War and peace heroes of guerrilla warfare. Partisan movement in the work of L
The events that took place in Russia in 1812 were sung by poets of all generations of descendants. Within a few months, Napoleon brought French army under the walls of Moscow. Bonaparte rejoiced, along the entire path of the offensive, winning or losing the battle, he managed to exterminate the Russian soldiers. But faced with the wrath of the people, the French lost the military campaign. The guerrilla war in the novel "War and Peace" is retold by Leo Tolstoy in historical detail with an emphasis on the heroism of ordinary peasants, shown in the struggle for the Motherland.
What did the French expect?
Napoleon's army was well armed. Behind the combat formations were dozens of victories over neighboring states, strong fortresses and fortified cities. The commander-in-chief, preparing for the offensive, chose the most convenient elevations, dry hillocks, free plains, where it was profitable for his troops to build battle ranks and hide the cavalry. The French loved unexpected maneuvers and did them masterfully.
Recent years have shown that there is no more powerful army in Europe. Having conquered another country in a valiant battle, the victors did not meet serious resistance from the civilian population. The defeated enemy capitulated, the subjects unquestioningly listened to the authorities. This alignment of affairs after the victory became familiar to the French. Entering Moscow, Napoleon could not think that the inhabitants would behave differently.
How did popular resistance begin?
Leo Tolstoy describes the fire with the sadness of a patriot ancient city. People burned everything that could be of strategic value to the enemy. The Napoleonic army dragged behind them a powerful convoy consisting of cattle and horses. It was necessary to feed not only the soldiers, but the animals that pulled the equipment, carried the soldiers, served as food.
Overnight, the enemy faced the problem of a shortage of hay. The peasants preferred to burn their crops, if only the enemy did not get anything. Napoleon was offended, as historically evidenced by his letters to Emperor Alexander I. Bonaparte pointed out that the peasants did not comply with military rules, they burned provisions and supplies for the winter so that the French cavalry divisions had nothing to feed the horses.
Napoleon decided to retreat to the winter camp along another road that had not been ravaged by his soldiers during the offensive. The men met the enemy belligerently, the weakest massive villages went deep into the forest to sit out the trouble, taking with them everything edible. When there was nothing to eat, there was nothing left to do but attack the retreating French carts. At first, the attacks were chaotic.
Development of guerrilla warfare
Many wounded Russian officers, like Pierre Bezukhov, ended up in the thicket along with people hiding. Combat soldiers could not sit idly by, they possessed the knowledge of war and had solid combat experience. The military often became the head of the peasants in order to skillfully lead them into battle.
There were legends about the detachment of Denis Davydov, the officer rallied people, introduced military discipline. The partisan formation of Denisov had its own cavalry, medical unit, reconnaissance, and support. The men went through soldier's exercises in order to master the skill of close combat in the forest thicket and save the lives of their comrades.
Tolstoy mentions curious real cases. It is known about one partisan detachment during the Patriotic War of 1812, headed by a clergyman. And in another village, a young woman led the militia, she went down in history as the Elder.
The partisans, scattered in hundreds of detachments and thousands of small teams along the entire retreat of the enemy army along the road, bit it a little bit. French soldiers, accustomed to close up in a battle line, did not know how to fight against pitchforks and clubs. Meanwhile, the stream of retreating invaders was fading. The partisans dispelled the myth of Napoleon's invincibility. Feeling their organized strength, the partisans turned from a hiding crowd into a formidable liberation element.
From the time when the Russian troops left Smolensk, a partisan war began.
The so-called guerrilla war began with the entry of the enemy into Smolensk. Before the guerrilla war was officially accepted by our government, already thousands of people of the enemy army - backward marauders, foragers - were exterminated by the Cossacks and peasants, who beat these people as unconsciously as dogs unconsciously bite a runaway rabid dog. Denis Davydov, with his Russian intuition, was the first to understand the significance of that terrible club, which, without asking the rules of military art, destroyed the French, and he owns the glory of the first step in legitimizing this method of war.
On August 24, the first partisan detachment of Davydov was established, and after his detachment others began to be established. The further the campaign progressed, the more the number of these detachments increased.
The partisans destroyed the Great Army in parts. They picked up those fallen leaves that fell of themselves from a withered tree - the French army, and sometimes shook this tree. In October, while the French fled to Smolensk, there were hundreds of these parties of various sizes and characters ...
The last days of October were the time of the height of the guerrilla war ...
