Lesson in organic chemistry classification of organic compounds. Lesson topic: "Classification and nomenclature of organic compounds"

During the classes

1. Organization of the beginning of the lesson.

2. Preparing students for the perception of new material.

3. Variety of organic substances.

4. Classification of organic compounds.

5. Nomenclature of organic substances and its types.

6. Drawing up structural formulas by the name of an organic compound.

7. Drawing up the names of organic compounds according to the structural formula.

8. Summing up the lesson.

9. Discussion of homework.

05.04.2020

Classification of organic compounds

Lesson goals. To acquaint with the principles of classifying organic compounds according to the structure of the carbon chain and according to functional groups, and on this basis to give an initial overview of the main classes of organic compounds.

Equipment: Stuart-Brigleb models of molecules, classification scheme for organic compounds.

I. General principles classification of organic compounds

The teacher begins the explanation of the new material by reminding you how large the number of known organic compounds is. In this boundless ocean, it is easy to drown not only for a schoolboy, but also for an experienced chemist. Therefore, scientists always strive to classify any set "by sticks", to put things in order in their household. By the way, it does not prevent each of us from doing this with our things in order to know where everything is at any time.

Substances can be classified according to various criteria, for example, by composition, structure, properties, application - according to such a familiar logical system signs. Since the composition of all organic compounds includes carbon atoms, then, obviously, the order of their connection, i.e., the structure, can serve as the most important feature of the classification of organic substances. On this basis, all organic substances are divided into groups depending on which backbone (skeleton) form carbon atoms, whether this backbone includes any other atoms, except for carbon.

Since the tenth graders' knowledge of organic chemistry are still very scarce, when explaining the material it is desirable to have a diagram made in the form of a poster or pre-drawn on the board (Fig. 1). The teacher, moving from top to bottom according to the scheme, explains new terms for students, widely using the method of etymology (origin) of chemical terms. Thus, in the course of explanation, the principle of humanitarization of learning is implemented.

Fig 1. Classification of organic compounds

Such an explanation can be presented, for example, since it is known that carbon atoms, connecting with each other, can form chains various lengths. If such a chain is not closed, the substance belongs to the group of acyclic (non-cyclic) compounds. A closed chain of carbon atoms allows us to call the substance cyclic.

Carbon atoms in the chain can be connected both by simple (single) and double, triple (multiple) bonds. If a molecule has at least one multiple carbon-carbon bond, it is called unsaturated or unsaturated, otherwise it is called limiting (saturated).

If a closed chain of a cyclic substance consists of only carbon atoms, it is called carbocyclic. However, instead of one or more carbon atoms in the cycle, there may be atoms of other elements, such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur. They are sometimes called heteroatoms and the compound is called heterocyclic.

In the group of carbocyclic substances there is a special “shelf” on which substances with a special arrangement of double and single bonds in the cycle are located. With one of these substances - benzene - students have already met in the course of the 9th grade. Benzene, its closest and distant "relatives" are called aromatic substances, and the rest of the carbocyclic compounds are called alicyclic.

The most important task of this lesson is to introduce students to the basic terms used in the classification of organic substances, but it is premature to require a full understanding of each term at this stage. The guys just have to be able to attribute substances based on their chemical structure to a particular group. In addition, in the future, when studying individual classes of substances, it is advisable to return to this scheme and focus on which group of compounds the substances of the class under study belong to. In this case, the difficult terms of this lesson will be filled with specific content and will be better remembered.

II. Main classes of organic compounds

The teacher can build this part of the lesson in terms of repeating the material of the 9th grade course. Students receive the day before homework remember what classes of organic substances they studied last year. The guys take turns going to the blackboard, write the name of the class (in the order they are studied), the formula and the name of one of the representatives of the class, for example:

Limit hydrocarbons (alkanes): CH 3 -CH 3 , ethane.

Unsaturated (ethylene) hydrocarbons (alkenes): CH 2 = CH 2 , ethylene.

The teacher interrupts this process with a series of additions. For example, after considering alkenes, he reports that a hydrocarbon molecule can have not one, but two or more double bonds. Very important from a practical point of view are substances containing two double bonds - diene hydrocarbons or alkadienes. The teacher writes on the board the name of the class, the formula and the name of butadiene-1,3. If there is no question, you can not focus on the nomenclature rules for constructing this name - everything has its time. Similarly, after benzene, as a representative aromatic hydrocarbons, the teacher gives an example of one of the alicycles, such as cyclohexane. Attention should be paid to the following points: a) despite the similarity of the structure, benzene and cyclohexane belong to different types of substances (according to the classification scheme); b) hence it follows how important it is to show the presence of multiple bonds in cyclic molecules.

