Instinct And now let's move on to the next quality that the Creator endowed His creation with. Patriarch Job asks the question: “Who put wisdom into the heart or who gave meaning to the mind?” (Job 38:36). Indeed, let us observe the rational manifestation in the actions of animals, called

Instinct(from Latin word motivation) is a set of complex innate reactions (acts of behavior) of the body in response to external and internal stimuli. Instincts arose in animals in the process of evolution as an adaptation to the conditions of existence typical of a given species. Since they are genetically determined, they can manifest themselves in the appropriate period. individual development without requiring special education or training. For example, newborn mammals immediately begin to suck their mother's milk, newly hatched ducklings can swim, and swallows at a certain age take to the air, even if they were previously kept in cramped cages where they could not move their wings.

Instincts are usually stable complexes of movements, similar both in one individual throughout life and in different individuals of a given species. For example, all beavers build their dams and huts in the same way, all mallard drakes, caring for ducks, make the same sequence of movements, all predators of the cat family kill their prey with a special bite to the neck. Many instinctive actions are so stable and characteristic that they can serve as distinctive features of a species, they are used in taxonomy in the same way as signs of structure.

Instincts are varied; thanks to them, animals satisfy all basic needs. They manifest themselves under certain conditions of the body - hunger, fear, etc. In this state, the animal has a search activity. So, a hungry animal goes in search of food, and in the breeding season it begins to choose a territory for a nest. Search activity depends on the individual experience of the animal. It continues until those special stimuli (they are called key) are found that can cause the instinctive reaction necessary in a given situation. During the period of feeding chicks, in some species of birds the wide-open beak of the chick with a characteristic color serves as a stimulus that causes feeding, while in others (for example, gulls) the same reaction occurs when the chick pecks at a spot on the beak of the parent. Key stimuli play an important role in organizing the social behavior of animals. Due to the peculiarities of the color and structure of the body, parents and children, representatives of the same species, recognize each other.

A bee collecting nectar is one of the instincts of insects.

Instinctive actions so subtly adapt the animal to external conditions that they sometimes seem reasonable to us. However, they are carried out automatically, without realizing their purpose, blindly. For example, bees continue to fill broken-bottomed combs with honey, and many species of birds feed foundling cuckoos that are completely different from their own chicks.

In the organization of insect behavior, instincts play a leading role.. They are especially complex in social insects - bees, ants, termites, each family member of which already at birth is provided with a program of action for life. Thanks to the clarity of these programs, a "division of labor" is carried out, striking in its complexity and expediency: building a nest, keeping it clean, caring for larvae, creating food supplies, resettling new families. Some species of ants that feed on the sugary secretions of aphids take care of these insects, "graze" them like livestock: they protect them from pests, take the females to the anthill for the winter, and move the aphids to more succulent shoots.

Instincts form the basis of the behavior of almost all animal species, but especially the lower ones.. They endow them with a set of adaptive (adaptive) reactions, ready for use at the first opportunity, and therefore are especially important for animals with short term life or deprived of care for offspring. But the higher the animal is organized, the more his instinctive reactions are supplemented and improved by acquiring individual experience through the development of conditioned reflexes. A person is also endowed from birth with many instinctive reactions (sucking, facial expressions, etc.), but in the formation of his behavior, training plays an incomparably greater role than in the behavior of any animal. Man's instinctive reactions are under the control of his consciousness.

So, the localization of the function in the cerebral cortex human brain does not give grounds to believe that individual areas of the cortex function in isolation from each other. The cerebral cortex unites the activity of individual centers into one whole.

The concept of instincts.

