University of Bologna history of origin. Universities in Italy: how to apply? Bologna is famous for its palaces

The University of Bologna is the first university in Europe. It was founded in 1088. At first, only Roman law was taught here, but gradually the university expanded and now it consists of 23 faculties.

History of creation

Story University of Bologna began with the famous glossator Irnerius, who at the beginning of the last millennium decided to teach Roman law and teach it to young men. He gave his first public lecture in 1088, which is considered the date of the foundation of the university. Already in the 12th century, the professors of Roman law taught by Irnerius became famous throughout Europe, which served as a large influx of students to the university.

The highest ranks of society from all over the world sent their children here for training. However, from the very beginning, the university kept its mark and was taken here only for excellent knowledge, and not for money and the position of parents. At one time such famous people as Copernicus and Ulrich von Hutten studied here.

At all times main feature University was that the main thing in it were students. It was they who chose the teachers and fired them, they even paid their salaries, although this cannot be called a salary in full, rather they were donations. That is, each student, if he considered it necessary, could give any amount to the teacher, and if he was guilty, he could fine him, taking the money.

University of Bologna today

Today, the University of Bologna consists of 23 different faculties with almost 100,000 students.

Faculties of the University of Bologna:

The University of Bologna provides the opportunity to obtain both a bachelor's and a master's degree. The bachelor's program lasts 3 years, the master's - 2 years. Education here is conducted both in Italian and in English.

Despite the rich history and prestige of the University of Bologna, education here is relatively inexpensive. Bachelor's degree costs from 600 euros, and Master Program- about 1000 euros.

Bologna has been called the most youthful city in modern times. Italy. To a large extent, this is facilitated by the famous University of Bologna, located in this city. Photos of this beautiful city are among the most popular among other cities in Italy.

Panorama over the university

The University of Bologna was founded in 1088 and is located in the city of Bologna, in the north Italy. The staff of the University of Bologna has almost 3 thousand employees and at the same time over 86 thousand students study there. The Academy of Bologna has more than 900 years of history, which in no small measure provided the impressive modern look of the University of Bologna and the amazing architecture his buildings.

Story

The exact date of foundation of the University of Bologna is unknown. In 1158, the University of Bologna received a charter from Frederick I Barbarossa and this date was long considered the founding date of the University of Bologna, but later a commission of historians led by Giosuè Carducci traced the origin of the institution to 1088. This information made the medieval University of Bologna the oldest in Europe.

A feature of the University of Bologna is that it did not arise as an association of professors, but as an association of students who hired teachers and paid them a fee. Previously, the name of the institution was - "Studio".

Another feature is that the Institution was originally a legal one, Roman law was studied there, in contrast to most European universities, which for the most part emphasized theology.

The medieval University of Bologna experienced its greatest rise in the 12th and 13th centuries. Under the arches of the University of Bologna, such great Italian scientists as Gratian, Irnerius, Dante Alighieri, Francesco Petrarca, Luigi Galvani, Nicolaus Copernicus and many others studied and taught.

In 2014, the University of Bologna was ranked 182nd in the ranking of the best u-cf mpz8ms institutions in the world (QS World university rankings), and the Italian newspaper La Repubblica, in collaboration with Censis, awarded the University of Bologna the first place in its academic ranking of Italian universities for the fifth consecutive time. The same Italian resources regularly print last news and a photo of the academies in Bologna.

Chairs

23 faculties and 33 departments

The University of Bologna has 23 faculties and 33 departments, among them: law, trade and economics, philology, philosophy, pedagogy, medicine, physics and mathematics, natural sciences, chemistry, engineering, agriculture and veterinary medicine other. Students from different faculties often go to their neighbors for an interesting photo.

Architecture

• Undoubtedly, one of the virtues of Bologna is its university and its medieval Italian architecture. Millions of tourists visit every yearhigher institutionand take photos for memory.

Anatomical theater

• The university complex includes such masterpieces of Italian architecture as the Anatomical Theater (Teatro Anatomico), and the Archigymnasium (Archiginnasio).

Poggi Palace

Palazzo Poggi

Poggi Palace

• The stunning beauty and ancient architecture of these places make them a must-see for tourists.

Archigymnasium

Archigymnasium and Anatomical Theater

Archigymnasium

At Piazza Galvani, 1, Bologna, Italy, one of the most famous buildings of the university, the Archigymnasium, is located. The building was built in 1563 with the aim of gathering the faculties scattered around the city in one building. This is a very popular photo spot among tourists.

The building is made in the style characteristic of Bologna, it has two levels, which housed classrooms and a patio. One of the attractions of the building is a huge heraldic complex. The most honored students were allowed to leave their coat of arms on the walls of the building. It can be used to determine the country or city where the student came from. The complex survived the 1797 revolution and the Allied bombing, so it's definitely worth taking a photo of it.