Denisov took an active part in the partisan movement. On August 22, he followed the French transport all day, which, along with Russian prisoners, separated from other French armies and moved forward under heavy cover. According to scouts, he was heading towards Smolensk. Many partisan detachments knew about this French transport, but Denisov was going to attack and take this transport with his own forces together with Dolokhov (a partisan with a small detachment). His detachment did not leave the forest all day, not losing sight of the moving French. In the morning, Cossacks from Denisov's detachment seized two French wagons and took them to the forest. Considering that it was dangerous to attack, Denisov sent a peasant from his detachment - Tikhon Shcherbaty - to capture the French quartermasters who were there.
Waiting for Tikhon, sent for the French, Denisov went around the forest. It was rainy autumn weather. Next to Denisov rode his collaborator - a Cossack captain, and a little behind - a young French officer-drummer, taken prisoner this morning. Thinking about how best to capture the French transport, Denisov noticed two people approaching them. A disheveled, soaking wet young officer rode ahead, and a Cossack behind him. The officer handed Denisov a package from the general. After reading the message, Denisov looked at the young officer and recognized him as Petya Rostov. Petya, delighted by the meeting, began to tell Denisov how he had passed the French, how glad he was that he had been given such an assignment as he fought near Vyazma. Forgetting about officiality, Petya asked Denisov to leave him in the detachment for at least a day. Denisov agreed, and Petya stayed.
When Denisov and the captain were discussing from what place it would be better to start an attack on the French, Tikhon Shcherbaty returned. The partisans sent on reconnaissance said that they saw how he was running away from the French, who fired at him from all trunks. As it turned out later, Tikhon captured the Frenchman yesterday, but since he turned out to be “wrong and swore a lot,” he did not bring him alive to the camp. Shcherbaty tried to get another "tongue", but the French noticed him.
Tikhon Shcherbaty was one of the most the right people in the party. He was a peasant from Pokrovsky near Gzhatya ...
In the party of Denisov, Tikhon occupied his own special, exceptional place. When it was necessary to do something especially difficult and nasty - turn a wagon in the mud with your shoulder, pull a horse out of the swamp by the tail, skin it, climb into the very middle of the French, walk fifty miles a day - everyone pointed, chuckling, at Tikhon. ..
Tikhon was the most useful and brave man in the party. No one else discovered cases of attacks, no one else took him and beat the French ...
Tikhon, justifying himself to Denisov for not delivering a living Frenchman, tried to turn everything into a joke. His story caused Petya to laugh, but when Rostov realized that Tikhon had killed a man, he became embarrassed.
It was already getting dark when Denisov, Petya and the esaul drove up to the guardhouse. In the semi-darkness one could see horses in saddles, Cossacks, hussars, adjusting huts in a clearing and (so that the French would not see the smoke) making a reddening fire in a forest ravine. In the hallway of a small hut, a Cossack, rolling up his sleeves, was chopping lamb. In the hut itself there were three officers from Denisov's party, setting up a table out of the door. Petya took off his wet clothes to dry and immediately began to assist the officers in setting up the dining table.
Ten minutes later, the table was ready, covered with a napkin. There was vodka on the table, rum in a flask, white bread and roast lamb with salt.
Sitting at the table with the officers and tearing with his hands, over which the lard flowed, fat fragrant mutton, Petya was in an enthusiastic childish state of tender love for all people and, as a result, confidence in the same love of other people for himself.
For a long time Petya could not make up his mind to ask Denisov if it was possible to invite a French boy, whom the partisans had taken prisoner some time ago, to dinner, but then he nevertheless decided. Denisov allowed, and Petya went for a French drummer (Vincent). The Cossacks have already remade his name and called it "Spring", and the peasants and soldiers - "Spring". Petya invited the young Frenchman to the house.
Dolokhov soon arrived. About his courage and cruelty towards the French, they told a lot in the detachment.
Dolokhov's appearance struck Petya strangely with its simplicity.
Denisov dressed in a chekmen, wore a beard and on his chest the image of Nicholas the Wonderworker, and in his manner of speaking, in all methods, he showed the peculiarity of his position. Dolokhov, on the other hand, who had previously worn a Persian suit in Moscow, now looked like the most prim guards officer. His face was clean-shaven, he was dressed in a Guards padded frock coat with Georgy in his buttonhole and in a plain cap put on directly. He took off his wet cloak in the corner and, going up to Denisov, without greeting anyone, immediately began to question him about the matter.
Dolokhov, taking with him two French uniforms, invited the officers to ride with him to the French camp. Petya, despite Denisov's protests, firmly decided to go on reconnaissance with Dolokhov.
Dressed in French uniforms, Dolokhov and Petya went to the enemy camp. Having approached one of the fires, they spoke in French to the soldiers. One of the French greeted Dolokhov and asked him what he could serve.
