What is linguistic taste in Russian. The development of the literary language is directly related to the development of the culture of the people, especially its fiction.

25.03.2020

The culture of speech implies, first of all, the correctness of speech, that is, compliance with the norms literary language, which are perceived by its speakers (speaking and writing) as an "ideal", a model. Language norm- this is the central concept of language culture, and the normative aspect of the culture of speech is considered one of the most important.

The choice of language means necessary for the goal is the basis communicative aspect speech culture. Ethical aspect culture of speech prescribes the knowledge and application of the rules of linguistic behavior in specific situations. Ethical norms of communication are understood as speech etiquette ( speech formulas greetings, requests, questions, thanks, congratulations, etc.; appeal to "you" and "you"; choice of full or abbreviated name, address formula, etc.)

The use of speech etiquette is greatly influenced by: the age of the participants in the speech act, their social status, the nature of the relationship between them (official, informal, friendly, intimate), the time and place of speech interaction, etc. The ethical component of the rhea culture imposes a ban on foul language in the process of communication, condemns the conversation "in a raised voice."

An important characteristic of a person is the level of his speech culture. There are an elite type of speech culture, an average literary type, literary colloquial and familiar colloquial, as well as slang and colloquial types of speech culture. The elite type of speech culture of a person assumes that the carrier of this type of speech culture fulfills all ethical and communication norms, observes the norms of literary speech, owns all functional styles. mother tongue associated with the use of both oral and writing. A person of an elite speech culture is characterized by the easy use of a functional style and genre of speech that is appropriate for the situation and goals of communication, “non-transfer” of what is typical for oral speech, in oral speech. He knows and observes the rhetorical rules of communication, he has a habit of checking himself all the time, replenishing his speech knowledge from authoritative texts and dictionaries, and not by imitating what he heard on radio or television, read in newspapers. The average literary type of speech culture embodies the general culture of a person in its forgiven and far from complete version. Carriers of the average literary speech culture usually own two or three functional styles, usually the style of everyday communication ( colloquial speech) and their professional style, these styles are often mixed in their speech. In the field of language use for a carrier of this type of speech culture, self-confidence, expressed in upholding the point of view “the main thing is WHAT to say, and not HOW to say”, a “forgivable” attitude towards one’s own speech errors, overestimation of one’s speech knowledge, which manifests itself in the frequent inappropriate use of terms and foreign words, on the one hand, and reduced and abusive vocabulary - on the other, in violation of language norms, and they are not aware of the inferiority of their own speech. Precedent texts for carriers of this type of speech culture are mass media and mass literature. The absence of a large vocabulary in the minds of carriers of the medium literary type of speech culture does not allow them to use the wide synonymous possibilities of the Russian language in their speech, which turns their speech into a rather stamped one, or into a speech with a dominance of book vocabulary, to which the desire to make speech more expressive is reduced. Literary-colloquial and familiar-colloquial types of speech culture differ only in the degree of reduced speech. In the literary-colloquial type, you prevail - communication and household names like Seryozha, in the familiar-colloquial type - you - communication becomes the only possible one, and Seryozhka, Seryoga are preferred in circulation. In both types, there is a huge amount of jargon used in speech, but in f.-r. The proportion of rude words and colloquial elements is increasing. At the same time, in both types there is a large amount of foreign language vocabulary and book words, which often become simple fillings of pauses, so that there are also “specifically”, “in short”, “type”, “in kind” and “ pancake”, etc. There is no need to talk about any observance of ethical and communicative norms in these types of speech culture. Slang and vernacular types of speech culture are characterized by non-normativeness, orientation to their communication group, you - communication, vulgarism, use of obscenities.

language fashion. A manner of expression adopted in a particular community and relevant for a short time.

linguistic taste. The notion of ideal text models and ideal speech production in general, formed in the process of social and speech activity

And accent rules. Lexical and phraseological norms

Plan

1. The concept of a language norm, its features.

2. Variants of norms.

3. Degrees of normativity of language units.

4. Types of norms.

5. Norms of oral speech.

5.1. orthoepic norms.

