army on this important historical document divided into five districts. District boards were assigned seals with special images. For example, the seal of the Yekaterinodar government depicted a Cossack hoisting a ratchet into the ground and shooting at the enemy.

All the foremen, the document stated, no matter what rank they were, and the Cossacks, who together make up the kuren, "let them obey the ataman and the comradeship," and the comradeship and chieftains, for their part, should honor the foremen and honored Cossacks.

The "order of common good" made high moral demands on the Cossacks. And our ancestors took them very seriously. The document gave grounds for the publication of "Instructions from the Military Black Sea Government to the Ekaterinodar District Administration". This kind of instruction contained extracts from the "Order ..." and all-Russian legal provisions (in particular, from the "Charter of the Deanery"), slightly corrected in a local way. The Instructions... said:

“If someone takes up a certain position for the sake of deeds, demand, or take, or take from someone a payment, or a gift, or a promise, or any other bribe or bribe, to deliver like a covetous person to the government.

If someone is malicious in drunkenness, constantly drunk, or more than a year drunk than sober, such a person should be sent to the government for determination on abstinence.

If someone is in a public place or with a noble or higher rank, or older in years, or in the presence of sedate people, or in the presence of a female sex, he will use swearing or obscene words, in order to collect foam, half a day's maintenance in a strait house and (take) him into custody, he will pay until then.

If anyone learns to repair witchcraft, or sorcery, or any other similar deceit that comes from superstition, or ignorance, or fraud ..., he will be sent to the government.

"Instruction..." was strictly carried out. The reports of the mayor of Yekaterinodar about the arrest of those guilty of foul language and "living in a drunken state" have survived to this day. In fairness, it should be noted that there were few violators. Thus, the "Order of Common Benefit" justified its name in this respect.

So what am I writing then .. Return Ekaterinodar to the Cossacks.

It is not so much the owner who needs the good, but the good who needs the owner.