October 1917 briefly. Great Russian Revolution

In February 1917, the second revolution after the events of 1905 took place in Russia. Today we are talking briefly about the February Revolution of 1917: reasons popular uprising, course of events and consequences.

Causes

The revolution of 1905 was defeated. However, its failure did not destroy the prerequisites that led to the very possibility of its occurrence. It's the same as if the disease receded, but did not go away, hiding in the depths of the body, so that one day it would burst again. And all because the suppressed uprising of 1905-1907 by force is the treatment of external symptoms, while the root causes - social and political contradictions in the country continued to exist.

Rice. 1. The military who joined the insurgent workers in February 1917

After 12 years, at the very beginning of 1917, these contradictions escalated, which led to a new, more serious explosion. The aggravation occurred due to the following reasons:

• Russia's participation in the First World War : a long and exhausting war required constant costs, which led to devastation in the economy and, as a natural consequence of it, an aggravation of need and the deplorable situation of the already poor masses of the people;
• A number of fateful mistakes that were made by the Russian Emperor Nicholas II in governing the country : refusal to revise agrarian policy, adventurous policy on Far East, defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, a penchant for mysticism, the admission of G. Rasputin to state affairs, military defeats in the First World War, unsuccessful appointments of ministers, military leaders, and more;
• Economic crisis: war requires large expenditures and consumption, in connection with which failures in the economy begin to occur (rising prices, inflation, the problem of food supply, the emergence of a rationing system, aggravation of transport problems);
• crisis of power : frequent change of governors, ignoring the State Duma by the emperor and his entourage, an unpopular government that was solely responsible to the tsar, and much more.

Rice. 2. Destruction of the monument Alexander III during the events of February 1917

All of the above points did not exist separately. They were closely interconnected and gave rise to new conflicts: general dissatisfaction with the autocracy, distrust of the reigning monarch, the growth of anti-war sentiment, social tension, and the strengthening of the role of leftist and opposition forces. The latter included such parties as the Mensheviks, Bolsheviks, Trudoviks, Socialist-Revolutionaries, Anarchists, as well as various national parties. Some called on the people to decisively attack and overthrow the autocracy, while others were confronting the tsarist government in the Duma.

Rice. 3. The moment of signing the manifesto on the abdication of the king

Despite the different methods of struggle, the goals of the parties were the same: the overthrow of the autocracy, the introduction of a constitution, the establishment of a new system - a democratic republic, the establishment of political freedoms, the establishment of peace, the solution of pressing problems - national, land, labor. Since these tasks of transforming the country were of a bourgeois-democratic nature, this uprising also went down in history under the name of the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917.

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The tragic events of the second winter month of 1917 are summarized in the following table:

Event date	Description of the event
	A strike of workers at the Putilov factory, who, due to a jump in food prices, demanded an increase in wages. The strikers were fired, some shops were closed. However, workers from other factories supported the strikers.
	In Petrograd, a difficult situation arose with the delivery of bread and a card system. On this day, tens of thousands of people took to the streets with various demands for bread, as well as political slogans calling for the overthrow of the king and an end to the war.
	A multiple increase in the number of strikers from 200 to 305 thousand people. Basically, they were workers, who were joined by artisans and employees. The police failed to restore calm, and the troops refused to go against the people.
	The meeting of the State Duma was postponed from February 26 to April 1 in accordance with the decree of the emperor. But this initiative was not supported, as it looked more like a dissolution.
	An armed uprising took place, which was joined by the army (Volynsky, Lithuanian, Preobrazhensky battalions, armored division, Semyonovsky and Izmailovsky regiments). As a result, the telegraph, bridges, railway stations, the Main Post Office, the Arsenal, and the Kronverk Arsenal were captured. The State Duma, which did not accept its dissolution, created a Provisional Committee, which was supposed to be engaged in establishing order on the streets of St. Petersburg.
	Power passes to the Provisional Committee. The Finnish 180th Infantry Regiment, the sailors of the cruiser Aurora and the 2nd Baltic Naval Crew go over to the side of the rebels.
	The uprising spread to Kronstadt and Moscow.
	Nicholas II decided to abdicate in favor of his heir, Tsarevich Alexei. Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich, the emperor's younger brother, was supposed to be regent. But as a result, the king abdicated the throne and for his son.
	The manifesto on the abdication of the Russian Emperor Nicholas II was published in all the newspapers of the country. The Manifesto on the abdication of Mikhail Alexandrovich immediately followed.