5.2. Accent rules.

6. Norms of oral and written speech.

6.1. Lexical norms.

6.2. Phraseological norms.

The culture of speech, as mentioned earlier, is a multidimensional concept. It is based on the idea that exists in the human mind of the “speech ideal”, a model in accordance with which correct, literate speech should be built.

The norm is the dominant concept of the culture of speech. In the Big Explanatory Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language D.N. Ushakova word meaning norm is defined as follows: "legalized establishment, ordinary obligatory order, state." Thus, the norm reflects, first of all, customs, traditions, streamlines communication and is the result of a socio-historical selection of one option from several possible ones.

Language norms- these are the rules for the use of linguistic means in a certain period of development of the literary language (rules of pronunciation, word usage, use of morphological forms of different parts of speech, syntactic constructions, etc.). This is a historically established uniform, exemplary, generally accepted use of elements of the language, recorded in grammars and normative dictionaries.

Language norms are characterized by a number of features:

1) relative stability;

2) general usage;

3) general obligatoriness;

4) compliance with the use, tradition and capabilities of the language system.

Norms reflect regular processes and phenomena occurring in the language and are supported by language practice.

Speech is the source of norms. educated people, works of writers, as well as the most authoritative means mass media.

Norm functions:

1) ensures the correct understanding of each other by speakers of a given language;

2) hinders the penetration of dialect, colloquial, vernacular, slang elements into the literary language;

3) educates language taste.

Language norms are a historical phenomenon. They change over time, reflecting changes in the use of language tools. Sources for changing norms are:

Colloquial speech (cf., for example, colloquial variants such as calls- along with Lit. calls; cottage cheese- along with Lit. cottage cheese; [de]kan along with lit. [d'e]kan);

Vernacular (for example, in some dictionaries they are fixed as valid colloquial stress options contract, phenomenon, until recently, vernacular, non-normative options);

Dialects (for example, in the Russian literary language there are a number of words that are dialectal in origin: spider, snowstorm, taiga, life);

Professional jargons (cf. stress options actively penetrating into modern everyday speech whooping cough, syringes, accepted in the speech of health workers).

The change in norms is preceded by the appearance of their variants that exist in the language at a certain stage of its development and are actively used by native speakers. Language Options- these are two or more ways of pronunciation, stress, formation of grammatical form, etc. The emergence of variants is explained by the development of the language: some linguistic phenomena become obsolete, go out of use, others appear.

However, the options may be equal - normative, acceptable in literary speech ( bakery and bulo [shn] th; barge and barge; Mordvin and Mordvin ov ).

More often, only one of the options is recognized as normative, while others are assessed as unacceptable, incorrect, violating the literary norm ( drivers and wrong. chauffeurA; catholOg and wrong. catalog).

Unequal options. As a rule, variants of the norm are specialized in one way or another. Very often the options are stylistic specialization: neutral - high; literary - colloquial ( stylistic options ). Wed stylistically neutral pronunciation of the reduced vowel in words like s[a] no, n[a] floor, m[a] turf and the pronunciation of the sound [o] in the same words, characteristic of a high, specifically bookish style: s[o] no, p[o] floor, m[o] turf; neutral (soft) pronunciation of sounds [g], [k], [x] in words like shake up [g’i] wag, wave [x’i] wat, jump up [k’i] wat and the bookish, characteristic of the old Moscow noma, the firm pronunciation of these sounds: shudder [gy] walt, wave [hy] walt, jump [ky] walt. Wed also lit. contract, locksmith and and unfold contract, locksmith I AM.

Often options are specialized in terms of degree of their modernity(chronological options ). For example: modern creamy and outdated. plum [shn] th.

In addition, options may have differences in meaning ( semantic variants ): moves(move, move) and drives(set in motion, induce, force to act).

According to the ratio between the norm and the variant, three degrees of normativity of language units are distinguished.