After the names of all classes of hydrocarbons appeared on the board, it is necessary to formulate the concept of a functional group. Many students remember the hydroxyl, aldehyde, carboxyl groups, amino group. Formulas of representatives of the class of alcohols, aldehydes, carboxylic acids appear on the board. The teacher completes this list with simple and complex esters, ketones, amines and nitro compounds.

Students try to answer the question of what they mean by the terms bi- or polyfunctional compounds. As an example of a bifunctional compound, the teacher gives the formula of the amino acid glycine. At the end of the review, he once again explains what heterocyclic substances are and writes down the formulas of pyridine (drawing an analogy with benzene) and morpholine (an analogy with cyclohexane).

Acquaintance with the main classes of organic compounds does not imply memorization of this material by all students, only strong guys can do it. However, a general familiarity with this material is necessary to understand the logic of the further presentation of the course. The teacher recommends making a cheat sheet with table 3 from the textbook on thick paper. In the future, it will be useful for recognizing classes of substances, when compiling their names. You can teach the children to use this table when performing the following tasks.

Task 1. Using the classification scheme of organic compounds, determine the classes to which the following substances belong using the formulas.

1st level

2nd level

Task 2. Using a cheat sheet, distribute the indicated formulas of substances into classes and name the classes of compounds to which they belong.

1st level

2nd level

Classification of organic substances. In composition: 1) Hydrocarbons (C, H) 2) Oxygen-containing compounds (C, H, O) 3) Nitrogen-containing compounds (C, H,N) According to the carbon skeleton: 1) cyclic : a) carbocyclic --alicyclic (cyclohexane, benzene) b) heterocyclic (N, O, S) 2) acyclic a) alkanes b) alkenes c) alkynes d) alkadienesAccording to the multiplicity of carbon-carbon bonds: 1) limit 2) unlimitBy functional groups 1) alcohols and phenols -OH 2) aldehydes and ketones 3) carboxylic acids 4) amines 5) nitro compounds 6) halogen derivativesLIMITED HYDROCARBONS ALKANE ( saturated hydrocarbons, paraffins, aliphatic compounds)
General formula - C n H 2n+2 ; sp3-hybridization, connection- σ; injection109°28‘- zigzag structure. suffix -an.

UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS

ALKENES (olefins, ethylene hydrocarbons)

General formulaC&H 2n , one double bond (=); sp2hybridization,communications- σ, π; injection120°, angled molecule.

According to the IUPAC nomenclature in the title -en

ALKYNE (acetylene hydrocarbons)

General formulaC&H 2n-2 , sp hybridization; triple bond (≡).- one σ- and two π-bonds;injection180°, linear molecule

According to IUPAC nomenclature - suffix-in:

ALKADIENES (DIENES, DIENE HYDROCARBONS)

General formulaСnH2n-2; two double bonds.

According to the IUPAC nomenclature, the suffix in the name is -diene , two digits of the position of double bonds are indicated).

According to the mutual arrangement of double bonds and chemical properties, dienes are divided into three groups:
1. Dienes with adjacent double bonds are called dienes.with allene or cumulated bonds. CH 2 =C=CH-CH 2 butadiene -12.

2. Dienes with double bonds separated by more than one single bond are called dienes.with isolated links (similar to alkenes): CH 2 =CH-CH 2 -CH=CH 2 pentadiene-14

3. Dienes with 1, 3 positions of double bonds are called dieneswith associated connections. CH 2 =CH-CH=CH 2 butadiene-13(divinyl)

Main representatives:

CYCLIC HYDROCARBONS Cycloalkanes (naphthenes, cyclanes, or cycloparaffins)

General formulaСnH2n ; sp3 hybridization; σ -C-C connections and S-N.

According to the IUPAC nomenclature -h and the basis is taken by the carbon chain of the cycle.

Cycle numbering is carried out from the carbon atom that is associated with the smallest radical

For instance,

AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS. ARENA.

General formula of aromatic hydrocarbonsC n H 2n-6 . ; sp2 hybridization, σ-bonds S-S and S-Nlie in the same planep-electronscarbon atoms formsingle cyclicπ electron cloud concentrated above and below the plane of the ring. angles are equal120 0 .