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What have we learned?

Today, the main causes of the February Revolution of 1917, which became the second in a row, since 1905, were considered. In addition, the main dates of the events are named and their detailed description is given.

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February Revolution in summary will help you gather your thoughts before the exam and remember what you remember from this topic and what you don’t. This historical event was a landmark for the history of Russia. It opened the door to further revolutionary upheavals, which will not end soon. Without assimilation of this topic, it is pointless to try to understand further events.

It is worth saying that the events of February 1917 are very great importance and for modern Russia. This year, 2017, marks the centenary of those events. I think that the country is facing the same problems as tsarist Russia then: monstrous low level the life of the population, the disregard of the authorities towards their people, who feed these authorities; the lack of will and desire at the top to change something in a positive direction. But then there were no TVs ... What do you think about this - write in the comments.

Causes of the February Revolution

The inability of the authorities to solve a number of crises faced by the state during the First World War:

• Transport crisis: due to the extremely small length of railways, there was a shortage of transport.
• Food crisis: the country had extremely low yields, plus the lack of peasant land and the inefficiency of noble estates led to a disastrous food situation. The country was aggravated by famine.
• Arms crisis: for more than three years, the army has experienced a severe shortage of ammunition. Only by the end of 1916 did Russian industry begin to work on the scale necessary for the country.
• The unresolved worker and peasant question in Russia. The share of the proletariat and the skilled working class has grown many times over in comparison with the first years of the reign of Nicholas II. The issue of child labor and labor insurance was not resolved. The salary was extremely low. If we talk about the peasants, then land shortages persisted. plus in war time extortions from the population increased monstrously, all horses and people were mobilized. The people did not understand what to fight for and did not share the patriotism experienced by the leaders in the first years of the war.
• The crisis of the tops: in 1916 alone, several high-ranking ministers were replaced, which gave rise to the prominent rightist V.M. Purishkevich to call this phenomenon "ministerial leapfrog". This expression has become catchy.

The distrust of the common people, and even members of the State Duma, grew even more because of the presence at the court of Grigory Rasputin. ABOUT royal family shameful rumours. Only on December 30, 1916, Rasputin was killed.

The authorities tried to solve all these crises, but to no avail. The Special Conferences that were convened were not successful. Since 1915, Nicholas II took command of the troops, despite the fact that he himself was in the rank of colonel.

In addition, since at least January 1917, a conspiracy against the tsar had been brewing among the top generals of the army (General M.V. Alekseev, V.I. Gurko, etc.) and the Fourth State Duma (Cadet A.I. Guchkov, etc.). ). The king himself knew and suspected of the impending coup. And even ordered in mid-February 1917 to reinforce the Petrograd garrison at the expense of loyal units from the front. He had to give this order three times, since General Gurko was in no hurry to carry it out. As a result, this order was never carried out. Thus, this example already shows the sabotage of the orders of the emperor by the top generals.

Course of events

The course of events of the February Revolution was characterized by the following points:

• The beginning of spontaneous unrest of the people in Petrograd and a number of other cities, presumably due to an acute shortage of food on International Women's Day (old style - February 23).
• Going over to the side of the rebel army. It consisted of the same workers and peasants who were acutely aware of the need for change.
• The slogans "Down with the tsar", "Down with the autocracy" immediately arose, which predetermined the fall of the monarchy.
• Parallel authorities began to emerge: Soviets of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies, based on the experience of the First Russian Revolution.
• On February 28, the Provisional Committee of the State Duma announced the transfer of power into its own hands as a result of the termination of the Golitsyn government.
• On March 1, this committee was recognized by England and France. On March 2, representatives of the committee went to the tsar, who abdicated in favor of his brother Mikhail Alexandrovich, and on March 3, he abdicated in favor of the Provisional Government.