Norm I degree. A strict, rigid norm that does not allow options. In such cases, variants in dictionaries are accompanied by prohibitive marks: choice s – not right. choice a; shi [n'e] l - not right. shi[ne]l; petition - not right. petition; pampered - not rivers. spoiled. In relation to linguistic facts that are outside the literary norm, it is more correct to speak not about variants, but about speech errors.

Norm II degree. The norm is neutral, allowing equal options. For instance: a loop and a loop; swimming pool and ba[sse]in; stack and stack. In dictionaries, similar options are connected by the union and.

Norm III degree. A mobile norm that allows the use of colloquial, obsolete forms. Variants of the norm in such cases are accompanied by marks add.(permissible), add. obsolete(allowable deprecation). For instance: August - add. August; budo[h]ik and additional mouth budo[shn]ik.

Variants of norms in the modern Russian literary language are presented very widely. In order to choose the correct option, you need to refer to special dictionaries: orthoepic, stress dictionaries, difficulty dictionaries, explanatory dictionaries etc.

Language norms are obligatory for both oral and written speech. The typology of norms covers all levels of the language system: pronunciation, stress, word formation, morphology, syntax, spelling, and punctuation are subject to norms.

In accordance with the main levels of the language system and the areas of use of language means, they distinguish the following types norms.

Norm types


Norms of oral speech	Norms of written speech	Norms of oral and written speech
- accentological(norms of stress setting); - orthoepic(pronunciation norms)	- spelling(correct spelling); - punctuation(norms for punctuation marks)	- lexical(norms of word usage); - phraseological(norms for the use of phraseological units); - derivational(norms of word formation); - morphological(standards for the formation of word forms various parts speech); - syntactic(norms for constructing syntactic constructions)

Oral speech is spoken speech. It uses a system of phonetic means of expression, which include: speech sounds, word stress, phrasal stress, intonation.

Specific for oral speech are the norms of pronunciation (orthoepic) and the norms of stress (accentological).

The norms of oral speech are reflected in special dictionaries (see, for example: Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / edited by R.I. Avanesov. - M., 2001; Ageenko F.L., Zarva M.V. Dictionary of accents for radio and television workers. - M., 2000).

5.1. Orthoepic norms These are the norms of literary pronunciation.

Orthoepy (from the Greek. orphos - straight, correct and epic - speech) is a set of oral speech rules that ensure the unity of its sound design in accordance with the norms that have historically developed in the literary language.

The following groups are distinguished orthoepic norms:

Vowel pronunciation: forest - in l[i]su; horn - r [a] ha;

Pronunciation of consonants: teeth - zu [p], o [t] take - o [d] give;

Pronunciation of individual combinations of consonants: in [zh’zh ’] and, [sh’sh’] astya; kone[shn]o;

Pronunciation of consonants in separate grammatical forms (in adjective forms: elastic [gy] th - elastic [g'y]; in verb forms: took [sa] - took [s'a], I remain [s] - I remain [s'];

Pronunciation of words of foreign origin: pu[re], [t’e]rror, b[o]a.

Let us dwell on individual, difficult, cases of pronunciation, when the speaker needs to choose the correct option from a number of existing ones.

The Russian literary language is characterized by the pronunciation of [g] explosive. The pronunciation of [γ] fricative is dialectal, non-normative. However, in a number of words, the norm requires the pronunciation of exactly the sound [γ], which, when stunned, turns into [x]: [ γ ]God, Bo[γ]a - Bo[x].

In Russian literary pronunciation, there used to be a fairly significant range of everyday words in which, in place of letter combinations CHN was pronounced SHN. Now, under the influence of spelling, there are quite a few such words left. Yes, the pronunciation SHN preserved as obligatory in words kone[shn] o, naro[shn] o and in patronymics: Ilini[shn]a, Savvi[shn]na, Nikiti[shn]a(cf. the spelling of these words: Ilyinichna, Savvichna, Nikitichna).

A number of words allow for variants of pronunciation CHN and SHN: decent and orderly [w] ny, bool [h] th and bulo [shn] th, milk [n] and young lady. In some words, the pronunciation SHN is perceived as obsolete: lavo [shn] ik, sin [shn] evy, apple [shn] y.

