What is biosynthesis. Such different and important ribonucleic acids
Which, since the beginning of the seventies of our century, has been developed by D. Boadella and his followers in England, Germany, Greece and other countries of Europe, Northern and South America, Japan and Australia.
The approach is based on experience:
embryology - (in this regard, biosynthesis is said to have given psychoanalysis its organic basis);
Reichian therapy;
the theory of object relations.
The term "biosynthesis" was first used by the English analyst Francis Mott. In his work, he was based on in-depth studies of intrauterine life.
After the death of F. Mott, David Boadella decided to use this term to describe his own therapeutic approach. He also wanted to emphasize the difference between his method and bioenergy, developed by A. Lowen and J. Pierrakos, and biodynamics - Skoda G. Boysen and her followers, who were engaged in various forms of massage to release blocked energy.
The term "biosynthesis" means "integration of life". It's about about the integration of three vital energy streams that differentiate in the first week of the life of the embryo, the integrative existence of which is essential for somatic and mental health and which stick together in neurotics.
These energy flows are associated with three germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm.
From the endoderm, the digestive and respiratory organs subsequently develop, which are responsible for the metabolism and energy. The energy flow associated with the endoderm is the flow of emotions. Endoderm is an organic substrate of "IT" (as a vegetative source of energy).
The mesoderm develops bones, muscles, and the circulatory system. A motor energy flow is associated with this germ layer, which is responsible for posture, movements, and actions. Mesoderm is the organic substratum of that part of the "I", which is the coordinator of movements.
The skin, brain, nerves, and sense organs develop from the ectoderm. Associated with it is the flow of perception of thoughts and images. Ectoderm is the organic substratum of that part of the "I", which is the integrator of sensations.
As for the "SUPER-I", it does not have an organic (biological) substrate and its development is due solely to the influence of society.
Initially, these three germ layers and their corresponding three energy flows are integrated and freely correspond with each other. But as a result of fetal or birth stress, trauma in infancy or later, this initial integration is disrupted. As a result, either action is "cut off" from thinking and feelings, or emotions from movement and perception, or understanding from movement and feelings.
In the human body, these disturbances in the interaction of thoughts, actions and feelings are most focused:
between the head and the spine (between the ecto- and mesoderms), between thoughts and actions - in the back of the neck. This is the earliest block acquired by a person in fetal life, during childbirth and in the first days and weeks of life;
between the head and the body (between the ecto- and endoderm), between thoughts and emotions - in the throat. This block is formed when "oral problems constrict the throat";
between the spine and internal organs (between meso- and endoderm), between feelings and actions, between actions and breathing - in the area of the diaphragm. This is a later block and corresponds to anal and genital suppression.
on the surface we see a mask: a shell of characteristic relationships, formed to protect against a threat to the integrity of the personality in childhood or earlier. This is the so-called. a false self that protects the true self, whose needs were frustrated in infancy (go before birth);
when the defenses begin to weaken, a deeper level of painful feelings manifests itself, including anger, longing, anxiety, despair, fear, resentment, feelings of loneliness;
below the level of painful feelings is the main nuclear level, or the core of the personality, in which the feelings of basic trust, well-being, joy and love are concentrated.
It should be noted here that many therapists, using various theoretical concepts and a variety of techniques, easily lead a person to experience pain, fear, rage. However, if the work is limited only to this level, the client learns emotional release and ... acquires a new pattern, response becomes a kind of drug. In biosynthesis, the therapist tries in each session to direct the client to the primary nuclear level of sensations, because only in contact with feelings of joy, hope, well-being, pleasure to live does a person receive energy for real changes, for healing - physical, mental and spiritual. Emotional release is not an end in itself: the intervention ceases to be therapeutic if, after reacting, the client does not find new sources of internal support.
And the defense system itself is considered in biosynthesis as a strategy for survival, adaptation, and support. Therefore, any patterns of a person are not "broken", but are examined with great respect. Biosynthetics say: "Before you put a train on rails, you need to build bridges." Before transforming (not destroying!) patterns, it is necessary to ensure the implementation of the "life-protecting function".