Dolokhov said that he and his comrade were catching up with his regiment, and asked if they knew anything about his regiment. The French replied that they did not know. Then Dolokhov continued to ask the officers about whether the road they were traveling on was safe, how many people they had in the battalion, how many battalions, how many prisoners. During the conversation, it always seemed to Petya that the French would reveal the deception, but no one noticed anything, and they returned safely to the camp. Approaching the place, Dolokhov asked Petya to tell Denisov that tomorrow, at dawn, at the first shot, the Cossacks would act.
Returning to the guardhouse, Petya found Denisov in the entryway. Denisov, in agitation, anxiety and annoyance at himself for letting Petya go, was waiting for him.
God bless! he shouted. - Well, thank God! he repeated, listening to Petya's enthusiastic story. - And why not take you, I didn’t sleep because of you! Denisov said. - Well, thank God, now go to bed. Let's take a step further to utg'a.
Yes ... No, - said Petya. - I don't want to sleep yet. Yes, I know myself, if I fall asleep, it's over. And then I got used to not sleeping before the battle.
Petya sat for some time in the hut, joyfully recalling the details of his trip and vividly imagining what would happen tomorrow. Then, noticing that Denisov had fallen asleep, he got up and went into the yard...
Petya came out of the passage, looked around in the darkness, and went up to the wagons. Someone was snoring under the wagons, and saddled horses stood around them, chewing oats. In the darkness, Petya recognized his horse, which he called Karabakh, although it was a Little Russian horse, and went up to her.
Seeing a Cossack sitting under the wagon, Petya spoke to him, told him in detail about the trip and asked him to sharpen his saber.
For a long time after that Petya was silent, listening to the sounds...
Petya should have known that he was in the forest, in the party of Denisov, a verst from the road, that he was sitting on a wagon recaptured from the French, near which the horses were tied, that the Cossack Likhachev was sitting under him and sharpening his saber, that a large black spot to the right - a guardhouse, and a red bright spot below to the left - a dying fire, that the man who came for a cup was a hussar who wanted to drink; but he knew nothing and did not want to know it. He was in a magical realm, in which there was nothing like reality. A big black spot, maybe it was a guardhouse, or maybe there was a cave that led into the very depths of the earth. The red spot may have been fire, or perhaps the eye of a huge monster. Maybe he’s definitely sitting on a wagon now, but it’s very possible that he’s not sitting on a wagon, but on a terribly high tower, from which if you fall, you would fly to the ground all day, a whole month - all fly and you will never reach . It may be that just the Cossack Likhachev is sitting under the wagon, or it may very well be that he is the kindest, bravest, most wonderful, most excellent person in the world, whom no one knows. Perhaps it was the hussar who was exactly passing for water and went into the hollow, or perhaps he had just disappeared from sight and completely disappeared, and he was not there.
Whatever Petya saw now, nothing would surprise him. He was in a magical realm where anything was possible.
He looked up at the sky. And the sky was as magical as the earth. The sky was clearing, and over the tops of the trees clouds quickly ran, as if revealing the stars. Sometimes it seemed that the sky was clearing and showed a black, clear sky. Sometimes it seemed that these black spots were clouds.
Sometimes it seemed that the sky was high, high above the head; sometimes the sky descended completely, so that you could reach it with your hand ...
Petya did not know how long this went on: he enjoyed himself, was constantly surprised at his own pleasure and regretted that there was no one to tell him. Likhachev's gentle voice woke him up.
The next morning, the Cossacks set out on a campaign, and Petya asked Denisov to entrust him with some important business. But Vasily Fedorovich strictly ordered him to obey and not to do anything without his instructions. When the signal to attack was given, Petya, forgetting about Denisov's order, set his horse at full speed.
Wait? .. Hooray! .. - Petya shouted and, without delaying a single minute, he galloped to the place where the shots were heard and where the powder smoke was thicker. A volley was heard, empty bullets squealed into something. The Cossacks and Dolokhov jumped after Petya through the gates of the house. The French, in the swaying thick smoke, some threw down their weapons and ran out of the bushes towards the Cossacks, others ran downhill to the pond. Petya galloped along the manor's yard on his horse and, instead of holding the reins, waved both hands strangely and quickly, and kept falling further and further from the saddle to one side. The horse, running into a fire smoldering in the morning light, rested, and Petya fell heavily to the wet ground. The Cossacks saw how quickly his arms and legs twitched, despite the fact that his head did not move. The bullet pierced his head.