In scientific and technical terminology, as well as in words of a bookish nature, it is never pronounced SHN. Wed: flowing, cardiac (attack), milky (way), celibate.

consonant cluster Thu in words what to nothing pronounced like PC: [pcs] about, [pcs] oby, none [pcs] about. In other cases, as Thu: not [th] about, after [th] and, after [th] a, [th] y, [read] ing.

For pronunciation foreign words The following tendencies are typical in the modern Russian literary language.

Foreign words are subject to the phonetic patterns operating in the language, so most foreign words in pronunciation do not differ from Russian ones. However, some words retain the peculiarities of pronunciation. It concerns

1) unstressed pronunciation O;

2) pronunciation of the consonant before E.

1. In some groups of borrowed words that have limited use, an unstressed sound is (unstablely) preserved O. These include:

Foreign proper names: Voltaire, Zola, Jaurès, Chopin;

A small part of special terms that do not penetrate into colloquial speech: bolero, nocturne, sonnet, modern, rococo.

Pronunciation O in a pre-stressed position is typical in these words for a book, high style; sound is pronounced in neutral speech A: V[a]lter, n[a]kturne.

The absence of reduction in stressed position is typical for words cocoa, radio, credo.

2. The Russian language system tends to soften the consonant before E. In insufficiently mastered borrowed words, there is a preservation of a solid consonant in accordance with the norm of a number of European languages. This deviation from the typical Russian pronunciation is much more widespread than the unstressed pronunciation. O.

Pronunciation of the solid consonant before E observed:

In expressions that are often reproduced by means of other alphabets: d e facto, d e-ju r e, c r edo;

In proper names: Flo [be] r, S [te] rn, Lafon [te] n, Sho [bae] n;

In special terms: [de]mping, [se]psis, ko[de]in, [de]cadans, ge[ne]sis, [re]le, ek[ze]ma;

In some common words that are in wide use: pu [re], [te] mp, e [ne] rgia.

Most often, consonants retain firmness in borrowed words. D, T; then - WITH, W, H, R; occasionally - B, M, V; sounds are always softened G, TO and L.

Some words of foreign origin in the modern literary language are characterized by a variable pronunciation of hard and soft consonants before E [d'e] kan - [de] kan, [s'e] ssia - [se] ssia, [t'e] rror.

In a number of words, the solid pronunciation of the consonant before E perceived as cutesy, pretentious: academy, plywood, museum.

Linguistic taste is the norms and standards of language behavior, speech culture accepted at a certain stage of development by native speakers. The linguistic taste of the era is largely associated with historical, turning points in the life of the people. The linguistic taste of our time is characterized by the convergence of traditional bookish expressions with everyday colloquial speech, with social and professional dialects, with jargons. "In general, the literary and linguistic norm is becoming less definite and obligatory; the literary standard is becoming less standard" [Kostomarov 1999, p. 5].

Taste in general is the ability to evaluate, the understanding of what is right and beautiful; these are passions and inclinations that determine the culture of a person in thought and work, in behavior, including speech. As Kostomarov V.G. in his work "Linguistic taste of the era": "Taste can be understood as a system of ideological, psychological, aesthetic and other attitudes of a person or social group in relation to language and speech in this language." These attitudes determine a person's attitude to language, the ability to intuitively evaluate the correctness, relevance, aesthetics of speech expression.

Taste is a complex alloy of social requirements and assessments, as well as the individuality of a native speaker, his artistic inclinations, upbringing, and education. However, this individuality is formed in the course of assimilation of social knowledge, norms, rules, traditions. Therefore, taste always has a concrete-social and concrete-historical basis. Manifesting itself individually, taste reflects the dynamics of social consciousness and unites the members of a given society at a given stage of its history.