Biosynthesis uses and develops B. Reich's idea of a "protective muscular shell", tracing its connection with embryology. D. Boadella and other researchers describe three shells, each of which is associated with one of the germ layers: muscular (mesodermal), visceral (endodermal) and cerebral shell (ectodermal).
Muscular shell
includes and fabric, since not only musculoskeletal develops from the mesoderm. but also the vascular system. Muscle tone can be disturbed in two directions: hypotonicity (weakness and lack of accumulation and expenditure of energy) and hypertonicity (tension, increased energy charge). The tissue shell is associated with the efficiency of the vessels and with the distribution of tissue fluid. The sluggish work of the vessels leads to a violation of the distribution of fluid, an extreme manifestation of which is rheumatic pain, high or low blood pressure, the so-called. cardiac stress.
Visceral carapace
leads to impaired peristalsis and respiration. There will be a tendency to chronic hypo- or hyperventilation and to increased intestinal irritability. In extreme cases, these disorders can be expressed, for example, in asthma and colitis.
cerebral shell
leads to disturbances in the bioelectrical activity of the brain, various disorders of the interaction of the cortex, subcortex and autonomic nervous system, visual disturbances, etc. The most severe expression of the cerebral shell will be a tendency to obsessive thinking or schizophrenic thought disorders.
In each of the "shells" health disorders are manifested at all levels: somatic, mental and spiritual.
Biosynthesis describes three groups of qualities inherent in a healthy person.
Somatic aspects of health:
breathing regularly, rhythmically, accompanied by free movements of the chest;
peristalsis is not spastic, but not sluggish, accompanied by a feeling of "internal well-being";
muscles are ready to easily move from tension to relaxation;
blood pressure is normal, pulsation in the limbs is good;
the skin is warm, with a good blood supply;
the face is mobile, facial expressions are lively, the voice and gaze are expressive, "eyes are contact";
orgastic functions are not disturbed; orgasm is represented by a rhythmic involuntary pulsation, accompanied by deep satisfaction and love for the partner. A person can have both sexual and cordial feelings for the same person.
Mental aspects of health:
the ability to link external expression with internal needs; willingness to act to meet the basic needs of life and the ability to distinguish them from "secondary addictions";
the ability to contact people without idealization and projections (or other psychological defenses that distort interaction);
the ability to choose to contain (hold) or express one's feelings when the situation requires or allows it;
freedom from anxiety when there is no danger;
the ability to act when there is danger.
Spiritual aspects of health:
contact with deep values;
strength of mind to make decisions during life crises without falling into despair and hopelessness;
freedom from neurotic guilt and readiness for real responsibility;
respect for own feelings and to the feelings of others.
There is a danger of dividing people into "healthy", who do not need therapy, and "sick", those who cannot live without it. However, it is more realistic to view health as a wide range of conditions and manifestations. Then we recognize the right to neurotic reactions of the so-called. well-off people and the ability to "healthy responses" in people with severe somatic and mental disorders.
Thus, the effect of therapy depends on the ability of the therapist to reveal the internal resources of the client's health. The inner canvas of biosynthesis is the work to achieve somatic, mental and spiritual health; external - work to restore the integration of action, thought and feeling, lost in the early stages of development.
The three main processes of reintegration are grounding (drounding), centering (centring) and vision (facing).
To study the processes occurring in the body, you need to know what is happening at the cellular level. Where proteins play an important role. It is necessary to study not only their functions, but also the process of creation. Therefore, it is important to explain briefly and clearly. Grade 9 is the best fit for this. It is at this stage that students have enough knowledge to understand this topic.
Proteins - what is it and what are they for
These macromolecular compounds play a huge role in the life of any organism. Proteins are polymers, that is, they consist of many similar “pieces”. Their number can vary from a few hundred to thousands.
Proteins perform many functions in the cell. Their role is great and for more high levels organization: Tissues and organs are largely dependent on the proper functioning of various proteins.
For example, all hormones are of protein origin. But it is these substances that control all processes in the body.