The results of the revolution

• The monarchy in Russia fell. Russia became a parliamentary republic.
• Power passed to the bourgeois Provisional Government and the Soviets, many believe that dual power has begun. But in reality there was no dual power. There are a lot of nuances that I revealed in my video course “History. Preparation for the exam for 100 points.
• Many see this revolution as the first step .

Sincerely, Andrey Puchkov

Painting Kustodiev B.M., 1917

Causes

Economic crisis in the country: cent growth, speculation, unresolved peasant issue, food crisis in the winter of 1916-1917, financial crisis, inflation.

Social Crisis: dissatisfaction with the bourgeoisie with their position in society, the deterioration of the position of the people, the growth of peasant unrest, the aggravation of national problems, dissatisfaction with Russification. "Crisis of the Bottom" unwillingness of the people to live in the old way.

Political crisis: failures at the front, the protracted nature of the war, the lack of a normal supply of food and weapons; the emergence of bourgeois opposition, the frequent turnover of ministers ("ministerial leapfrog"). The supreme power was unable to solve the emerging problems (“crisis of the tops”).

Course of events

Occasion: February 23 - the dismissal of 30 thousand workers of the Putilov plant in Petrograd.

February 23 - start of a strike at the Putilov factory (economic demands).

February 25-26 - general political strike. Slogans: "Bread!", "Peace!", "Down with the autocracy!". The execution of the demonstration by the troops.

February 27 - mass demonstrations in Petrograd, anti-war slogans, soldiers of the Petrograd garrison went over to the side of the workers. The arrest of the tsarist government.

February 27 - two authorities are created: Petrosoviet(Petrograd Soviet of Workers' Deputies, chairman - Menshevik Chkheidze N.S..) And Provisional Committee of Members State Duma, chairman - Octobrist Rodzianko M.), that is, it is established dual power.

During the period DUALITY: The Petrograd Soviet could not eliminate the Provisional Government, because. it was the only legitimate power and enjoyed the confidence of the majority of the people, and the Provisional Government could not rule without relying on the Petrograd Soviet, in whose hands the real power was concentrated - the district troops, post office, telegraph, communications and other institutions.

March 1 - Order No. 1 of the Petrosoviet on the introduction of the army of soldiers' committees and elected commanders, the abolition of titles ( the army became under the control of the Petrosoviet)

March 2 - abdication of Nicholas 2 from the throne in favor of his brother Michael. Both governments agreed to establish Provisional Government(head - prince Lviv)

1917 This year there have been many events that have drastically affected world history and development of Russia. The February Revolution, the overthrow of the monarchy, the establishment of the Provisional Government, and then the October Revolution and the coming to power of the Bolsheviks. Let us take a closer look at the October Revolution, a turning point in the history of Russia and in the lives of many people of that time.

Causes of the October Revolution in 1917

Consider the causes of the October Revolution. 1917, almost 4 years Russia participates in the First World War, the forces are running out. The provisional government cannot provide the front with elementary things for the successful conduct of military operations: food and weapons. The army is devastated, military operations are poorly coordinated, so the Russian army suffers defeats one after another, loses many people.

The extreme weakness of the army, combined with the general state of the country, gave rise to one of the main causes of the October Revolution. In addition, when the Provisional Government came to power, many hoped that the new government would finally solve the pressing issue of land. The military who were at the front were afraid that the land would be divided without them, this became the reason for the flight from the place of hostilities, thus further weakening the army.

Difficult living and working conditions, the lack of rights of workers became another major cause of the revolution.

The course of the October Revolution

The unresolved peasant, worker, national issues showed the weakness of the Provisional Government, its inability to resist the devastation in the country. The provisional government became unpopular. At the same time, the well-organized Bolshevik Party is strengthening its positions in the political arena, led by the charismatic leader V.I. Lenin, already after the July crisis, speaks of a course towards an armed seizure of power.