After talking with a senior French officer, who came out from behind the house with a handkerchief on a sword and announced that they were surrendering, Dolokhov got off his horse and went up to Petya, motionless, with his arms outstretched.
Ready, - he said, frowning, and went to the gate to meet Denisov, who was coming towards him.
Killed?! cried Denisov, seeing from afar that familiar to him, undoubtedly lifeless position in which Petya's body lay.
Ready, - repeated Dolokhov, as if pronouncing this word gave him pleasure, and quickly went to the prisoners, who were surrounded by dismounted Cossacks. - We won't take it! he shouted to Denisov.
Denisov did not answer; he rode up to Petya, dismounted from his horse, and with trembling hands turned towards him Petya's already pale face, stained with blood and mud...
Among the Russian prisoners recaptured by Denisov and Dolokhov was Pierre Bezukhov ...
Pierre spent a lot of time in captivity. Of the 330 people who left Moscow, less than 100 survived. The French no longer needed the prisoners, and every day they became more and more burdensome. The French soldiers did not understand why they, hungry and cold, should guard the same hungry and cold prisoners who were sick and dying, so every day they treated the Russians more and more strictly.
On the third day after leaving Moscow, Karataev developed a fever. As he weakened, Pierre moved away from him.
In captivity, in a booth, Pierre learned not with his mind, but with his whole being, with his life, that man was created for happiness, that happiness is in himself, in satisfying natural human needs, and that all misfortune comes not from lack, but from excess; but now, in these last three weeks of the campaign, he learned another new, comforting truth - he learned that there is nothing terrible in the world. He learned that just as there is no position in which a person would be happy and completely free, so there is no position in which he would be unhappy and not free. He learned that there is a limit to suffering and a limit to freedom, and that this limit is very close; that the man who suffered because one leaf was wrapped in his pink bed, suffered in the same way as he suffered now, falling asleep on the bare, damp earth, cooling one side and warming the other; that when he used to put on his narrow ballroom shoes, he suffered in exactly the same way as now, when he was completely barefoot (his shoes had long been disheveled), his feet covered with sores. He learned that when he, as it seemed to him, of his own free will married his wife, he was no more free than now, when he was locked up at night in the stable. Of all that he later called suffering, but which he then hardly felt, the main thing was his bare, worn, scabbed feet. (Horse meat was tasty and nutritious, the nitrate bouquet of gunpowder used instead of salt was even pleasant, there was not much cold, and it was always hot during the day on the move, and at night there were fires; the lice that ate the body warmed pleasantly.) One thing was hard. First, it's the legs.
On the second day of the march, having examined his sores by the fire, Pierre thought it impossible to step on them; but when everyone got up, he walked limping, and then, when warmed up, he walked without pain, although in the evening it was still more terrible to look at his feet. But he did not look at them and thought about something else.
Now only Pierre understood the whole force of human vitality and the saving power of shifting attention invested in a person, similar to that saving valve in steam engines that releases excess steam as soon as its density exceeds a certain norm.
He did not see or hear how backward prisoners were shot, although more than a hundred of them had already died in this way. He did not think about Karataev, who was weakening every day and, obviously, was soon to undergo the same fate. Even less did Pierre think of himself. The more difficult his position became, the more terrible the future was, the more independent of the position in which he was, joyful and soothing thoughts, memories and ideas came to him ...
At one of the halts, Pierre went up to the fire, at which the sick Platon Karataev was sitting and telling the soldiers a story familiar to Pierre.
Pierre knew this story for a long time, Karataev told this story to him alone six times, and always with a special, joyful feeling. But no matter how well Pierre knew this story, he now listened to it as if it were something new, and that quiet delight that Karataev apparently experienced while telling, was also communicated to Pierre. This story was about an old merchant who lived decently and God-fearing with his family and who once went with a friend, a wealthy merchant, to Macarius.
Stopping at the inn, both merchants fell asleep, and the next day the merchant's friend was found stabbed to death and robbed. The bloodied knife was found under the old merchant's pillow. The merchant was judged, punished with a whip, and, having pulled out his nostrils, - as follows in order, Karataev said, - they were exiled to hard labor.