Hemoglobin is also a protein, it consists of four chains, which are connected in the center by an iron atom. This structure provides the ability to carry oxygen by erythrocytes.
Recall that all membranes contain proteins. They are necessary for the transport of substances through the cell membrane.
There are many more functions of protein molecules that they perform clearly and unquestioningly. These amazing compounds are very diverse not only in their roles in the cell, but also in structure.
Where does the synthesis take place
The ribosome is the organelle in which the main part of the process called "protein biosynthesis" takes place. Grade 9 in different schools differs in the curriculum for studying biology, but many teachers give material on organelles in advance, before studying translation.
Therefore, it will not be difficult for students to remember the material covered and consolidate it. You should be aware that only one polypeptide chain can be created on one organelle at a time. This is not enough to satisfy all the needs of the cell. Therefore, there are a lot of ribosomes, and most often they are combined with the endoplasmic reticulum.
Such EPS is called rough. The benefit of such “collaboration” is obvious: immediately after synthesis, the protein enters the transport channel and can be sent to its destination without delay.
But if we take into account the very beginning, namely the reading of information from DNA, then we can say that protein biosynthesis in a living cell begins in the nucleus. It is there that the genetic code is synthesized.
The necessary materials are amino acids, the place of synthesis is the ribosome
It seems that it is difficult to explain how protein biosynthesis proceeds, briefly and clearly, the process diagram and numerous drawings are simply necessary. They will help convey all the information, as well as students will be able to remember it easier.
First of all, for the synthesis you need a "building material" - amino acids. Some of them are produced by the body. Others can only be obtained from food, they are called indispensable.
The total number of amino acids is twenty, but due to the huge number of options in which they can be arranged in a long chain, protein molecules are very diverse. These acids are similar in structure, but differ in radicals.
It is the properties of these parts of each amino acid that determine which structure the resulting chain will “fold”, whether it will form a quaternary structure with other chains, and what properties the resulting macromolecule will have.
The process of protein biosynthesis cannot proceed simply in the cytoplasm, it needs a ribosome. consists of two subunits - large and small. At rest, they are separated, but as soon as synthesis begins, they immediately connect and begin to work.
Such different and important ribonucleic acids
In order to bring an amino acid to the ribosome, you need a special RNA called transport. It is abbreviated as tRNA. This single-stranded cloverleaf molecule is able to attach a single amino acid to its free end and ferry it to the site of protein synthesis.
Another RNA involved in protein synthesis is called matrix (information). It carries an equally important component of synthesis - a code that clearly states when which amino acid to chain to the resulting protein chain.
This molecule has a single-stranded structure, consists of nucleotides, as well as DNA. There are some differences in the primary structure of these nucleic acids, which you can read about in the comparative article on RNA and DNA.
Information about the composition of the protein mRNA receives from the main custodian of the genetic code - DNA. The process of reading and synthesizing mRNA is called transcription.
It occurs in the nucleus, from where the resulting mRNA is sent to the ribosome. The DNA itself does not leave the nucleus, its task is only to preserve the genetic code and transfer it daughter cell during division.
Summary table of the main participants of the broadcast
In order to describe protein biosynthesis concisely and clearly, a table is simply necessary. In it, we will write down all the components and their role in this process, which is called translation.
The very process of creating a protein chain is divided into three stages. Let's look at each of them in more detail. After that, you can easily explain protein biosynthesis to everyone who wants it in a short and understandable way.
Initiation - the beginning of the process
This is the initial stage of translation, in which the small subunit of the ribosome fuses with the very first tRNA. This ribonucleic acid carries the amino acid methionine. Translation always begins with this amino acid, since the start codon is AUG, which encodes this first monomer in the protein chain.
In order for the ribosome to recognize the start codon and not start synthesis from the middle of the gene, where the AUG sequence can also appear, a special nucleotide sequence is located around the start codon. It is from them that the ribosome recognizes the place where its small subunit should sit.
After the formation of the complex with mRNA, the initiation step ends. And the main stage of translation begins.
Elongation - the middle of synthesis
At this stage, a gradual build-up of the protein chain occurs. The duration of elongation depends on the number of amino acids in the protein.