Later, in 1838, part of the building was given under municipal library city, which is the largest library in the region.

On the upper level of the building, an anatomical theater has been preserved - a room intended for educational public dissections of corpses. It was built in 1637 and is made in the form of an amphitheatre. The room is completely lined with wood and decorated with numerous statues.

Online on request Bologna University You can find numerous photos of this place.

Poggi Palace

Poggi Palace is the main building of the University of Bologna. Here is the rector's office. The building is located at Via Zamboni 33, Bologna, Italy. The building was erected between 1549 and 1560 as the home of Alexandro Poggi and his brother, the future Cardinal Giovanni Poggi. The architecture of the building is classical, it has a large courtyard with a loggia and a staircase leading to the main hall, intended for the events of Cardinal Giovanni Poggi. The palace is decorated with frescoes from the Mannerist and early Baroque eras.

• Today it is the main building of the University of Bologna. The building also houses a variety of museums, university library and an art gallery. The medieval architecture of the Poggi Palace attracts many tourists who want to take a photo of this majestic building.

Study in Italy

Every year Bologna and its universities host thousands of chi foreign students. At the University of Bologna alone, one studies from above 2500 students from all over the world.

It is possible to study in Italy both on an exchange program, and simply by enrolling in a study. Price tuition is set every year and is approximately for bachelors - 600-700 euros, for masters - 900 euros and more, the price is quite inexpensive for Italy. Teaching is conducted in Italian and English. Detailed information for international students is available on the academy's website.

The University of Bologna laid the foundation for European education.

University of Bologna
original name	ital. University of Bologna
Motto	Alma Mater Studiorum
Year of foundation	1088
The president	Francesco Ubertini
students	86.014
Foreign students	2.280
Location	Bologna
Campus	Bologna (main campus) Forlì, Cesena, Ravenna, Rimini
Site	unibo.it/en/homepage

Story

The information in this article is current as of late XIX century. You can help by updating the information in the article.

The emergence of the Bologna School of Law

According to an Italian jurist of the 13th century odofred, Bologna became the location of the school of law, which was previously based in Ravenna, and even earlier in Rome. In the treatise of 964, which was concluded between Emperor Otto I the Great and Pope Leo VIII, doctors of law living in Rome were named. It is also known that in 1055 Dominicum legis Doctorem issued diplomas to teachers and students of law in Ravenna. In Bologna, Pepo was the first to teach jurisprudence, receiving a doctorate in law in 1075.

However, the real foundation of the Bologna School of Law is associated with the name of Irneria. Initially, he was magister artium liberalium, but then he began to specialize in jurisprudence. According to Hermann Fitting, the reason for the change of interests of Irnerius was the desire of the Margravine Matilda of Tuscany to create a rival to the Ravenna School of Law. During the struggle for the investiture, the Countess actively supported Pope Gregory VII, while the jurists from Ravenna were notable for their hostility towards the papacy. According to legend, Irnerius began teaching law in Bologna in 1088.

The rise of fame

Near Irnerius, a circle of disciples soon formed, the most famous of which were four (Quatuor Doctores): Bulgar, Martin Gosia, Jacob de Boragine and Hugo de Porta Revennate. They started the school of glossators.

At the beginning of the twelfth century, the school of law in Bologna was already more popular than that of Ravenna. However, even in the middle of this century, the school of liberal arts enjoyed greater fame outside of Italy. But by the end of the 12th century, the Bologna professors of law received a noticeable advantage over other scientists of Bologna and gained European fame. This was due, firstly, to the scientific advantages of the teaching method and, secondly, to the patronage of the German emperor (1152-1190) Frederick I Barbarossa, who was also the king of Lombardy and was interested in maintaining the authority of Roman law, which could be relied upon during crown harassment. After the Diet in Roncalle (Piacenza) in 1158, which was attended by Bolognese professors and where legal relations between the emperor and the Italian cities were settled, Frederick gave the obligation to provide all students studying Roman law in Bologna with the following benefits: firstly, to travel freely in all countries under the auspices of his authority (which helped to avoid the troubles usually experienced by foreigners), and secondly, to be subject to the court only of professors or a bishop in the city.

The development of the city and its wonderful climate also contributed to the popularity of the university. Not only young men came to study, but also adults, family people. Nicolaus Copernicus, Ulrich von Hutten, Oloander studied in Bologna. Crowned heads also sent their children to Bologna to study law and the liberal arts. Surprising features of the university for that time were the impossibility to enter only due to their position (knowledge was required equally from the son of an artisan and from the son of the king), and also the fact that women were allowed both as students and as teachers.