The most important condition for taste is a sense of language, which is the result of speech and social experience, the assimilation of knowledge of the language and knowledge about the language, the unconscious assessment of its trends, the path of progress. The very sense of language is a system of unconscious assessments that reflects the systemic nature of language in speech and social linguistic ideals. A sense of language forms the basis for a global assessment, acceptance or non-acceptance of certain development trends, vocabulary, for assessing the appropriateness of stylistic varieties under the prevailing conditions. In this sense, it is very dependent on the systemic and normative features of the language: its origin, history and ideals of progress, acceptable and desirable sources of enrichment, the originality of its structure and composition.

Changing ideas about the correct and effective use of the language can be denoted by the word fashion. In other words, fashion is a manifestation of taste, more individual, quickly transient, conspicuous and usually irritating to the older and conservative part of society.

The cultural and speech taste, its changes are influenced by objective social functions language in this era.

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Language taste of the era

Introduction

1. Language taste

2. Language norm

3. Verbal aggression

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Speech skill is a basic professional quality. It includes several components. The most important of them is the culture of speech, which is part of the general culture of man. By the way a person speaks, one can judge the level of his spiritual development about his internal culture. The formation of speech skills involves the possession of expressive, logically clear, emotional literary speech.

The problems of the culture of speech are determined primarily by the problems of the language functioning in society. The subject of the culture of speech as academic discipline are the norms of the literary language, types of communication, its principles and rules, ethical standards of communication, functional styles of speech, the basics of the art of speech, as well as difficulties in applying speech norms and problems state of the art speech culture of society. The culture of speech is important for establishing contact between the narrator and his listeners and is the main part of it.

In the culture of speech, several norms are defined, such as: language taste, language norm and speech aggression.

The purpose of this work is to study language taste, norms and speech aggression.

The main tasks include consideration of the concept of language taste, language flair, reasons for changing language taste, the concept of a language norm and its types, reasons for changing language norms, a set of signs of norms, various definitions of speech aggression, its causes, consideration of speech aggression as a type of speech strategy with to discredit an opponent.

V last years a series of works devoted to the study of the problems of speech culture in modern society. These works include the studies of Vinokur G.O., Kostomarov V.G., Rosenthal D.E., Golovin B.N., Sapunov B., Lapteva O.A., Nefyodov N.V., Pleshchenko T.P. , Fedotova N.V., Chechet R.G., Dantseva D.D., Vasilyeva A.N., Fomina M.I., Valgina N.S., Rozhdestvensky Yu.V. as society is constantly changing, culture is also changing, therefore new issues arise that require careful study.

1. Language taste

The cultural and speech taste, its changes are influenced by the objective social functions of the language in a given era.

2. Language norm

The concept of a norm is usually associated with the idea of correct, literary literate speech, and literary speech itself is one of the aspects of a person’s general culture.

The norm, as a socio-historical and deeply national phenomenon, characterizes, first of all, the literary language - recognized as an exemplary form of the national language. Therefore, the terms "linguistic norm" and "literary norm" are often combined, especially when applied to the modern Russian language, although historically they are not the same thing.

The language norm develops in real practice speech communication, is worked out and fixed in public use as an uzus (Latin usus - use, use, habit); the literary norm is undoubtedly based on the usage, but it is also specially guarded, codified, i.e. legitimized by special regulations dictionaries, codes of practice, textbooks. [Lapteva 1983: p. 187]

Graudina L.K. Shiryaev E.N. distinguish in their book "The Culture of Russian Speech" several types of language norms: orthoepic (pronunciation), spelling (spelling), word-formation (the use of derivative words established in the literary language, for example, nose-nose-"nose"), lexical (rules for the use of words in speech, for example, "biography of life"), morphological (grammatical forms of words, for example, delicious salami), syntactic (use of participial and participial phrases, prepositions, etc., for example, "come from school"), punctuation, intonation [Graudina , Shiryaev 1999: p. 25-46].

The literary norm is the rules of pronunciation, word usage, use of grammatical and stylistic language means adopted in social and linguistic practice. The norm is historically mobile, but at the same time stable and traditional, it has such qualities as familiarity and obligatory nature. Peshkovsky A.M. by no means what will be" [Peshkovsky 1959: pp. 54-55].