First of all, the large subunit of the ribosome is attached to the small subunit. And the initial t-RNA is in it entirely. Outside, only methionine remains. Next, a second t-RNA carrying another amino acid enters the large subunit.
If the second codon on the mRNA matches the anticodon at the top of the cloverleaf, the second amino acid is attached to the first via a peptide bond.
After that, the ribosome moves along the m-RNA for exactly three nucleotides (one codon), the first t-RNA detaches methionine from itself and separates from the complex. In its place is a second t-RNA, at the end of which there are already two amino acids.
Then a third tRNA enters the large subunit and the process repeats. It will continue until the ribosome hits a codon in the mRNA that signals the end of translation.
Termination
This stage is the last one, it may seem very cruel to some. All the molecules and organelles that have worked so harmoniously to create a polypeptide chain stop as soon as the ribosome hits a terminal codon.
It does not code for any amino acid, so whatever tRNA goes into the large subunit will all be rejected due to a mismatch. This is where termination factors come into play, which separate the finished protein from the ribosome.
The organelle itself can either split into two subunits or continue down the mRNA in search of a new start codon. One mRNA can have several ribosomes at once. Each of them is at its own stage of translation. The newly created protein is provided with markers, with the help of which its destination will be clear to everyone. And by EPS it will be sent to where it is needed.
To understand the role of protein biosynthesis, it is necessary to study what functions it can perform. It depends on the sequence of amino acids in the chain. It is their properties that determine the secondary, tertiary, and sometimes quaternary (if it exists) and its role in the cell. You can read more about the functions of protein molecules in an article on this topic.
How to learn more about broadcasting
This article describes protein biosynthesis in a living cell. Of course, if you study the subject more deeply, it will take many pages to explain the process in all details. But the above material should be enough for a general idea. Video materials in which scientists have simulated all stages of translation can be very useful for understanding. Some of them have been translated into Russian and can serve as an excellent guide for students or just an educational video.
In order to understand the topic better, you should read other articles on related topics. For example, about or about the functions of proteins.
Biosynthesis- this is the direction of body-oriented (or somatic) psychotherapy, which since the beginning of the seventies of the twentieth century has been developed by D. Boadella and his followers in England, Germany, Greece and other European countries, North and South America, Japan and Australia.
Biosynthesis process-oriented psychotherapy. The client is not required to follow the therapist's health model, to replace his patterns with his. The therapist gently works with the breath, helps to loosen muscle tension in order to most accurately perceive and reveal the internal trends in the movement and growth of the client, his capabilities and the characteristics of his pulsation. The therapist in biosynthesis becomes a "dance partner" who accompanies and leads the client to a new experience, a different feeling of grounding in his own body, the restoration of a healthy pulsation.
The approach is based on experience:
1) embryology- in this regard, they say about biosynthesis that, thanks to him, psychoanalysis received its organic basis;
2) Reichian therapy;
3) object relations theory.
The term "biosynthesis" was first used by the English analyst Francis Mott. In his work, he was based on in-depth studies of intrauterine life. After the death of F. Mott, David Boadella decided to use this term to describe his own therapeutic approach. He also wanted to emphasize the difference between his method and bioenergy, developed by A. Lowen and J. Pierrakos, and biodynamics - the school of G. Boysen and her followers, who were engaged in various forms of massage to release blocked energy. All three directions: bioenergetics, biodynamics and biosynthesis have common roots (Reichian analysis), but they have fundamental differences.
The term "biosynthesis" itself means "integration of life". We are talking about the integration, first of all, of the three main life, or energy flows, which are differentiated in the first week of the life of the embryo, the integrative existence of which is essential for somatic and mental health, which is disturbed in neurotics.
These energy flows are associated with three germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm.
1) Endoderm
From the endoderm, the digestive and respiratory organs subsequently develop, which are responsible for the metabolism and energy. The energy flow associated with the endoderm is the flow of emotions. Endoderm is an organic substrate of "IT" (as a vegetative source of energy).