Instinct - a set of innate complex reactions of the body that usually occur in almost unchanged form in response to external or internal stimuli. Any instinct consists of a chain of reactions in which the end of one link serves as the beginning of another. There are attempts to classify instincts according to their biological and physiological significance. The following main instincts can be singled out: food, which manifests itself in the form of obtaining food, capturing food, accumulating its reserves, etc.; defensive, consisting of both passive defensive reactions (running away, "freezing", "hiding"), and active defense with the help of teeth, claws, horns, etc .; sexual, including mating games, dancing, singing, mating, fights for a female, migration to a spawning site, and other acts ending in mating; parental (also called care for offspring) in the form of building a nest, storing food for juveniles, feeding them and teaching them protective, hunting, and other techniques; group, forming the basis of the relationship between members of the herd, flock, swarm, family and manifested in joint defense from enemies, building a nest, overcoming space (migration), heating each other in the cold season, in common care for offspring, etc.

In an in-depth study of the mechanisms of instinct Special attention attracts their variability due to the possible layering of conditioned reflex reactions, which, together with instincts, constitute a “biocomplex of activity”, or “unitary reactions”.

It has been established that the more developed the central nervous system, the greater the proportion in the behavior of the animal are the reactions acquired in individual life.

Man's instincts are largely subordinated to his conscious activity, which is formed in the process of education. Already in the fetal period, individual structures of the nervous system of the embryo mature faster than others, thereby ensuring the readiness of the newborn organism to survive in specific conditions of existence for it.

At various times after the birth of the organism, other instincts begin to mature, on the basis of which the important functions of the organism develop (sexual desire, the feeling of motherhood, etc.). The glands of internal secretion play a very important role in the implementation of instinctive activity.

Physiology of the reticular formation of the brain stem.

The reticular formation (RF) is a network of neurons various types and sizes, having numerous connections with each other, as well as with all the structures of the central nervous system. It is located in the thick gray matter medulla oblongata and diencephalon and regulates the level of functional activity (excitability) of all nerve centers of these parts of the central nervous system. In the same way, it affects the CBP.

In the CNS, two half-systems are distinguished that perform different organizing functions: specific and nonspecific. The first provides the perception, conduction, analysis and synthesis of signals of specific sensitivity. These include all its types, i.e. visual, auditory, pain, etc. RF is a non-specific subsystem. It has a generalized excitatory or inhibitory effect on many brain structures. Consequently, it can regulate the level of functional activity of the motor, sensory, visceral systems and the body as a whole. When nerve impulses travel along specific pathways, they also reach RF neurons along the collaterals of these pathways. This leads to their diffuse drive. From RF neurons, excitation is transmitted to the cortex, which is accompanied by excitation of neurons in all its zones and layers. Thanks to this ascending activating influence of the RF, the activity of analytical and synthetic activity increases, the speed of reflexes increases, the body prepares to react to an unexpected situation. Therefore, the Russian Federation participates in the organization of defensive, sexual, food-procuring behavior. On the other hand, it can selectively activate or inhibit certain brain systems. In turn, the cerebral cortex, through descending pathways, can have an exciting effect on the RF. Descending reticulospinal tracts run from the RF to spinal cord neurons. Therefore, it can exert downward excitatory and inhibitory influences on its neurons. For example, its hypothalamic mesoncephalic sections increase the activity of a-motoneurons of the spinal cord. As a result, the tone of skeletal mice increases, motor reflexes increase. The inhibitory effect of RF on the spinal motor centers is carried out through inhibitory Renshaw neurons. This leads to inhibition of spinal reflexes. RF controls the transmission of sensory information through the oblong, midbrain, as well as the nuclei of the thalamus. It is directly involved in the regulation of wakefulness and sleep due to the synchronizing centers of wakefulness sleep located in it.

RF neurons are influenced by various pharmacological substances: amphetamines, caffeine, LSD-25, Edison's morphine experiment.

Functions of the autonomic nervous system.

The autonomic nervous system controls the activity of the most important human organs and systems. It regulates all the functions of the heart and blood vessels, for example, when playing sports, individual muscles need more blood, therefore, when exposed to nerve impulses, the number of heart contractions increases and blood vessels expand. At the same time, the nervous system also increases breathing so that the blood can carry more oxygen to the muscles, which have a greater load. Similarly, the autonomic nervous system regulates body temperature. Excess heat is removed by intense skin circulation.