The main reason for changing the norms is the evolution of the language itself, the presence of variance, which ensures the choice of the most appropriate options for linguistic expression. The meaning of expediency, convenience is more and more noticeably included in the concept of exemplary, standard of normative language means.

The norm has a certain set of features that must be present in it in their entirety. Gorbachevich K. S. writes in detail about the signs of the norm in the book "Variantness of the word and the language norm". He identifies three main features: 1) the stability of the norm, conservatism; 2) prevalence of the linguistic phenomenon; 3) the authority of the source. Each of the signs separately can be present in a particular linguistic phenomenon, but this is not enough. In order for a language tool to be recognized as normative, a combination of features is necessary. So, for example, in the highest degree Errors can be propagated, and they can persist over long periods of time. [Gorbachevich 2009: p. 94]

The quality (sign) of the stability of the norm manifests itself in different ways at different language levels. Moreover, this sign of the norm is directly related to the systemic nature of the language as a whole, therefore, at each language level, the ratio of "norm and system" manifests itself to a different degree. As for the authoritativeness of the artists of the word, then there are special difficulties in assessing, since the language fiction, the artistry of which is often achieved precisely as a result of the free use of the language.

Thus, the norm, having the listed features, implements the following criteria for its evaluation: stability, prevalence, authority of the source.

In modern Russian, the norms of written and oral speech are approaching, their active interaction is observed.

The present tense is characterized by a reduction to a unified speech practice. Therefore, there are serious social causes- the spread of education and the increased role of the media. Against this general background, the process of normalization proceeds.

3. Verbal aggression

There are several definitions of the term "speech (verbal, verbal) aggression".

In the stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language, edited by Kozhina M.N. verbal aggression is defined as "the use of linguistic means to express hostility, hostility; a manner of speech that offends someone's pride, dignity."

Basovskaya E.N. in the article "Creators of Black and White Reality: On Verbal Aggression in the Media" writes about the ambiguous interpretation of this term. So, with its narrow understanding as aggressive, a speech act is considered that replaces an aggressive physical action. In a broad interpretation, these are “all types of offensive, dominant speech behavior.” [Basovskaya 2004: p. 257]

Another variation of this term is suggested by L. Enina in her article "Speech aggression and speech tolerance in the media". Here she writes that verbal aggression is a sphere of verbal behavior motivated by the aggressive state of the speaker. [Enina 2003: p. 2]

The authors of the article "Peculiarities of verbal aggression" Glebov V.V. and Rodionova O.M. define this term as "conflict speech behavior, which is based on the installation on negative impact to the addressee". [Glebov, Rodionova 2006: p. 252]

Speaking about the causes of verbal aggression, Shcherbinina Yu.V. in his book "Verbal Aggression" writes that one of the reasons is "insufficient awareness of one's own speech behavior in general and in particular the aggressive components in it." [Shcherbinina 2006: p. 42]

Another reason that V. Tretyakova notes in her article is "inadequate defensive actions taken in connection with the misinterpretation of words." [Tretyakova 2000: p. 135]

It is also necessary to single out the personal cause of verbal aggression in the media, about which Dzyaloshinsky I.M. writes. statements by the emotionality of speech; secondly, a journalist, possessed by an idea, seeks to use all possible speech resources so that the idea with which he is sick becomes a universal disease. [Dzyaloshinsky 2008: p. 2]

However, one should not lose sight of the fact that speech aggression can be one of the types of speech strategy and be used consciously in order to discredit the interlocutor.

The purpose of this strategy is to humiliate, insult, laugh at the interlocutor. And tactics will be insult, threat, ridicule, accusation, hostile remark, reproach, slander, etc. The speaker's choice of certain speech actions depends on his communicative goals.

Installation on the conflict, i.e. the speaker's choice of a strategy of verbal aggression is characterized by [Tretyakova 2000: p. 137]:

The choice of behavior with an active influence on the communication partner; speech language taste aggression

Using negative lexical means;

With the dominance of the role of the speaker,

Violation of communicative norms of behavior,

With labeling,

Using direct and indirect insults, etc.