On October 10, a meeting of the TsKRSDRP (b) is held. The Bolsheviks finally pass to an armed uprising. All preparation is carried out in the Military Revolutionary Committee, the actual leadership of the course of the revolution is taken by L.D. Trotsky. October 24 Kerensky (Chairman of the Provisional Government) closes the newspapers of the Bolsheviks. All events unfold in Petrograd. The Bolsheviks again ensure the publication of the Rabochy Put newspaper, take control of 9 bridges, the State Bank, a telephone exchange, railways. All important infrastructure is in the hands of the Bolsheviks. At 13:00 the Bolsheviks occupy the Admiralty and the Mariinsky Theatre. At 18:00 an ultimatum to the government is announced. At 21:45, the legendary volley sounds from the cruiser "Aurora" and the assault on the Winter Palace begins. At 02:10 the Provisional Government is arrested. Already on October 25, the 2nd Congress of Soviets is gathering.

Results of the October Revolution of 1917

As a result, the Bolsheviks manage to seize power. In Russia, the ruling elite and ideology are completely changing. Power passes into the hands of the Communist Party, which seeks to build a socialist society in which there will be no social inequality, no rich and poor, and the working class will have civil rights and freedoms. And indeed, the party initially issued decrees on peace, on land, trying to resolve the most pressing issues at that time.

The class division of society was destroyed, the church got rid of power. The old foundations collapsed, the persecution of the church began.

For almost 100 years the Communist Party has been in power. There were many unfortunate moments, cruel (repressions of the 30s, dispossession, collectivization). There were also brilliant victories, such as the victory in the Great Patriotic War, industrialization. Historians are still arguing about the results of the Great October Revolution, but the fact that it is called "great" says a lot.

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Event that happened October 25, 1917 in the capital of the then Russian Empire, Petrograd, became just an uprising of the armed people, which stirred up almost the entire civilized world.

A hundred years have passed, but the results and achievements, the impact on world history October events remain the subject of discussions and disputes among numerous historians, philosophers, political scientists, specialists various areas law, both in our time and in the past twentieth century.

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Briefly about the date October 25, 1917

Officially in the Soviet Union, today this ambiguously assessed event was called - the day October revolution 1917, it was a holiday of the entire vast country and the peoples inhabiting it. It brought about a radical change in the social and political situation, transformation of political and social attitudes on the position of peoples and each individual individually.

Today, many young people do not even know what year the revolution took place in Russia, but it is necessary to know about it. The situation was quite predictable and brewed for several years, then the significant main events of the October Revolution of 1917 took place, the table briefly:

What is the October Revolution in the historical concept? The main armed uprising led by V. I. Ulyanov - Lenin, L. D. Trotsky, Ya. M. Sverdlov and other leaders of the communist movement in Russia.

The revolution of 1917 is an armed uprising.

Attention! The uprising was carried out by the Military Revolutionary Committee of the Petrograd Soviet, where, oddly enough, the Left Socialist-Revolutionary faction represented the majority.

The success of the coup was ensured by the following factors:

1. Significant level of popular support.
2. The provisional government was inactive and did not solve the problems of Russia's participation in the First World War.
3. The most significant political aspect compared to previously proposed extremist movements.

The faction of Mensheviks and Right Socialist-Revolutionaries could not organize more or less real option alternative movement in relation to the Bolsheviks.

A little about the causes of the October events of 1917

Today, no one refutes the idea that this fateful event practically turned not only the whole world upside down, but also radically changed the course of history for many decades to come. Far from being a feudal, bourgeois country striving for progress, it was practically turned upside down directly during certain events on the fronts of the First World War.

The historical significance of the October Revolution, which took place in 1917, is largely determined by the termination. However, as modern historians see it, there were several reasons:

1. The influence of the peasant revolution as a socio-political phenomenon as an aggravation of the confrontation between the peasant masses and the landowners who remained at that time. The reason is the “black redistribution” known in history, that is, distribution of land to the needy. Also in this aspect, the negative impact of the redistribution of land allotments on the number of dependents had an effect.
2. Working sections of society experienced significant city ​​government pressure on residents rural areas, government became the main lever of pressure on the productive forces.
3. The deepest decomposition of the army and other power structures, where the majority of the peasants went to serve, who could not comprehend certain nuances of the protracted hostilities.
4. revolutionary fermentation of all sections of the working class. The proletariat at that time was a politically active minority, constituting no more than 3.5% of the active population. The working class was largely concentrated mainly in the industrial cities.
5. The national movements of the popular formations of imperial Russia developed and reached their climax. Then they sought to achieve autonomy, a promising option for them was not just autonomy, but a promising autonomy and independence from the central authorities.