Benzene С6Н6 - the ancestor of aromatic hydrocarbons. All C–C bonds in benzene are equivalent

Other organic in-va- derivatives of hydrocarbons containing functional groups. General R-X formula, where X is a functional group.

functional

group

Namefunctionalgroups

Connection class

General

formula

suffix

hydroxyl

alcohols

phenols

R-OHC nH 2 n +1 OhWITH 6 H 5 HE

CHO

aldehyde

aldehydes

R-CHOWITH nH 2nO

C(O)-

carbonyl

ketones

R-C(O)-R 1 WITH nH 2nO

COOH

carboxyl

carbon kisloyou

RCOOH C n H 2n+2 O 2

Oic acid

NH 2

amino group

Amines primary amines secondary amines tertiary

R-NH 2 R 1 -NH-R 2 R 1 -NR 2 -R 3

Amine

NO 2

nitro group

nitro compounds

R-NO 2 C n H 2n+1 NO 2

nitro

F-Cl-Br-I

fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine

halogen derivatives

WITH n H 2n+1 G al

alcohol

Ethers

R-O-R 1 C nH 2n+1Oh

SOO-

alkoxycarbonyl

Esters

R-COO-R 1

NH2- - COOH

amino acids

NH 2 - C n H 2n - CUN

NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES 1) systematic (IUPAC), 2) rational, 3) trivialRules for constructing the name of an organic compound according to the IUPAC nomenclature: 1) Select the main chain of the molecule, determine the functional groups, the presence of multiple bonds. 2) Number the main chain, on the side where the substituent is closer, a multiple bond 3) The basis of the name of the compound is the root of the word, denoting a saturated hydrocarbon with the same number of atoms as the main chain. 4) List the alternates in alphabetical order, indicating their location in Arabic numerals. For example, - 2-methyl; - 3-fluorine. In the presence of several identical substituents, their number and position are indicated, for example, 2,5 - dibromo-, 1,3,4, -trimethy-. It should be noted that numbers are separated from words by a hyphen, and between themselves by commas. 5) A suffix is added to the root, characterizing the degree of saturation: -an (limiting, no multiple bonds); -en (in the presence of a double bond); -in (in the presence of a triple bond) Further, Arabic numerals show the location of multiple bonds. For example, hexine– 2 .

Topic No. 4, Lesson No. 6 (1h) I approve _______________

Classification and nomenclature of oxygen-containing

organic compounds.

Alcohols.

Lesson form: combined

Lesson type: combined

Lesson Objectives:

Introduce students to diversityoxygen-containing organic compounds.Giving students an idea of the newclass of organic substances containing in their compositionoxygen, reveal the concept of "functional group",to familiarize students with the definition of alcohols and their workfunctional group - hydroxogroup; to tell aboutthe composition of alcohols and their properties,production methods, areas of application,about the dangers of alcohol for the bodyperson; talk about the fight against alcoholism.

Tasks:

Educational tasks - form beforestatements about:

a new class of organic substances - alcoholX;

properties, methods of obtaining and applyingniya monohydric and polyhydric alcohols;

Development tasks - develop skills:

1) To form the ability to draw conclusions, compare, work with sources of information (textbook, table, diagram), make judgments on the issues under study.

Educational tasks - contribute to the oddspeace:

To form the ability to find ways to solve problem situations, to justify their decision adequately to the problem posed.

Equipment :

Computer. ethyl molecule modelalcohol.

During the classes

1. Organizing moment . Greeting (1 minute).

2. Updating knowledge:

Let's remember the sources of hydrocarbons: oil, coal, natural gas.

3. Learning new material:

The composition of oxygen-containing organic substances, in addition to carbon and hydrogen, also includes oxygen.

1. Alcohols are oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxyl group in their composition.

2. Aldehydes are characterized by the presence of an aldehyde group:

3. Ketones contain a carboxyl group linked to two radicals.

4. carboxylic acids distinguishes the carboxyl group from other oxygen-containing organic compounds.

5. Ethers: a) simple R-O-R` b) complex

The chemical properties of these compounds are determined by the presence of various functional groups in their molecules.

Connection class

Functional group

Function name groups

Alcohols

R-HE

hydroxyl

-ol

Aldehydes

aldehyde

-al

Ketones

carbonyl

-he

carboxylic acids

carboxyl

-oic acid

Determine the topic of the lesson (3 minutes)

Task 1. Choose a stranger (underline)

C 7 H 14

C 4 H 10

C 2 H 2

CH 2 =CH=CH 2

C 2 H 5 -OH

OHCH 2 -CH 2 Oh

CH 3 -CH=CH 2 -

CH 3

CH 3 -CH=CH 2

CH 3 -OH

Task 2. Write the structural formula of ethane and propane in which one hydrogen atom is replaced by an -OH group.