Functions of the genitourinary system

By regulating the blood circulation of the pelvic organs, the autonomic nervous system also regulates the sexual functions of a person. So in violation of the blood circulation of the pelvic organs in men, impotence may occur. The autonomic nervous system regulates the function of urination. Its centers are located in the segments of the lower back and the sacrum, the spinal cord.

Digestion regulation

The nerves of the autonomic nervous system regulate the movement of the muscles of the digestive system from the esophagus, stomach, intestines towards the anus.

If food needs to be digested, they stimulate the liver and pancreas to produce digestive juices. At the same time, the blood circulation of the stomach and intestines becomes more intense, and the nutrients of the food eaten and digested are immediately absorbed and distributed throughout the human body.

The sympathetic nervous system is connected to the spinal cord, where the bodies of the first neurons are located, the processes of which end in the nerve nodes (ganglia) of two sympathetic chains located on both sides in front of the spine. Due to the connection of ganglia with other organs, certain areas of the skin begin to hurt in some internal diseases, which facilitates diagnosis.

Automated activity

It is almost impossible to influence the functions of the autonomic nervous system, because it acts automatically, it regulates all the functions of the body, which should also operate during sleep. The mechanism of regulation of the autonomic nervous system can be influenced by hypnosis or by mastering the exercises of autogenic training. Therefore, these methods are used to treat various disorders of the nervous system.

The autonomic nervous system is distributed throughout the body. It regulates life important processes and every “mistake” she makes can be costly. The activity of the autonomic nervous system is mainly automatic, involuntary, and is only slightly controlled by consciousness.

The parasympathetic system causes pupil constriction, and the sympathetic system causes pupil dilation.

The centers of the autonomic nervous system are located in the spinal cord and brain. The regulatory function is carried out through the nerve plexuses and nodes. They independently regulate some processes that are constantly occurring in the human body, but only as long as the load does not require the "intervention" of the brain. For example, the function of the muscles of the stomach and intestines is regulated in this way. The task to activate the activity of certain glands, muscles or tissues is transmitted to the nerves of the autonomic nervous system in different ways, for example, the body can release the appropriate hormones, or the nerves can respond to an irritant. An example of such a reaction is the contraction of the muscles of the walls of blood vessels in order to stop bleeding (this is important, for example, when donating blood - excitement, causing a spasm of the muscles of a blood vessel, makes this process difficult).

Interaction between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

The autonomic nervous system is represented by two divisions - sympathetic and parasympathetic. In a number of cases, the sympathetic nervous system enhances the same function of an organ, while the parasympathetic system depresses it, and vice versa for other functions and organs. For example, the sympathetic nervous system increases the heart rate, speeds up the metabolism, and weakens the peristalsis of the stomach and intestines, causing the blood vessels to contract and slowing the blood flow. The parasympathetic nervous system does the opposite: it stimulates digestion, blood circulation in the skin, slows down the heart rate and metabolism.

Various nerve conductors have opposite effects on internal organs- some weaken their functions, while others strengthen them. For example, to speed up the heartbeat during exercise and slow it down after it, the action of nerves is necessary, both stimulating the activity of the heart and slowing it down. Thus, the regulation of autonomic functions is carried out due to the coordinated action of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.

Research methods of GNI.

1. CONDITIONAL REFLEX METHOD. This method, in combination with various additional studies, is the most important method for studying higher education. nervous activity. A conditioned reflex is a reaction of the organism to a stimulus developed in ontogenesis, previously indifferent to this reaction. The basic rules for the development of conditioned reflexes are a) repeated combination of an indifferent stimulus with an unconditioned one; b) the conditioned stimulus must precede the unconditioned one. The formation of a conditioned reflex is facilitated by such factors as a) the optimal ratio of the strength of the conditioned and indifferent stimuli; b) the absence of extraneous stimuli and c) the functional state of the cortex and nerve centers.

2. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY. Electroencephalography is one of the most common electrophysiological methods for studying the central nervous system. Its essence lies in the registration of rhythmic changes in the potentials of certain areas of the cerebral cortex between two active electrodes (bipolar method) or an active electrode in a certain area of ​​the cortex and a passive electrode superimposed on an area remote from the brain. Electroencephalogram - this is the curve of registration of the total potential of the constantly changing bioelectrical activity of a significant group of nerve cells.

3. METHOD OF REGISTRATION OF NERVE CELLS IMPULSE ACTIVITY. The impulse activity of individual neurons or a group of neurons can only be assessed in animals and in individual cases in humans during brain surgery. To register the neural impulse activity of the human brain, microelectrodes with a tip diameter of 0.5-10 μm are used. They can be made of stainless steel, tungsten, platinum-iridium alloys or gold. The electrodes are inserted into the brain with the help of special micromanipulators that allow you to accurately bring the electrode to the right place. The electrical activity of an individual neuron has a certain rhythm, which naturally changes under various functional states. The electrical activity of a group of neurons has a complex structure and on a neurogram looks like the total activity of many neurons that are excited at different times, differing in amplitude, frequency and phase. The received data is processed automatically by special programs.

4. EVENT POTENTIAL METHOD. The specific activity associated with a stimulus is called an evoked potential. In humans, this is the registration of fluctuations in electrical activity that occurs on the EEG with a single stimulation of peripheral receptors (visual, auditory, tactile). In animals, the afferent pathways and switching centers of afferent impulses are also irritated. Their amplitude is usually small, therefore, for the effective selection of evoked potentials, the method of computer summation and averaging of EEG sections, which was recorded upon repeated presentation of the stimulus, is used. The evoked potential consists of a sequence of negative and positive deviations from the main line and lasts about 300 ms after the end of the stimulus. The evoked potential determines the amplitude and latent period. Part of the components of the evoked potential, which reflect the entry into the cortex of afferent excitations through specific nuclei of the thalamus, and have a short latent period, are called primary response . They are recorded in the cortical projection zones of certain peripheral receptor zones. Later components that enter the cortex through the reticular formation of the trunk, nonspecific nuclei of the thalamus and limbic system and have a longer latent period are called secondary responses . Secondary responses, in contrast to primary ones, are recorded not only in the primary projection areas, but also in other areas of the brain, interconnected by horizontal and vertical nerve pathways. One and the same evoked potential can be caused by many psychological processes, and the same mental processes can be associated with different evoked potentials.

5. TOMOGRAPHIC METHODS.Tomography - is based on obtaining a display of brain slices using special techniques. CT scan - this modern method, which allows visualizing the structural features of the human brain using a computer and an X-ray machine. In a CT scan, a thin beam of x-rays is passed through the brain, the source of which rotates around the head in given plane; radiation transmitted through the skull is measured with a scintillation counter. Thus, radiographic images of each part of the brain are obtained from different points. Then, using a computer program, these data are used to calculate the radiation density of the tissue at each point of the plane under study. As a result, a high-contrast brain slice image is obtained in this plane. Positron emission tomography - a method that allows you to evaluate metabolic activity in different parts of the brain. orientation in accordance with the lines of force of this field. Turning off the field leads to the fact that the atoms lose the common direction of the axes of rotation and, as a result, radiate energy. This energy is captured by a sensor, and the information is transmitted to a computer. Impact cycle magnetic field repeated many times and as a result, a layered image of the subject's brain is created on the computer. The test subject swallows a radioactive compound, which makes it possible to trace changes in blood flow in a particular part of the brain, which indirectly indicates the level of metabolic activity in it. The essence of the method is that each positron emitted by a radioactive compound collides with an electron; in this case, both particles mutually annihilate with the emission of two γ-rays at an angle of 180°. These are captured by photodetectors located around the head, and their registration occurs only when two detectors located opposite each other are excited simultaneously. Based on the obtained data, an image is built in the corresponding plane, which reflects the radioactivity of different parts of the studied volume of brain tissue. Nuclear magnetic resonance method (NMR tomography) allows you to visualize the structure of the brain without the use of X-rays and radioactive compounds. A very strong magnetic field is created around the subject's head, which affects the nuclei hydrogen atoms having internal rotation. Under normal conditions, the rotation axes of each nucleus have a random direction. In a magnetic field they change