2) Mesoderm
The mesoderm develops bones, muscles, and the circulatory system. With this
the germ layer is associated with a motor energy flow, which is responsible for the posture, movements, and actions. Mesoderm is the organic substratum of that part of the "I", which is the coordinator of movements.
3) Ectoderm
The skin, brain, nerves, and sense organs develop from the ectoderm. Associated with it is the flow of perception of thoughts and images. Ectoderm is the organic substratum of that part of the "I", which is the integrator of sensations. As for the "SUPER-I", it does not have an organic (biological) substrate and its development is due solely to the influence of society.
Initially, these three germ layers and their corresponding three energy flows are integrated and freely correspond with each other. But as a result of fetal or birth stress, trauma in infancy or later, this initial integration is disrupted. As a result, either "action is 'cut off' from thinking and feeling, or emotion from movement and perception, or understanding from movement and feeling" (D.Boadella). In the human body, these disturbances in the interaction of thoughts, actions and feelings are most focused:
Between the head and the spine (between the ecto- and mesoderms), between thoughts and actions - in the back of the neck. This is the earliest block acquired by a person in fetal life, in childbirth and in the first days and weeks of life;
Between the head and the body (between the ecto- and endoderm), between thoughts and emotions - in the throat. This block is formed when "oral problems constrict the throat";
between the spine and internal organs (between meso- and endoderm), between feelings and actions, between actions and breathing - in the area of the diaphragm. This is a later block and corresponds to anal and genital suppression.
From W. Reich, biosynthesis inherited the point of view that personality can be understood at three levels:
On the surface, we see a mask: a shell of characteristic relationships, formed to protect against the threat to the integrity of the personality in childhood.
or earlier. This is the so-called. the false self, which protects the true self, whose needs were frustrated in infancy (or before birth);
When the defenses begin to weaken, a deeper level of painful feelings manifests itself, including anger, longing, anxiety, despair, fear, resentment, feelings of loneliness;
Below the level of painful feelings is the main nuclear level, or the core of the personality, in which the feelings of basic trust, well-being, joy and love are concentrated.
The frustration of the core creates a level of suffering, the suppression of suffering and protest creates a "mask".
It should be noted here that many therapists, using various theoretical concepts and various techniques, easily lead a person to experience pain, fear, rage. However, if the work is limited only to this level, the client learns emotional release and ... acquires a new pattern, acting out becomes a kind of drug.
In biosynthesis, the therapist tries in each session to direct the client to the primary nuclear level of sensations, because. only in contact with feelings of joy, hope, well-being, pleasure to live does a person receive energy for real changes, for healing - physical, mental and spiritual. Emotional release is not an end in itself: the intervention ceases to be therapeutic if, after reacting, the client does not find new sources of internal support. And the defense system itself is considered in biosynthesis as a strategy for survival, adaptation, and support. Therefore, any patterns of a person are not "broken", but are examined with great respect. Biosynthetics say:
"Before you put a train on rails, you need to build bridges" (D.Boadella). Before transforming (not destroying!) patterns, it is necessary to ensure the implementation of the "life-protecting function".
Biosynthesis uses and develops W. Reich's idea of a "protective muscular shell", tracing its connection with embryology. D. Boadella and other researchers describe three shells, each of which is associated with one of the germ layers: muscular (mesodermal), visceral (endodermal) and cerebral shell (ectodermal). The muscular shell also includes tissue, since not only musculoskeletal, but also vascular system. Accordingly, the following types of violations are described:
· Muscle tone can be disturbed in two directions: hypotonicity (weakness and lack of accumulation and expenditure of energy) and hypertonicity (tension, increased energy charge).
The tissue shell is associated with the efficiency of the vessels and with the distribution of tissue fluid. The sluggish work of the vessels leads to a violation of the distribution of fluid, an extreme manifestation of which is rheumatic pain, high or low blood pressure, the so-called. cardiac stress" (D. Boadella).
The visceral shell leads to impaired peristalsis and respiration. Here there will be a tendency to chronic hypo- or hyperventilation and to increased irritability of the bowels. In extreme cases, these disorders can be expressed, for example, in asthma and colitis.