And so, my brother (at this place Pierre found Karataev’s story), the case has been going on for ten years or more. The old man lives in hard labor. As it should, he submits, he does no harm. Only the god of death asks. - Good. And they get together, night work, hard labor, just like you and me, and the old man with them. And the conversation turned, who suffers for what, what God is to blame for. They began to say that he ruined the soul, that two, that set it on fire, that fugitive, so for nothing. They began to ask the old man: why, they say, grandfather, are you suffering? I, my dear brothers, say, I suffer for my own and for human sins. And I didn’t destroy souls, I didn’t take someone else’s, except that I clothed the poor brethren. I, my dear brothers, are a merchant; and had great wealth. So and so, he says. And he told them, then, how the whole thing was, in order. I, he says, do not grieve about myself. It means that God found me. One thing, he says, I feel sorry for my old woman and children. And so the old man cried. If the same person happened in their company, it means that the merchant was killed. Where, says grandfather, was it? When, what month? asked everyone. His heart ached. Suitable in this manner to the old man - clap at the feet. For me, you, he says, old man, disappear. The truth is true; innocently in vain, he says, guys, this man is tormented. I, he says, did the same thing and put a knife under your sleepy head. Forgive me, says grandfather, you are me for the sake of Christ.
Karataev fell silent, smiling joyfully, looking at the fire, and straightened the logs.
The old man says: God, they say, will forgive you, and we all, he says, are sinners to God, I suffer for my sins. He burst into tears himself. What do you think, falcon, - Karataev said, beaming brighter and brighter with an enthusiastic smile, as if what he had now to tell contained the main charm and the whole meaning of the story, - what do you think, falcon, this murderer showed up most according to his superiors . I, he says, ruined six souls (there was a big villain), but all I feel sorry for this old man. Let him not cry at me. Showed up: written off, sent the paper, as it should. The place is far away, while the court and the case, while all the papers have been written off as they should, according to the authorities, that means. It came to the king. So far, the royal decree has come: to release the merchant, to give him rewards, how many were awarded there. The paper came, they began to look for the old man. Where did such an old man suffer innocently in vain? The paper came out from the king. They began to search. - Karataev's lower jaw trembled. - And God forgave him - he died. So, falcon, - finished Karataev and for a long time, silently smiling, looked in front of him.
Not the story itself, but its mysterious meaning, that enthusiastic joy that shone in Karataev’s face at this story, the mysterious meaning of this joy, it was now vaguely and joyfully filling Pierre’s soul ...
Pierre last saw Karataev when he was sitting leaning against a birch.
Karataev looked at Pierre with his kind, round eyes, now covered with tears, and, apparently, called him to him, wanted to say something. But Pierre was too scared for himself. He acted as if he hadn't seen his eyes and hurried away.
When the prisoners started off again, Pierre looked back. Karataev was sitting on the edge of the road, by a birch; and two Frenchmen were saying something over him. Pierre did not look back anymore. He walked limping up the hill. Behind, from the place where Karataev was sitting, a shot was heard. Pierre clearly heard this shot ...
The convoy with the prisoners stopped in the village.
Pierre went up to the fire, ate roasted horse meat, lay down with his back to the fire and immediately fell asleep. He slept again in the same dream as he slept in Mozhaisk after Borodin.
Again the events of reality were combined with dreams, and again someone, whether he himself or someone else, spoke to him thoughts, and even the same thoughts that were spoken to him in Mozhaisk.
“Life is everything. Life is God. Everything moves and moves, and this movement is God. And as long as there is life, there is the enjoyment of the self-consciousness of the deity. Love life, love God. It is most difficult and most blessed to love this life in one's suffering, in the innocence of suffering.
"Karataev" - Pierre remembered.
On this day, Denisov's detachment released the prisoners.
From October 28, when frosts began, the flight of the French only acquired the more tragic character of people freezing and roasting to death at the fires and continuing to ride in fur coats and carriages with the loot of the emperor, kings and dukes; but in essence the process of flight and disintegration of the French army has not changed at all since the departure from Moscow ...
Having burst into Smolensk, which seemed to them the promised land, the French killed each other for provisions, robbed their own shops and, when everything was looted, they ran on.
Everyone was walking, not knowing where and why they were going...
Specialty: "Economics, accounting, control".
Literature abstract on the topic:
Partisan movement into a work
L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
Completed by a student of group 618
GOU Z.A.M.T.a
Aleksandrovsky Ivan
The plan according to which the abstract was drawn up:
1. Introduction: the partisan movement is part of the popular liberation movement directed against the French.
2. Historical events in Russia in 1812.
3. Events in the epic novel "War and Peace" (volume 4, part 3)
4. The role and significance of the partisan movement in the victory over the French.
Introduction:
The partisan movement in the Patriotic War of 1812 is one of the main expressions of the will and desire for the victory of the Russian people against the French troops. The partisan movement reflects the popular character of the Patriotic War.
The beginning of the partisan movement.