6. REOENCEPHALOGRAPHY. Rheoencephalography is a method for studying the blood circulation of the human brain, based on registering changes in the resistance of brain tissue to high-frequency alternating current, depending on blood supply, and allows you to indirectly judge the magnitude of the total blood supply to the brain, tone, elasticity of its vessels and the state of venous outflow.

7. ECHOENCEPHALOGRAPHY. The method is based on the property of ultrasound to be reflected differently from brain structures, cerebrospinal fluid, skull bones, and pathological formations. In addition to determining the size of the localization of certain brain formations, this method allows us to estimate the speed and direction of blood flow.

8. ELECTROMYOGRAPHY. Electromyography is a method of recording the total fluctuations in electrical activity that occurs during muscle contraction. Registration is made from the surface of the skin. The received signals are first rectified and then integrated.

9. GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE. The electrical activity of the skin - galvanic skin response (GSR) - is determined in two ways. The first is a measurement of skin resistance, which depends on the activity of the sweat glands and the properties of the skin itself; the second is the measurement of the potential difference between two points on the surface of the skin, which does not depend on these characteristics. The dynamic characteristics of physical GSR reflect fast processes in the CNS. Two main mechanisms are involved in the occurrence of GSR: peripheral (skin properties, including the activity of sweat glands) and transmission, associated with the activating and triggering action of the central structures. GSR is most effective in combination with other methods in assessing emotional state test subjects.

10. ELECTROOCULOGRAPHY. This is a method of recording the electrical activity that occurs when the eyes move. The cornea of ​​the eye has a positive charge relative to the retina, which creates a constant potential called the corneoretinal potential. When the position of the eye changes, this potential is reoriented, which is fixed by the device. Electrooculography is most effective in combination with other methods. When assessing the EEG, for example, it allows you to isolate artifacts due to eye movement.

11. CUT AND OFF METHOD. The method of cutting and switching off various parts of the central nervous system is carried out in various ways. Using this method, you can observe the change in conditioned reflex behavior.

12. COLD SHUT OFF METHODS structures of the brain make it possible to visualize the spatio-temporal mosaic of the electrical processes of the brain during the formation of a conditioned reflex in different functional states.

13. METHODS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY aimed at studying the role of DNA, RNA and other biologically active substances in the formation of a conditioned reflex.

14. STEREOTAXIC METHOD consists in the fact that an electrode is introduced into the subcortical structures of the animal, with the help of which it is possible to irritate, destroy, or inject chemical substances. Thus, the animal is prepared for a chronic experiment. After the recovery of the animal, the method of conditioned reflexes is used.

15. ASSOCIATION EXPERIMENT. The essence of the experiment is to call the studied associations to a verbal or some other stimulus. At the same time, the latent period of the verbal response and its average variation, the type and nature of the association in accordance with one or another classification, complex reactions, that is, well-defined reactions caused by affectogenic stimuli, are taken into account. Modification according to A.R. Luria: coupled motor technique.

16. PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS.

Orientation reflex. Physiological mechanisms attention.

The activating reticular system The raticular formation is an accumulation of nerve cells located in the brain stem and representing, as it were, a trace of the nerve pathways connecting the receptors of the sense organs with areas of the cerebral cortex. Thanks to the raticular formation, a person is able to be alert, react to minor changes in the environment. It also provides the emergence of an orienting reflex. with its ascending and descending fibers, it is a neurophysiological apparatus that provides one of the most important forms of reflex activity, known as the orienting (or orienting - research) reflex. Its importance for understanding physiological foundations especially great attention.