CH 3 –CH 2 - HE

CH 3 – CH 2 –CH 2 - HE

Questions for the class:

1. How to name the class of the resulting substances? (Alcohols)

2. How can alcohols be distinguished from other classes of organic substances? (On –OH)

3. What definition of alcohols can you offer?

Alcohols - organic substances, the molecules of which contain one or more hydroxyl groups (OH).

Hydroxyl group (-OH) - a functional group of alcohols that determines chemical function molecules.

Remember, friend, and I, and you,
What is the differencealcohols -
In themcarbon andhydroxide ,
And every alcohol burns easily.

Depending on the the nature of the hydrocarbon radical distinguishsaturated, unsaturated and aromatic alcohols.

Depending on the number of hydroxyl groups, alcohols are classified intomonoatomic and polyatomic.

The general formula of monohydric saturated alcohols:C n H 2 n +1 Oh , a common name - alkanols.

Nomenclature and isomerism of monohydric alcohols.

Namealcohols includes the name of the corresponding hydrocarbon with the addition of the suffix -ol (the position of the hydroxyl group is indicated by a number) or the word "alcohol" is added to the name of the hydrocarbon radical; trivial (everyday) names are also often found:

CH 3 –OH – methanol, methyl alcohol;
CH 3 –CH 2 –OH – ethanol, ethyl alcohol;
CH 3 –CH–CH 3 - propanol-2, isopropyl alcohol

I
Oh

Alkanols are characterized by two types of isomerism:

1. Isomerism of the carbon skeleton.

2. Isomerism of the position of the hydroxyl group in the carbon chain.

The first of the alcohols, which are characterized by both types of isomerism, is butanol. (animation from VHL)

Receipt.

Do you know what else inIVv. BC e. did people know how to make drinks containing ethyl alcohol? Wine was obtained by fermentation of fruit and berry juices. However, they learned to isolate the intoxicating component from it much later. VXIv. the alchemists caught the vapors volatile matter, which was released when the wine was heated.

Currently, alcohols are obtained in various ways both in industry and in the laboratory:

1. Methanol is synthesized from synthesis gas on a catalyst (ZnO, Cu) at 250C and a pressure of 5-10 MPa:

CO + 2H 2  CH 3 HE

Previously, methanol was obtained by dry distillation of wood without access to air.

Ethanol is received:

hydration of alkenes in the presence of a catalyst:

H, S0 4 / Si0,

CH 2 = CH 2 + NON -> CH 3 - CH 2 - HE

fermentation of sugary substances: C 6 H 12 0 6 → 2 C 2 H 5 0 H+2 C0 2

fermentation/farm.

physical properties.

Low molecular weight alcohols (C1-C3) are liquids with a characteristic odor and taste and are miscible with water in any ratio. The boiling points of alcohols do not exceed 100°C. Alcohols with C11 and above are solids.

Ethyl alcohol is a transparent substance with a characteristic alcoholic odor, bitter in taste, readily soluble in water due to the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds C 2 H d -O-N... N-O-N. Such bonds are also formed between alcohol molecules, the boiling point is 78.3°C. A solution of ethyl alcohol containing 40% alcohol is called vodka.

Chemical properties:

2CH 3 CH 2 OH + 2Na→ 2 CH 3 CH 2 ONa+ H 2 T

sodium ethoxide

CH 3 CH 2 OH + HC1 → CH 3 CH 2 C1 + H 2 0

chloroethane

H 2 S0 4 / Si0 2

CH 3 CH 2 OH->CH 2 = CH 2 +H 2 O

H 2 O

CH 3 CH 2 O|H+H]OSH 2 CH 3 → CH 3 CH 2 - O - CH 2 CH 3 + H 2 0

diethyl ether

The use of alcohols.

methanol used for the production of formaldehyde, acetic acid, a solvent in the production of varnishes and paints, serves as an intermediate for the synthesis of dyes, pharmaceuticals, fragrances. Strong poison.

ethanol - a strong antiseptic (in surgery for washing the surgeon's hands and instruments) and a good solvent. Used to produce divinyl (rubber component), chloroform, ethyl ether(used in medicine). A certain amount of alcohol is used in the food industry (production of impregnation, liqueurs).

n-Propanol used for the production of pesticides, drugs, solvent for waxes, resins of various nature.

Polyhydric alcohols

Representativespolyhydric alcohols - ethylene glycol and glycerin.

ethylene glycol, ethanediol

glycerin, propanetriol

Polyhydric alcohols are highly soluble in water and are highly hygroscopic.