The cerebral shell leads to violations of the bioelectric
brain activity, various disorders of the interaction of the cortex, subcortex and the autonomic nervous system, visual impairment, etc. The most severe expression of the cerebral armor will be a tendency to obsessive thinking or to schizophrenic thought disorders.
In each of the "shells" health disorders are manifested at all levels: somatic, mental and spiritual. Biosynthesis describes three groups of qualities inherent in a healthy person.
Somatic aspects of health:
1. breathing regularly, rhythmically, accompanied by free movements
chest;
2. peristalsis is not spastic, but not sluggish, accompanied by
a sense of "internal well-being";
3. muscles are ready to easily move from tension to relaxation;
4. blood pressure is normal, pulsation in the limbs is good;
5. the skin is warm, with good blood supply;
contact";
7. orgastic functions are not disturbed; orgasm is represented by rhythmic
involuntary pulsation, accompanied by deep satisfaction and
love for a partner. A person can feel for the same person
both sexual and cordial feelings.
Mental aspects of health:
1. the ability to connect external expression with internal needs; willingness to act to meet the basic needs of life and the ability to distinguish them from "secondary addictions";
2. the ability to contact people without idealization and projections (or other psychological defenses that distort interaction;
3. the ability to choose to contain, retain, or express one's feelings when the situation requires or allows it;
4. freedom from anxiety when there is no danger;
5. the ability to act when there is danger.
Spiritual aspects of health:
1. contact with deep values;
2. fortitude to make decisions during life crises without
"falling" into despair and hopelessness;
3. freedom from neurotic guilt and readiness for real responsibility;
4. respect for one's own feelings and for the feelings of others. There is a danger of dividing people into "healthy", who do not need therapy, and sick, those who cannot live without it. However, "it is more realistic to consider health as a wide range of conditions and manifestations" (D.Boadella). Then we recognize the right to neurotic reactions of "prosperous" people and the ability to "healthy reactions" in persons with severe somatic and mental disorders.
Thus, the effect of therapy depends on the ability of the therapist to reveal the internal resources of the client's health. The inner canvas of biosynthesis is the work to achieve somatic, mental and spiritual health; external - work to restore the integration of action, thought and feeling, lost in the early stages of development.
The three main reintegration processes are:
grounding,
Centering
Vision (facing).
Grounding
Grounding is working with the mesodermal shell. "Grounding is connected with
the rhythm of our movement and the state of our muscle tone. Well-grounded is a person whose muscle tone corresponds to his movement and behavior "(D. Boadella). A well-grounded sailor's posture is adapted to the swaying "soil" under his feet. A sleeping person has relaxed muscles - which means that he is well grounded for sleeping conditions. Swimmer begins to sink if he is not well grounded in the water and his muscles are too tense.
An example of an excellent understanding of the principles of grounding is provided by the Eastern martial arts: dynamic balance and relaxation of attention without wasting energy. If the muscle tone is reduced - the person is not grounded, he feels the lack of support under his feet. He will have difficulty adapting to the outside world, such people tend to go into inner world. For example, psychotic behavior is a manifestation of extreme cases of ungroundedness.
To be grounded means to be in touch with reality, with your
own impulses. Grounding involves revitalizing the flow of energy down the back and from there into the "five limbs" - legs, arms and head. The therapist in biosynthesis learns to recognize the language of postures and movement patterns. "Therapeutic work consists in releasing the energy of strongly clamped muscles by transferring tension into expressive movements or by directing it into weakened muscles, while increasing tone through dynamic resistance to ground support or support on the therapist's body" (D.Boadella).
Centering
The therapeutic work on centering affects the level of the endoderm, i.e. internal organs primarily the respiratory system. It helps a person "to get in touch with the undulating rhythm of his breathing and with the corresponding emotional changes" (D.Boadella). This is a movement towards harmonious breathing and emotional balance.
"Breathing and emotions are deeply connected, and every emotional change leads to a change in breathing. Specific breathing patterns associated with anxiety, anger, sadness, hope, joy, etc." (D.Boadella).