The partisan movement began after the entry of Napoleonic troops into
Smolensk. Before the guerrilla war was officially accepted by our government, already thousands of people of the enemy army - backward marauders, foragers - were exterminated by the Cossacks and "Partisans". At first, the partisan movement was spontaneous, represented by the performance of small, scattered partisan detachments, then it captured entire areas. Large detachments began to be created, thousands of folk heroes appeared, and talented organizers of the guerrilla war came to light. Many participants in the events testify to the beginning of the movement of the people: a participant in the war, the Decembrist I.D.
Yakushin, A. Chicherin and many others. They repeatedly claimed that the inhabitants, not on the orders of the authorities, when the French approached, retired to the forests and swamps, leaving their homes to be burned, and from there waged a guerrilla war against the invaders. The war was waged not only by the peasants, but by all sections of the population. But some of the nobility remained in place in order to preserve their estates. Significantly inferior in numbers to the French, the Russian troops were forced to retreat, holding back the enemy with rearguard battles. After fierce resistance, the city of Smolensk was surrendered. The retreat caused discontent in the country and in the army. Following the advice of those around him, the tsar appointed M. I. Kutuzov as commander-in-chief of the Russian army. Kutuzov ordered the retreat to continue, trying to avoid a general battle in unfavorable conditions, which Napoleon I persistently sought. On the outskirts of Moscow near the village of Borodino, Kutuzov gave the French a general battle, in which the French army, having suffered big losses did not win. At the same time, the Russian army retained its combat capability, which prepared the conditions for a turning point in the war and the final defeat of the French armies. In order to preserve and replenish the Russian army, Kutuzov left Moscow, withdrew his troops with a skillful flank march and took up positions at Tarutin, thus blocking Napoleon's path to the food-rich southern regions of Russia. At the same time, he organized the actions of army partisan detachments. A widespread popular guerrilla war also unfolded against the French troops. The Russian army launched a counteroffensive.
The French, forced to retreat, suffered huge losses and suffered defeat after defeat. The deeper the Napoleonic troops penetrated, the more clearly the partisan resistance of the people became.
events in the novel.
In the novel by L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" the actions of partisan detachments are fully and briefly described. “The campaign period of the 12th year from the battle of Borodino to the expulsion of the French proved that the battle won is not only not the cause of the conquest, but not even a permanent sign of the conquest; proved that the power that decides the fate of peoples lies not in conquerors, not even in armies and battles, but in something else. From the time of the abandonment of Smolensk, a guerrilla war begins, the entire course of the campaign does not fit under any
"Former Traditions of Wars". Napoleon felt this, and “from the very time when he stopped in Moscow in the correct fencing position and saw a cudgel raised above him instead of the enemy’s sword, he did not stop complaining
Kutuzov and Emperor Alexander, to the fact that the war was waged contrary to all the rules (as if there were some rules for killing people).
On August 24, the first partisan detachment of Davydov was established, and after his detachment others began to be established. Denisov also leads one of the partisan detachments. Dolokhov is in his detachment. partisans
Denisov track down French transport with a large load of cavalry things and Russian prisoners and choose the most convenient moment for the attack.
To prepare even better, Denisov sends one of his partisans,
Tikhon Shcherbaty, "behind the tongue". The weather is rainy, autumn. While Denisov is waiting for his return, a feeder arrives with a package from the general. Denisov is surprised to recognize Petya Rostov in the officer. Petya tries to behave "in an adult way", all the way he prepares himself for how he will behave with Denisov, without hinting at his previous acquaintance. But at the sight of the joy that Denisov shows, Petya forgets officiality and asks Denisov to leave him in the detachment for the day, although he blushes at the same time (the reason for this was that the general, who was afraid for his life, sending Petya with a package, strictly sternly ordered him to return immediately and not get involved in any "cases"), Petya remains. At this time, Tikhon Shcherbaty returns
- the partisans sent for reconnaissance see him running away from the French, who fire at him from all trunks. It turns out that Tikhon captured the prisoner yesterday, but Tikhon did not bring him alive to the camp. Tikhon is trying to get another "language", but he is discovered. Tikhon Shcherbaty was one of the most needed people in the detachment. Shcherbaty was picked up in a small village. The headman of this village met Denisov unfriendly at first, but when he says that his goal is to beat the French, and asks if the French have wandered into their lands, the headman replies that “there were miroders”, but that only Tishka Shcherbaty was engaged in their village these things. By order of Denisov
Shcherbaty is brought in, he explains that “we don’t do anything bad to the French ... we just played with the guys out of hunting. It was like a dozen or two Miroderov were beaten, otherwise we didn’t do anything bad. ” At first, Tikhon does all the dirty work in the detachment: laying fires, delivering water, etc., but then he shows "a very great desire and ability for guerrilla warfare." “He went out at night to loot and each time he brought with him a dress and French weapons, and when he was ordered, he also brought prisoners.” Denisov frees Tikhon from work, begins to take him on trips with him, and then enrolls him in the Cossacks. Once, while trying to take his tongue, Tikhon is wounded "in the pulp of the back" while killing a man. Petya realized for a moment that Tikhon had killed a man, he felt embarrassed. Dolokhov is coming soon. Dolokhov invites the "gentlemen of the officers" to ride with him to the French camp. He has two French uniforms with him. According to Dolokhov, he wants to prepare better for the offensive, because "he likes to do things carefully."