From glycerin, an explosive is obtained - nitroglycerin:

Nitroglycerin (glycerol trinitrate) is the basis of dynamite.

Unlike monohydric alcohols, polyhydric alcohols react with a freshly prepared copper hydroxide solution to form a clear, bright blue solution.

This is a quality response.

Ethylene glycol is used for the manufacture of "antifreeze" (reduces the freezing point of water in car radiators), for the synthesis of organic compounds.

Glycerin is used in the manufacture of explosives, dyes, medicines as well as in the perfume industry.

Due to their high hygroscopicity, ethylene glycol and glycerin are used in the leather and textile industry, pharmaceuticals, the production of plastics and varnishes.

Biological action of ethyl alcohol.

Burning the mucous membrane of the mouth, pharynx and esophagus, it enters the gastrointestinal tract. Rapidly and completely absorbed in the stomach. It easily overcomes biological membranes, since the molecules are small, can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, and are highly soluble in fats. Scientists have found that alcohol disrupts the functions of cells, leads to their death. When drinking 100 g of beer, about 3000 brain cells die, 100 g of vodka - 7500. The contact of red blood cells with alcohol molecules leads to clotting of blood cells.

Video

Impact on human health. The mechanism of action of alcohols.

Monohydric alcohols- drugs. Their toxicity increases with increasing number of carbon atoms.

Methyl alcohol is a strong nerve and vascular poison that reduces blood oxygen saturation. Methanol taken orally causes intoxication and severe poisoning accompanied by loss of vision.

Methanol in the digestive tract is oxidized into a more toxic product - formaldehyde and formic acid, which in small quantities cause severe poisoning of the body and death:

Ethyl alcohol is a drug that causes paralysis of the nervous system.

Once in the human body, alcohol acts first stimulating and then depressing on the central nervous system, dulls sensitivity, weakens brain function, and significantly worsens the reaction.

main reason damage to the body by ethanol is the formation of acetaldehyde, which has a toxic effect and interacts with many metabolites. Acetaldehyde is formed as a result of the action of the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (found in the liver).

Propyl alcohol acts on the body similarly to ethyl alcohol, but stronger than the latter.

Initial knowledge test.

Statements are given (on the slide), put "+" if you agree with them.

Count the number of "+", turn the sheet over and write down how many of them you got. This will be your grade for the lesson.!

Reflection.

What was especially interesting?

Where can you use the knowledge gained in today's lesson?

How do you end the lesson? Share your impressions, emotions.

Homework.

§53-54.

Class: 10

Goals: development of methodological knowledge, as well as knowledge about the diversity and difference in the properties of organic compounds. Introduce the concept of classes and functional groups. To acquaint schoolchildren with the classification and rules: compiling structural formulas by the name of an organic compound, compiling the names of organic compounds by a structural formula.

Teaching methods: conversation, story, explanation, demonstration of natural objects, frontal work with self-examination, student performance, ahead of learning.

Equipment: collections of organic substances of different classification groups: paraffin candle (alkanes), sugar (carbohydrates), vinegar (carboxylic acids), chicken egg (proteins), nail polish remover (acetone), hand cream (glycerin); computer, multimedia projector, slides, tables, algorithms for naming organic compounds, sheets of carbon paper.

Interdisciplinary connections: Russian language (word composition), biology.

Internal connections: types of hybridization, electronic orbitals, chemical bond.

Lesson plan:

Organization of the beginning of the lesson.
Generalization of knowledge about the features of the structure of organic compounds.
Variety of organic substances.
Classification of organic compounds.
Nomenclature of organic substances and its types.
Drawing up structural formulas by the name of an organic compound.
Compiling the names of organic compounds according to the structural formula.
Summing up the lesson.
Discussion of homework.

Target:preparing students for work in the classroom.

Chemistry is a rather difficult subject, complex, based on knowledge not only in physics and biology, but also in mathematics, a subject, success in the study of which depends on your logical thinking, memory, the ability to think analytically and compare.

Chemistry is an extremely fascinating interesting subject that will help to penetrate into the very depths of the processes of the surrounding world.

The topic of today's lesson is "Classification and nomenclature of organic compounds." We will get acquainted with the variety of organic compounds. Slide #1

Target:identifying the level of knowledge of students on previously studied topics, eliminating shortcomings.

Recall the structural features of organic compounds.

Students are invited to fill out the table (on sheets of paper with carbon paper).

Characteristics of carbon - carbon bonds. Slide #2

Hand over the completed table to the teacher, a copy remains with the students.