The most "favorable" for the manifestation of verbal aggression are the following areas of life:

School and other educational institutions;

The sector of the economy in which low-skilled workers are employed and mainly physical labor is used;

Contacts of sellers and buyers;

parliamentary struggle;

According to scientists, the aggression of speech demonstrates an authoritarian style of communication, lack of professionalism and leads to alienation, hostility, and misunderstanding. Therefore, aggression is ethically unacceptable and ineffective from a communicative point of view. In this regard, it is necessary to learn how to control, restrain, overcome verbal aggression. Exists scientific literature With practical advice to overcome the aggression of the word. Thus, Enina L. in her article calls on journalists to reduce verbal aggression by refusing direct evaluative oppositions, from rude evaluative expressions of images of "foreigners", "due to an analytical approach to this problem."

Conclusion

In my abstract, I used the article by Basovskaya E.N. "Creators of black and white reality: on verbal aggression in the media", Glebova V.V. and Rodionova O.M. "Features of verbal aggression", the book by Gorbachevich K.S. "Variantness of the word and the language norm", the book by Graudin L.K. and Shiryaeva E.N. "Culture of Russian speech", article by Dzyaloshinsky I.M. "Psychology of mass communications", article by Enina L. "Speech aggression and speech tolerance in the media", stylistic encyclopedic Dictionary Russian language Kozhina M.N., article by Kostomarov V.G. "Linguistic taste of the era", article by Lapteva O.A. "General literary and specific elements in determining the status of oral public literary speech. The structure of linguistic stylistics and its main categories", the book of Peshkovsky A. M. "Selected Works", the article by Tretyakova V. S. "Inadequate defensive actions taken in connection with the misinterpretation of words "and the book by Yu. V. Shcherbinina "Verbal aggression".

Thus, after analyzing this literature, we can conclude that linguistic phenomena are in constant motion and change. The intensity of this movement is not the same either in time or in the scope of linguistic material. The replacement of some means of expression by others can occur both abruptly and gradually. However, it is moving towards unification.

Human aggression, including verbal aggression, is a multifaceted phenomenon. All considered definitions recognize that aggression is an integral dynamic characteristic of a person's activity and adaptability and therefore is an object of serious study.

Drawing a conclusion about verbal aggression, we can say that this is any action aimed at causing harm to an object. The causes of verbal aggression are studied by linguists in various fields: political discourse, media discourse, aggression in adolescence, and so on. Speech aggression has a variety of both aggressive statements themselves and speech situations, and can be used as a discrediting strategy. It interferes with the establishment of contact and requires the use of a mitigation strategy to establish it.

Bibliography

1. Basovskaya E. N. Criticism and semiotics. "Creators of black and white reality: on verbal aggression in the media", Novosibirsk: 2004.

2. Glebov V.V., Rodionova O.M. RUDN. "Features of verbal aggression", M: 2006.

3. Gorbachevich K. S. "Word variance and language norm", No. 2 - M: 2009.

4. Graudina L.K., Shiryaev E.N. "Culture of Russian speech", Moscow: 1999.

5. Dzyaloshinskii I. M. MU. "Psychology of mass communications", M: 2008.

6. Enina L. Russian press in a multicultural society: tolerance and multiculturalism as guidelines for professional behavior. "Speech aggression and speech tolerance in the media", M: 2003.

7. Kozhina M.N. "Stylistic Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language", No. 2 - Moscow: 2006.

8. Kostomarov V. G. "Linguistic taste of the era", Chrysostom: 1999.

9. Lapteva O.A. "General literary and specific elements in determining the status of oral public literary speech. The structure of linguistic stylistics and its main categories", Perm: 1983.

10. Peshkovsky A. M. "Selected Works", M: 1959.

11. Tretyakova V. S. "Inadequate defensive actions taken in connection with the misinterpretation of words", Barnaul: 2000.

12. Shcherbinina Yu. V. "Verbal aggression", KomKniga: 2006.

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What is linguistic taste in Russian. The development of the literary language is directly related to the development of the culture of the people, especially its fiction.

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