Petya immediately volunteered to go with Dolokhov and, despite all the persuasion
Denisov and other officers stands his ground. Dolokhov sees Vincent and expresses bewilderment about why Denisov takes prisoners: after all, they need to be fed. Denisov replies that he is sending the prisoners to the army headquarters.
Dolokhov reasonably objects: “You send a hundred of them, and thirty will come.
They will die of hunger or be beaten. So why not take them all the same?" Denisov agrees, but adds: “I don’t want to take it on my soul ... You say they will die ... Just not from me.” Dressed in French uniforms
Dolokhov and Petya go to the enemy camp. They drive up to one of the fires, talking to the soldiers in French. Dolokhov behaves boldly and fearlessly, begins to directly ask the soldiers about their number, about the location of the ditch, and so on. Petya is terrified every minute waiting for exposure, this does not come. Both return to their camp unharmed. Petya enthusiastically reacts to Dolokhov's "feat" and even kisses him. Rostov goes to one of the Cossacks and asks to sharpen his saber, because the next day he will need it in business. The next morning, he asks Denisov to entrust him with something. In response, he orders Petya to obey him and not to meddle anywhere. The signal to attack is heard, and at the same moment Petya, forgetting about Denisov's order, lets his horse run at full speed. At full gallop, he flies into the village, where they went with Dolokhov the day before
"at night. Petya really wants to distinguish himself, but he does not succeed in any way. Behind one of the wattle fences, the French from ambush shoot at the Cossacks who are crowding at the gate. Petya sees Dolokhov. He shouts to him that we must wait for the infantry.
Instead, Petya shouts: "Hurrah!" and rushes forward. The Cossacks and Dolokhov run after him through the gates of the house. The French run, but Petya's horse slows down and he falls to the ground. A bullet pierces his head, and in just a few moments he dies. Denisov is horrified, he recalls how Petya shared raisins sent from home with the hussars and cries. Among the prisoners liberated by Denisov's detachment is Pierre Bezukhov. Pierre spent a lot of time in captivity. Of the 330 people who left Moscow, less than 100 survived. Pierre's legs were knocked down and covered with sores, and the wounded were being shot around every now and then. Karataev falls ill and weakens every day. But his position became more difficult, the more terrible the night was, the more independent of the position in which he was, joyful, soothing thoughts, memories and ideas came to him. On one of the halts
Karataev tells a story about a merchant who was imprisoned on charges of murder. The merchant did not commit murder, but suffered innocently. He dutifully endured all the trials that fell to his lot, and once met with one convict and told him his fate. The convict, having heard the details of the case from the old man, admits that it was he who killed the man for whom the merchant was imprisoned; falls at his feet, asking for forgiveness.
The old man replies that "we are all sinners to God, I suffer for my sins." However, the offender is announced to the authorities, he confesses that he "ruined six souls." While the case is being reviewed, time passes, and when the king issues a decree to release the merchant and reward him, it turns out that he has already died - "God has forgiven him."
Karataev can no longer go further. The next morning, Denisov's detachment defeats the French and frees the prisoners. The Cossacks "surrounded the prisoners and hurriedly offered some clothes, some boots, some bread." “Pierre sobbed, sitting among them and could not utter a word; he hugged the first soldier who came up to him and, crying, kissed him. Dolokhov, meanwhile, counts the French prisoners, his gaze "flares with a cruel brilliance." In the garden they dig a grave for Petya Rostov and bury him. From October 28, frosts begin, and the flight of the French from Russia becomes even more tragic. The chiefs abandon their soldiers, trying to save their lives. Although the Russian troops surrounded the fleeing French army, they did not destroy it and did not capture Napoleon, his generals and others. This was not the aim of the War of 1812. The goal was not to capture the military leaders and destroy the army, which already for the most part perished from cold and hunger, but in order to drive away the invasion from the Russian land.