Frontal conversation (questions and tasks):

Check if you filled out the table correctly? Slide #3

3–7. Assimilation of new knowledge, consolidation of acquired knowledge .

Target: With communicating new material to students, checking perception, comprehension, eliminating significant gaps, organizing activities for the application of the studied material.

Answer a few questions.

What compounds are called organic?

Name the organic compounds that are used in everyday life.

Demonstration of organic substances of different classification groups paraffin candle (alkanes), sugar (carbohydrates), vinegar (carboxylic acids), chicken egg (proteins), nail polish remover (acetone), hand cream (glycerin);

Slide number 5

There are several million organic compounds in nature. Every year more and more new organic compounds are produced.

To understand the huge number of organic compounds, it is necessary to classify them.

Let's draw an analogy with books in a library. Imagine that all the books are in one heap. Can you find the book you need quickly? No.

A classification is necessary, which each owner of the library can make in different ways - by arranging the books alphabetically by the names of the authors, by subject, by the age of the readers (books for adults, for children), by the color of the bindings (to look beautiful in the closet), etc. P. The result is differently organized collections, with no classification worse than another. Simply, depending on the goals of the collector, one of the classifications may be more convenient than others.

Also, organic substances can be divided into high- and low-molecular compounds, substances that exist in nature and synthesized by man, substances used as drugs, dyes, solvents, etc. The classification that we are considering - classification according to the structure of substances - is the most convenient from the point of view of studying their properties. Substances that are similar in structure exhibit similar properties. The sequence of chemically bonded carbon atoms in a molecule makes up its carbon skeleton. It is the basis of an organic compound.

Therefore, the first sign of the classification of an organic compound is the classification according to the structure of the carbon skeleton . The skeleton can be unbranched, branched, cyclic.

Slide #6

Molecules can be acyclic, when carbon atoms are not connected in a cycle, and cyclic. Slide number 7

Acyclic are divided into limiting (saturated) and unsaturated (unsaturated)

Depending on the nature of the atoms that make up the cycle, compounds are distinguished: carbocyclic - having only carbon atoms in the cycle, and if other atoms (for example, O, S, N) enter the cycle, then such compounds are called heterocyclic. An example of a heterocyclic compound is, for example, the infamous nicotine.

What is nicotine known for? Slide #8

Heterocyclic compounds are widely distributed in nature and are of great importance for the life of plants and animals. For example, chlorophyll Slad #9) by which plants carry out photosynthesis carbon dioxide and release oxygen - this is a heterocyclic compound. The nucleic acid molecules responsible for the transmission of hereditary information in our body also contain heterocycles.

The second classification feature : nature of functional groups.

A functional group is a group of atoms or a structural fragment of a molecule that determines the characteristic Chemical properties a certain class of organic compounds containing it. Slide #10

Nomenclature - a set of names of individual chemical substances, their groups and classes, as well as the rules for composing their names. The name of the substance should reflect not only its qualitative and quantitative composition, but also unambiguously show it. chemical structure, the name must correspond to a single structure formula.

Currently, three types of nomenclature are used to name organic compounds: trivial, rational and systematic nomenclature - IUPAC nomenclature (IUPAC) - (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry). Student presentation. Application No. 1 Slide #11

Let's remember the Russian language. What are the parts of a word?

Prefix, root, suffixes, ending.

The name of an organic compound also consists of a prefix (prefix), a root, a first-order suffix, and a second-order suffix.

The IUPAC nomenclature is based on the substitution principle. The structural formula appears to consist of a main chain and substituents.

The root of the word determines the main chain of an organic compound, depends on the number of atoms in the chain. Slide number 12 (Counting)

Prefixes indicate the presence of a functional group (except for the eldest), radicals. Radicals formed from saturated hydrocarbons by the removal of hydrogen from the final carbon atom are called by replacing the suffix "an" in the name of the hydrocarbon with the suffix "il". For example, methane-methyl. Slide #13(Cash registers of inorganic compounds and the name of the characteristic groups.)

A first-order suffix indicates a certain type of bonding of carbon atoms in a compound.

A second-order suffix indicates the presence of a higher functional group.

In the name of an organic compound, locants and multiplying prefixes are used.

Lokants are numbers or letters indicating the position of substituents and multiple bonds. They can be placed before the prefix or after the suffix. Multiple prefixes indicate the number of identical substituents or multiple bonds. (di-, tri-, tetra-, pento-)

Let's analyze the name of the organic compound into its constituent parts:

3-ethylpentane (Blackboard work).