To the greatest extent, it was the national movement that became the provoking factor in the beginning of the revolutionary movement on the territory of the vast Russian Empire, which literally disintegrated into its component parts.

Attention! The combination of all causes and conditions, as well as the interests of all sections of the population, determined the goals of the October Revolution of 1917, which became the driving force behind the future uprising as a turning point in history.

Popular unrest before the start of the October Revolution of 1917.

Ambiguous about the events of October 17

The first stage, which became the basis and the beginning of world change historical events, which became a turning point not only in the domestic, but also on a global scale. For example, the assessment of the October Revolution, Interesting Facts which lie in the simultaneous positive and negative impact on the socio-political world situation.

As usual, every significant event has objective and subjective reasons. The overwhelming majority of the population had a hard time experiencing wartime conditions, hunger and deprivation peace became necessary. What were the conditions in the second half of 1917:

1. Formed in the period from February 27 to March 03, 1917, the Provisional Government headed by Kerensky didn't have enough tools to solve all problems and questions without exception. The transfer of land and enterprises into the ownership of workers and peasants, as well as the elimination of hunger and the conclusion of peace, became an urgent problem, the solution of which was inaccessible to the so-called "temporaries".
2. The prevalence of socialist ideas among the general population, a noticeable increase in the popularity of Marxist theory, the implementation by the Soviets of the slogans of universal equality, the prospects for what the people expected.
3. The emergence of a strong opposition movement led by a charismatic leader, which was Ulyanov-Lenin. This party line at the beginning of the last century became the most promising movement to achieve world communism as a concept further development.
4. In the conditions of this situation, they became as much as possible in demand radical ideas and the problems of society requiring a radical solution - the inability to lead the empire from the thoroughly rotten tsarist administrative apparatus.

The slogan of the October Revolution - "peace to the peoples, land to the peasants, factories to the workers" was supported by the population, which made it possible to radically change political system in Russia.

Briefly about the course of events on October 25

Why did the October Revolution happen in November? The autumn of 1917 brought an even greater increase in social tension, political and socio-economic destruction was rapidly approaching its peak.

In the field of industry, the financial sector, transport and communication systems, agriculture a complete collapse.

Russian multinational empire broke up into separate nation-states, contradictions between representatives of various peoples and intra-tribal disagreements were growing.

Significant influence on the acceleration of the overthrow of the Provisional Government had hyperinflation, rising food prices Against the backdrop of lower wages, increased unemployment, a catastrophic situation on the battlefields, the war was artificially dragged out. Government of A. Kerensky did not submit an anti-crisis plan, and the initial February promises were practically abandoned.

These processes in the conditions of their rapid growth only increased influence leftist political movements throughout the country. These were the reasons for the unprecedented victory of the Bolsheviks in the October Revolution. The Bolshevik idea and its support by the peasants, workers and soldiers led to the deputy majority in the new state system - the Soviets in the First Capital and Petrograd. There were two directions in the plans for the Bolsheviks to come to power:

1. Peaceful diplomatically conditioned and legally confirmed the act of transferring power to the majority.
2. The extremist trend in the Soviets demanded armed strategic measures, in their opinion, the plan could only be implemented power grab.

The government, created in October 1917, was called the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. The shot of the legendary cruiser "Aurora" on the night of October 25 gave signal to start the assault Winter Palace, which led to the fall of the Provisional Government.

October Revolution

October coup

Consequences of the October Revolution

The consequences of the October Revolution are ambiguous. This is the coming to power of the Bolsheviks, the adoption by the Second Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies of the Decrees on Peace, Land, the Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of the Country. Was created Russian Soviet Republic, later the controversial Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed. In various countries of the world, pro-Bolshevik governments began to come to power.

The negative aspect of the event is also important - the protracted that brought more destruction crisis, famine, millions of victims. The collapse and chaos in a vast country led to economic destruction of the global financial system, a crisis that dragged on for more than a decade and a half. Its consequences fell heavily on the shoulders of the poorest segments of the population. This situation has become the basis for a decrease in demographic indicators, a lack of productive forces in the future, human casualties, and unplanned migration.