Breathing can be unbalanced on two levels:
Relationship between thoracic and abdominal breathing;
The ratio of inhalation and exhalation.
Breathing patterns can change depending on the situation, how you feel, your emotional state, and so on. However, if a person "gets stuck" in one of the patterns, we can say that he is not centered enough, i.e. accumulates too much or too little energy, or does not use it enough or excessively.
Working with inhalation helps in case of anxiety, hopelessness, sadness, general asthenia. To stimulate inspiration, you can use: a gentle lifting movement of the cervical or lumbar region during inspiration; lifting and lowering, adduction and breeding of limbs on inspiration, etc.
Work with exhalation is shown in conditions of overcontrol, blocking of anger, with an excess of tension. The free flow of movements is encouraged, for example, in running. In this case, the breath will follow the movement.
With a good level of centering, a person is in contact with his emotions, is aware of them and has the opportunity to choose in each specific situation to express his feelings or to contain them, to restrain (but not suppress!). Suppression, repression of emotions often leads to depression.
A well-centered person "can afford" not to suppress his feelings and not to splash them out uncontrollably.
In therapeutic work, it is important that emotions can be "layered" on top of each other: one that is easier to express can be used to hide another emotion that is difficult or impossible to express. The therapeutic principle here is to bring out the deeper emotion. Thus, anger often hides fear, fear can hide anger, and sadness can hide anger or pleasure. Therefore, biosynthesis is cautious about responding directly to anger. If behind this
anger is worth fear or shame, and the conditions for their safe living are not created, the reaction procedure can be at best untherapeutic, and at worst - destructive.
Facing and Sounding "In addition to expressive movements, eyes and voice are an important contact channel. Therapeutic work with eye contact, sight, voice is the third way of reintegration in biosynthesis" (D.Boadella).
"Therapeutic work is about recognizing the best way to use the eyes, and also about helping the client face what he is defending himself against."
"When the eyes are open, there are two main patterns of gaze: contact and defensive. Examples of protective gazes are: cautious gaze, "not here" gaze (as if the person is far away), hypervigilant gaze. To get into deeper contact with internal expression in patients with The heavy gaze they use as a form of control is best done with their eyes closed."
"If the client's eyes respond to contact with the therapist's eyes, this is useful for work: the therapist can "read" in them anger, anxiety, pleasure, etc., which helps to recognize the pattern. When working with voice, it is important that there is a connection between human muscle tone and voice Voice release is associated with improvements in muscle tone Sound helps grounding Biosynthesis seeks to "ground" language in the body and develop a connection between verbal and non-verbal expression.
Often, if bodily signals become unclear or confused, the therapist will go for verbal clarification of the client's feelings and inner experiences or express them through the voice. Conversely, if speech is confused, he may come to understand what is happening by reading non-verbal body language.
Contact signals and touch elements
"In each therapeutic interaction, the client's contact signals will be the main way to indicate what is happening - whether the free pulsation of energy increases or the defense systems and resistance increase" (D. Boadella). The main contact signals are:
Verbal expression of relief or discomfort;
Change in breathing;
Change in muscle tone in response to touch;
Change in complexion, eye contact, etc.
Separately, it must be said that the most important tool for working in biosynthesis is the body of the therapist, in which subtle tensions and tensions resonate. emotional states. W. Reich called this phenomenon "vegetative identification", which means: to feel in your body the sensations of the client's struggle, its rhythm and pulsation characteristics.
There are several basic ways of bodily contact, or elements of touch. These elements are traditionally associated with the four elements: earth, water, fire and air.
Ground contact
"The hands and other parts of the therapist's body are used here:
a) as supporting structures (we try to convey to the client a sense of reliability, firmness, strength, trust);
b) as structures to which the client can provide dynamic
resistance" (D.Boadella)
The principle of support (in the sense of support) is used:
For super independent people, to help them trust more and learn to accept the help of others;
For Over-Dependents: To help them trust more in their support and support structures. own body(back, arms, legs);
For people with weak boundaries, anxious and in many other cases.
water contact
The purpose of the water contact is to give movement smoothness, to help to realize and restore the smoothness and undulation of the bowels, breathing, etc. Following the free flow of movements in the form of vibrations, tremors, etc., we restore the balance of muscle tone. Water contact is often used together with air contact, especially when the client lacks energy.