Each unconditioned reflex, which is based on some biologically important effect for the animal (food, pain, sexual), causes a selective system of responses to these stimuli with simultaneous inhibition of all reactions to side effects. Conditioned reflexes are of the same selective nature. With them, one system of reactions, reinforced by an unconditioned stimulus, dominates, while all other side reactions are inhibited. It can be said that both unconditioned and conditioned reflexes formed on their basis create a well-known dominant focus of excitation, the flow of which is subject to the dominant.

Among all types of reflex activity, it is necessary to single out one in which the behavior of the animal is not excited by any of the above motives of behavior and which is neither a food, nor a defensive, nor a sexual reflex. The basis of this activity is the active reaction of the animal to every change in the situation, which causes the animal to become generally animated and a series of selective reactions aimed at familiarizing itself with these changes in the situation. I.P. Pavlov called this type of reflexes “orienting reflexes”, or “what is it?” reflexes.

The orienting reflex is expressed in a series of distinct electrophysiological, vascular and motor reactions that appear every time something unusual or significant occurs in the environment surrounding the animal. These reactions include: turning the eyes and head towards a new object; alert or listening response.

And in humans, the appearance of a galvanic skin reaction (a change in the skin's resistance to electric current or the appearance of the skin's own electrical potentials), vascular reactions (narrowing of the vessels of the arm with dilation of the vessels of the head), a change in breathing, and finally, the occurrence of "desynchronization" phenomena in the bioelectrical reactions of the brain, expressed in depression of the "alpha rhythm" (electrical oscillations of 10-12 per second characteristic of the work of the cerebral cortex in a calm state). All these phenomena can be observed every time when there is a reaction of alertness, or an orienting reflex, caused by the appearance of a new or significant stimulus for the subject.

Among scientists there is still no unanimous answer to the question of whether the orienting reflex is an unconditioned or conditioned reaction. By its innate nature, the orienting reflex can be classified as unconditioned. The animal responds with an alert response to any new or significant stimuli without any learning; on this basis, the orienting reflex is one of the unconditioned, innate reactions of the body. The presence of special neurons that respond with discharges to each change in the situation indicates that it is based on the action of certain nervous devices. On the other hand, the orienting reflex reveals a number of features that significantly distinguish it from ordinary unconditioned reflexes: with repeated repetition of the same stimulus, the phenomena of the orienting reflex soon fade away, the body gets used to this stimulus, and its presentation ceases to cause the described reactions. This disappearance of orienting responses to repetitive stimuli is called habituation.

It should be noted that this disappearance of the orienting reflex as one gets used to it may be a temporary phenomenon, and a slight change in the stimulus is enough for the orienting reaction to reappear. This phenomenon of the appearance of an orienting reflex at the slightest change in irritation is sometimes called the “awakening” reaction. It is characteristic that such an appearance of an orienting reflex, as we have already noted above, can take place not only with intensification, but also with a weakening of the habitual stimulus and even with its complete disappearance. So, it is enough to first "extinguish" the orienting reflexes to rhythmically presented stimuli, and then, after the orienting reactions to each stimulus have died out as a result of habituation, skip one of the rhythmically presented stimuli. In this case, the absence of the expected stimulus will cause the appearance of an orienting reflex.

With all these signs of its dynamics, the orienting reflex differs significantly from the unconditioned reflex. It should also be noted that the orienting reflex can also be caused by a conditioned stimulus: it can be obtained by presenting the animal with a conditioned signal that will indicate the appearance of some kind of change in the environment. For a person, such a signal can be a word that easily causes in him the phenomena of preparation, alertness, expectation of the appearance of a signal, etc.

INSTINCT

inst And nkt

1) An innate reaction of the body that occurs in response to external or internal stimuli.

2) Subconscious, unconscious feeling; inner sense.