Let's define the root (the word indicating the largest number of carbon atoms) pent. Select the icon for the root. We select the prefix 3-ethyl before the root. After the root, we indicate the suffix "an".

Let's make a structural formula according to the plan:

We make a chain of carbons, in the amount indicated in the root.
Let's number the carbon atoms.
We indicate the radical at the third carbon atom, according to the prefix.
The suffix "an" indicates a single bond between carbon atoms.
Let's add the missing hydrogen atoms, according to the valency.

Compose, on your own, in notebooks, a structural formula

2-methylbutanol-2. Let's check Slide #14.

Let's complete the task of the Unified State Examination A15 Slide #15

A 15 B molecule of ethylene has

Let's do the reverse. Compose the name of an organic compound according to its structural formula.

Work with the textbook p.46 (Chemistry grade 10, Kuznetsova N.E.).

Read the rules for naming organic compounds. Write the name of the organic compound according to the structural formula.

Target:Summarize the material of the lesson, evaluate the work of students in the lesson. Name the reasons for the diversity of organic compounds.

Formulate general conclusions on the studied material.

Slides from 2on 15.

Ratings : The teacher thanks the students for the lesson. Active students are graded. Grades for verification work, will be exposed in the next lesson.

Type of hybridization

Connection

Types of covalent bond

Bond length, nm.

Communication angle

Molecule shape

Target:give a task that contributes to an increase in exposure, increases interest in chemistry; instruct students on how to do it.

Homework: Complete assignments No. 4, No. 5 p.48. Creative work:

make a crossword puzzle (10 words) on the topic "Methods for the study of organic compounds" p.49-53. Slide #16

Applications:

Application number 2. Accompanying slides

Classification of organic substances.

Chemistry can be divided into 3 major parts: general, inorganic and organic.

general chemistry considers the regularities relating to all chemical transformations.

Inorganic chemistry studies the properties and transformations of inorganic substances.

Organic chemistry – This is a large and independent branch of chemistry, the subject of which is organic substances:

- their structure;

- properties;

- acquisition methods;

- possibilities of practical use.

Name of organic chemistry suggested Swedish scientist Berzelius.

Before early 19th century All known substances were divided according to their origin into 2 groups:

1) mineral (inorganic) substances and

2) organic substances .

Berzelius and many scientists of those times believed that organic substances can be formed only in living organisms with the help of some " life force". Such idealistic views were called vitalistic (from the Latin "vita" - life). They delayed the development of organic chemistry as a science.

A great blow to the views of the vitalists was dealt by a German chemist V. Wehler . He was the first to obtain organic substances from inorganic:

V 1824 g. - oxalic acid, and

V 1828 g. - urea.

In nature, oxalic acid is found in plants, and urea is formed in humans and animals.

There were more and more such facts.

V 1845 German scientist Kolbe synthesized acetic acid from charcoal.

V 1854 Mr. French scientist M. Berthelot synthesized a fat-like substance.

It became clear that no "life force" existed, that the substances isolated from the organisms of animals and plants could be synthesized artificially, that they were of the same nature as all other substances.

Nowadays organic matter think carbonaceous substances that are formed in nature (living organisms) and can be obtained synthetically. That is why organic chemistry is called chemistry of carbon compounds.

Features of organic substances .

Unlike inorganic substances, organic substances have a number of features that are due to the structural features of the carbon atom.

Features of the structure of the carbon atom.

1) In the molecules of organic substances, the carbon atom is in an excited state and exhibits a valence equal to IV.

2) When molecules of organic substances are formed, the electron orbitals of the carbon atom can undergo hybridization ( hybridization – it is the alignment of electron clouds in form and energy).

3) Carbon atoms in the molecules of organic substances are able to interact with each other, forming chains and rings.

Classification of organic compounds.

There are various classifications of organic substances:

1) by origin,

2) by elemental composition,

3) according to the type of carbon skeleton,

4) by the type of chemical bonds,

5) according to the qualitative composition of functional groups.

Classification of organic substances by origin.

Classification of organic substances by elemental composition.

*organic matter*
*hydrocarbons*	*oxygen-containing*	*In addition to carbon, hydrogen and oxygen contain nitrogen and other atoms.*
Consist of carbon and hydrogen	Consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Limit HC
Unlimited HC		Amino acids
Aromatic HC	Aldehydes
	carboxylic acids	Nitro compounds
	Esters (simple and complex)

	Carbohydrates

Classification of organic substances according to the type of carbon skeleton.

Carbon skeleton -it is a sequence of chemically bonded carbon atoms.

Classification of organic substances according to the type of chemical bonds.