Air contact This type of contact is based on work with breathing: energization and energy consumption.
fire contact
The principle of fiery contact is warmth and thermoregulation of the body. The therapist's hands are used as emitters or redistributors of energy:
by directly warming a cold part of the body, through working with energy fields, or by transferring excess heat into movement (hot areas are usually energetically overloaded).
Reviewed by (C) V. Berezkina-Orlova and G. Chentsova
Materials used:
Monographs D.Boadella "What is Biosynthesis?",
Articles "Energy & Character" (The Journal of Biosynthesis)
Practical training seminars within the framework of the International Training Program on Biosynthesis (1994 - 2001)
Victoria Berezkina-Orlova, Galina Chentsova
Biosynthesis (biological synthesis) is the formation complex substances of the simpler ones in a living organism.
The last biosynthesis differs from the chemical synthesis that takes place outside the cells - in laboratories, at chemical plants, sometimes - in water bodies, soil and rocks.
In addition, special substances are always involved in biosynthesis - enzymes. They enable and/or accelerate chemical reactions. About 5000 enzymes are known, and they do not exist in nature outside living organisms.
Nature has had billions of years at its disposal and has experienced billions of methods of synthesis. During this time, she selected the most suitable substances, created miniature structures for their processing. A living cell has turned into a chemical plant, where the most complex transformations can take place. The "factory" works automatically, quickly, with minimal losses and maximum output. The supply of “raw materials” to the cell, uninterrupted energy supply, and the information recorded in the genes about what and how to do is always ready.
Take, for example, a green leaf on a tree. In the light from carbon dioxide and water, it continuously forms glucose. The plant feeds on it, receives energy. Powerful science and powerful technology are in the hands of man. Carbon dioxide and water - as much as you like. With, too, like, there are no problems. But people, using only this, are not able to synthesize a single grain of glucose. We get it in a completely different way, moreover, from starch, which was synthesized by the same plants.
Why can't a person copy biosynthetic reactions?
First, because we don't have the "equipment" that the cell has.
Secondly, most enzymes are proteins, in order to get them, a person must figure out the structure of each, then find a way to get them. All this is possible, but not easy. As a result, the product of chemical synthesis (for example, an artificial hormone) turns out to be quite expensive. 
The matter can be simplified if at least part of the work is shifted to living cells. For example, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is obtained in factories as a result of six chemical reactions. One of them is provided by ... active bacteria. Such schemes are widely used in biotechnology.
We compared the cage to a factory. But in industry, the relocation of enterprises is a common practice. Genetic engineering does something similar. Thus, the human insulin protein gene was able to "get a job" in the cell of the bacterium Escherichia coli. As a result, insulin is synthesized in a new place - unknown and completely unnecessary to E. coli, but urgently needed by patients with diabetes.
How does a person use the products of biosynthesis?
He, without hesitation, uses them every second of his life. When you read these lines, visual pigments are biosynthesised in your eyes, the storage substance glycogen is synthesized from glucose in the liver, hemoglobin molecules are built by the bone marrow, etc.
In addition, a person, with might and main, consumes the finished products of "foreign" biosynthesis. What is our food - bread, meat, butter, cereals, milk, etc.? All these are mixtures of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins. That is, the products of biosynthesis that took place in the cells of plants and animals.
Biosynthesis also supplies us with industrial raw materials. From mold fungi and bacteria produce antibiotics and vitamins. We are dressed and shod in various types of squirrels - wool, fur and skin of mammals, as well as in cotton fiber. We select natural silk from silkworm butterflies. Cellulose, which trees have been synthesizing for decades, we turn into paper, glucose, viscose, plastic, building materials, and furniture. 
One can only rejoice that nature has created biosynthesis - without it, we would be deprived of all this. True, without biosynthesis, we ourselves would not exist.