The role and significance of guerrilla warfare.
The feat of Petya Rostov, Tikhon Shcherbaty, and many other heroes in general served as an incentive to fight against Napoleon.
Thus, the partisan movement, represented by the entire Russian people, as well as representatives of the nobility, influenced the course of the war of 1812, played an important role in the defeat of the French army.
Bibliography:
1. The work of L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" (Volume 4, part
2. The work of L. G. Beskrovny "Partisans in the Patriotic War of 1812"
3. From the Internet: a report on the topic: " Patriotic War 1812"
4. Memoirs of the Decembrist I. D. Yakushin.
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The war of 1812 is depicted by Tolstoy as a great, popular, heroic epic: "I tried to write the history of the people"; "In "War and Peace" I loved the thought of the people, as a result of the war of 1812.
Patriotic feelings and hatred for enemies swept through all segments of the population. But Tolstoy opposes true patriotism to the ostentatious one that was heard in speeches and exclamations at a meeting of Moscow nobles, about which Rostopchin's posters screamed. The thought of a people's militia frightened many nobles. They were worried about whether the peasants would gain a free spirit (“It’s better to recruit ... otherwise neither a soldier nor a peasant will return to you, but only one debauchery,” voices were heard at a meeting of the nobility).
However, the best representatives of the nobility, such as the old prince Bolkonsky and Pierre, create militias from their peasants; serve in the army, like Prince Andrei and Nikolai Rostov; participate in guerrilla warfare, like Denisov. Even fifteen-year-old Petya Rostov is eager to join the army and cannot imagine that his parents would not understand the depth of his patriotic feeling: "... I will resolutely say that you will let me into military service because I can't... that's all... I can't learn anything now... when the fatherland is in danger."
As the French moved deep into Russia, more and more sections of the population were drawn into the war, hatred of the enemy grew. The merchant Ferapontov in Smolensk burns down his inn so that the French do not get anything. The men Karp and Vlas not only do not want to sell hay to the enemies, but also burn it.
Tolstoy shows how, from the moment of the capture, the Smolensk war became popular. In the very first battle near Smolensk, the French faced popular resistance. "... For the first time we fought there for the Russian land," says Prince Andrei, "there was such a spirit in the troops that I had never seen."
The folk character of the war of 1812 is especially expressively revealed in the pictures of the preparation and conduct of the Battle of Borodino. Arriving in Mozhaisk, "Pierre saw for the first time militia men with crosses on their hats and in white shirts, who, with a loud voice and laughter, were animated and sweaty, were working something to the right of the road, on a huge mound overgrown with grass."
Describing the battle of Raevsky's battery, Tolstoy shows a high sense of camaraderie, a sense of duty, and the physical and moral strength of the soldiers. Raevsky's redoubt passes now to the French, now to the Russians, it is covered with corpses, but the Russian banner flies over it. According to Tolstoy, the main condition for victory or defeat is the spirit of the army, its moral strength. Assessing the role of the battle of Borodino in the war of 1812, the writer claims that near Borodino, Napoleonic France for the first time experienced the hand of "the strongest enemy in spirit." The flight of the Napoleonic army from Moscow was the result of the blow that it received in the Battle of Borodino.
Historically correct, Tolstoy writes that the guerrilla war in 1812 arose not by order of the government, but spontaneously. "Partisans destroyed great army in parts".
The plan for the deployment of a nationwide partisan struggle against the enemy was proposed to Kutuzov by Denisov. Denisov argued that in order to fight Napoleon, only "one system is needed - the partisan one." He led a partisan detachment of 200 people.
In his detachment were both soldiers and peasants. "The most useful and brave man" was Tikhon Shcherbaty, "a peasant from Pokrovsky near Gzhatia," who took the French "miroder" with an ax in his hands: "No one else discovered attacks, no one else took him and beat the French."
Detachment Denisov performs heroic deeds, destroying the enemy. Among the leaders of the partisan parties were people of various classes: "He was the head of the party, a deacon who took several hundred prisoners in a month. There was an elder Vasilisa, who beat hundreds of Frenchmen." Tolstoy writes: "... The club of the people's war rose with all its formidable and majestic strength and, without asking anyone's tastes and rules, with stupid simplicity, but with expediency, without analyzing anything, rose, fell and nailed the French until the whole invasion did not perish."
Tolstoy also explained with a patriotic feeling the departure of residents from Moscow after the French entered the city: “They went because for the Russian people there could be no question whether it would be good or bad under the control of the French in Moscow. It was impossible to be under the control of the French. It was worse Total".