Efremov. Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova. 2012

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is INSTINCT in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

• INSTINCT in the Dictionary of Analytical Psychology:
  (Instinct; Instinkt) - involuntary attraction to a certain activity; drive to fixed activity (see also archetypes). “When I speak of instinct (Trieb), …
• INSTINCT in the Encyclopedia of Biology:
  , the innate behavior of animals and humans, aimed at satisfying basic biological needs. The strongest (dominant) instincts are food (satisfying hunger) ...
• INSTINCT in the Lexicon of Sex:
  (from lat. instinctus - motivation), a set of complex innate reactions of the body that occur in response to external or internal stimuli; unconditioned reflex. …
• INSTINCT in explanatory dictionary psychiatric terms:
  (lat. instinctus - motivation). Congenital forms of behavior and psyche, characterized by species commonality. According to I.P. Pavlov, I. - complex unconditional ...
• INSTINCT in Medical terms:
  (lat. instinctus motivation) purposeful adaptive activity, due to innate mechanisms and characterized by constancy of responses to the action of certain ...
• INSTINCT in the Pedagogical Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (from lat. instinctus - motivation, inspiration), a set of innate components of human behavior and psyche and ...
• INSTINCT in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (from lat. instinctus - motivation) a set of complex innate reactions (acts of behavior) of the body that occur in response to external or internal stimuli; …
• INSTINCT in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  (from lat. instinctus - motivation), a set of innate complex reactions (acts of behavior) of the body, arising, as a rule, almost unchanged in ...
• INSTINCT in encyclopedic dictionary Brockhaus and Euphron:
  (philosopher, from the Latin verb instinguere, the same as instigare - to induce; motivation, more precisely - wake-up), meaning. ability and desire (in ...
• INSTINCT in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (from the Latin instinctus - motivation), an innate form of behavior of animals and humans, aimed at adapting to strictly defined conditions of life and ...
• INSTINCT
  [from Latin instinctus motivation] 1) a set of innate acts of behavior characteristic of a given type of animal organism. instincts are a complex chain of unconditional ...
• INSTINCT in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  a, m. 1. The innate ability to perform expedient actions on a direct, unconscious impulse. I. self-preservation. Instinctive - due to instinct, involuntary.||Cf. REFLEX…
• INSTINCT in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  , -a, m. 1. The innate ability to perform expedient actions on a direct, unaccountable impulse. I. self-preservation. 2. Subconscious, unconscious feeling, internal ...
• INSTINCT in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  INSTINCT (from lat. instinctus - motivation), a set of complex innate reactions (acts of behavior) of the body that occur in response to external. or int. …
• INSTINCT in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron:
  (philosopher, from lat. verb instinguere, the same as instigare? to induce; motivation, more precisely? wake-up), meaning. ability and desire...
• INSTINCT in the Full accentuated paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
  insti"nkt, insti"nkty, insti"nkta, insti"nkt, insti"nktu, insti"nktam, insti"nkt, insti"nkty, insti"nktom, insti"nktami, insti"nkt, ...
• INSTINCT in the Popular Explanatory-Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  -a, m. 1) An innate reaction of the body that occurs in response to external or internal stimuli. The instinct of self-preservation. Defensive instinct. food instinct. …
• INSTINCT in the Thesaurus of Russian business vocabulary:
  Syn: See...
• INSTINCT in the New Dictionary of Foreign Words:
  (lat. instmctus motivation; intuition) 1) biol. an innate form of behavior characteristic of a given species of animal, which is a complex chain of special. unconditional...
• INSTINCT in dictionary foreign expressions:
  [1. biol. an innate form of behavior characteristic of a given species of animal, which is a complex chain of special. unconditioned reflexes caused by certain external ...
• INSTINCT in the Russian Thesaurus:
  Syn: See...
• INSTINCT in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language:
  intuition, scent, homing, ...
• INSTINCT in the New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language Efremova:
  m. 1) An innate reaction of the body that occurs in response to external or internal stimuli. 2) Subconscious, unconscious feeling; internal...