Classification of organic substances according to the qualitative composition of functional groups.

Functional group – a permanent group of atoms that defines characteristic properties substances.

*Functional group*	*Name*	*Class organic*	*Suffixes and prefixes*
-F, -Cl, -Br, -J	Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine (halogen)	halogen derivatives	fluoromethane chloromethane bromomethane iodomethane
	hydroxyl	Alcohols, phenols
- C \u003d O	carbonyl	Aldehydes, ketones	- al methanal
- COOH	carboxyl	carboxylic acids	methane acid
- NO2	nitro group	Nitro compounds	Nitro nitromethane
- NH2	amino group		- amine methylamine

Lesson 3-4

Topic: Basic provisions of the theory of the structure of organic compounds

Reasons for the diversity of organic substances (homology, isomerism ).

By the start of the second half 19th century quite a lot of organic compounds were known, but there was no unified theory explaining their properties. Attempts to create such a theory have been made repeatedly. None were successful.

We owe the creation of a theory of the structure of organic substances .

In 1861, at the 36th Congress of German naturalists and doctors in Speyer, Butlerov makes a report outlining the main provisions new theory- Theories of the chemical structure of organic substances.

The theory of the chemical structure of organic substances did not arise from scratch.

The objective prerequisites for its appearance were :

1) socio-economic background .

The rapid development of industry and trade since the beginning of the 19th century placed high demands on many branches of science, including organic chemistry.

They put before this science new tasks:

- obtaining dyes synthetically,

- improvement of methods for processing agricultural products and etc.

2) Scientific background .

There were many facts that required explanation:

- Scientists could not explain the valency of carbon in compounds such as ethane, propane, etc.

- Scientists chemists could not explain why two elements: carbon and hydrogen can form such a large number of different compounds and why org. there are so many substances.

- It was not clear why organic substances with the same molecular formula (C6H12O6 - glucose and fructose) can exist.

A scientifically substantiated answer to these questions was given by the theory of the chemical structure of organic substances.

By the time the theory appeared, much was already known :

- A. Kekule proposed quadrivalent carbon atom for organic compounds.

- A. Cooper and A. Kekule suggested about carbon-carbon bonds and the possibility of connecting carbon atoms in the chain.

V 1860 . at the International Congress of Chemists clearly defined concepts of atom, molecule, atomic weight, molecular weight .

The essence of the theory of the chemical structure of organic substances can be expressed as follows :

1. All atoms in the molecules of organic substances are interconnected in a certain order. chemical bonds according to their valency.

2. The properties of substances depend not only on which atoms and how many of them are part of the molecule, but also on the order of connection of atoms in the molecule .

The order of connection of atoms in a molecule and the nature of their bonds Butlerov called chemical structure .

The chemical structure of a molecule is expressed structural formula , in which the symbols of the elements of the corresponding atoms are connected by dashes ( valence strokes) which denote covalent bonds.

Structural formula conveys :

The sequence of connection of atoms;

The multiplicity of bonds between them (simple, double, triple).

Isomerism - it is the existence of substances having the same molecular formula but different properties.

Isomers - these are substances that have the same composition of molecules (one and the same molecular formula), but a different chemical structure and therefore have different properties.

3. By the properties of a given substance, one can determine the structure of its molecule, and by the structure of a molecule, properties can be predicted.

The properties of substances depend on the type of crystal lattice.

4. Atoms and groups of atoms in the molecules of substances mutually influence each other.

The value of the theory.

The theory created by Butlerov was first met scientific world negatively, because her ideas contradicted the idealistic worldview prevailing at that time, but after a few years the theory became generally recognized, this was facilitated by the following circumstances:

1. The theory has put things in order the unimaginable chaos in which organic chemistry was before it. The theory made it possible to explain new facts and proved that with the help of chemical methods (synthesis, decomposition, and other reactions) it is possible to establish the order in which atoms are connected in molecules.

2. Theory has introduced something new into the atomic and molecular theory

The arrangement of atoms in molecules,

Mutual influence of atoms

Dependence of properties on a substance molecule.

3. The theory has managed not only to explain already known facts, but also made it possible to predict the properties of organic substances on the basis of the structure to synthesize new substances.

4. Theory made it possible to explain manifold chemical substances.

5. She gave a powerful impetus to the synthesis of organic substances.

The development of the theory proceeded, as Butlerov had foreseen, mainly in two directions. :

1. Study of the spatial structure of molecules (the actual arrangement of atoms in three-dimensional space)

2. Development of electronic representations (revealing the essence of the chemical bond).