The students who flocked from all over Europe were not slow to form real corporations in their midst, modeled on the various craft and art workshops of that time. By the end of the twelfth century, the collection of all student corporations under a common statute constituted the University of Bologna.

Features of the University of Bologna

This university, which, along with the Parisian, founded in the same era (1200), is the oldest in Europe, from the day of its formation had two features arising from the very conditions under which it was formed. First, it was not an association of professors (universitas magistrorum), to whose authority the students attending their lectures had to submit exclusively, but an association of students (universitas scholarium), which itself chooses the leaders to whom the professors were subordinate. The Bolognese students were divided into two main parts, "ultramontanes" (from beyond the mountains, that is, from countries outside Italy, beyond the Alps) and "citramontanes" (from Italy, on this side of the Alps), each of which annually elected a rector and a council from of various nationalities, who together with him was in charge of administration and university jurisdiction. Professors (doctores legentes) were chosen by students for a certain time, received a fee according to the condition and were obliged not to teach anywhere except Bologna. Being according to the statute, thus, depending on the university and being free only in the direction of the students' studies, they could gain authority and influence on the students solely by their knowledge, personal qualities and pedagogical talent.

The second feature of the University of Bologna was that it was legal (universitas legum) as opposed to Paris, which at first was devoted solely to theology. The study of Roman law, which laid the foundation for the university itself, and canon law, introduced into the university curriculum in the 12th century, remained the main subjects of university teaching. Medicine and the liberal arts were taught there during the thirteenth century by eminent professors; but their listeners were nevertheless considered to belong to a law university, and it was only in the fourteenth century that two other universities were formed along with it: 1) medicine and philosophy, and 2) theology. A remarkable consequence of the legal character of the University of Bologna was that it was not subject to the pope, like that of Paris, since there was no need for ecclesiastical permission to teach Roman law, which was required for theology. However, starting from the 13th century, the popes, who supported the university in its disputes with city governments, and approved its statutes in 1253, in turn wielded some power over the university, and ensured that the Bolognese archdeacon was the inspector at examinations and when issuing diplomas from their names, "to make sure they are correct."

heyday

The most brilliant period of the Bologna school of law was the interval between the beginning of the twelfth century and the second half of the thirteenth century, which included the lectures of Irnerius and the teaching of the glossary by Accursius. During this period, their new teaching method found the widest and most fruitful application both in oral presentation and in the writings of glossators. During this long period, the most famous of the glossators, after the four doctors mentioned above, were: Placentinus, who worked mainly on the code of Justinian and founded the school of law at Montpellier, where he died in 1192; Burgundio is one of the few glossators who knew Greek, and a translator of the Greek texts of the pandectes; Roger, Jean Bassien, Pillius, Azo - whose works enjoyed such authority that there was even a saying: “Chi non ha Azo, non vado a palazzo”; Gougolin, who continued the work of Azo Jacques Balduini; Rofroy, and finally Accursius (1182-1258), the most famous of the glossators, chiefly famous for his enormous compilation in which he summarized the work of his predecessors.

Accursius also passed on his love for practicing law to his children, and his daughter, Dota d'Accorso, who was awarded the degree of Doctor of Laws by the university and admitted to public teaching, was the first woman mentioned in the annals of the university. She was followed by other women lawyers: Bitgisia, Gozzatsini, Novella d'Andrea, and others. Simultaneously with Roman law at the University of Bologna, the teaching of canon law was successfully taught by professors who, in their lectures and writings, directly followed the method of Irnerius. Starting from the second half of the 12th century, in acts relating to the University of Bologna, there are names of professors of canon law (doctores decretorum). Around 1148 Gratian lived in Bologna, a monk who wrote famous decretals. After him, his disciples Popalia, Rufin, Roland Bandinelli (who later became Pope under the name Alexander III), Guguccio, and in the XIII century. - Richard of England, Damas, Tancred, famous for his "Ordo judiciarius", Bernard of Parma, Raymond of Peñafor - became the main representatives of the university teaching of canon law in Bologna. For some time, professors of Roman law (legum doctores) and canonists (decretistae) constituted two separate class; but little by little the canonists began to consider Roman law as an integral part of their subject, and vice versa, the novelists had to make references in their works to church canons; the same scholars were often professors of both law (doctores utriusque juris) and taught both these branches of law, which are closely related to each other.

During the period of the highest flowering at the University of Bologna, the school of law, along with jurisprudence, other sciences began to flourish: philosophy, Latin and Greek literature, and then medicine. Of the professors-philosophers, one can name Alberigo, who read in the XII century, the Florentine Lot, who taught simultaneously with philosophy and physics, the monk Moneto. Among the philologists of the University of Bologna were Gaufrido di Vinisauf, an Englishman by birth, who taught and wrote in verse and prose, Boncompagno, an excellent connoisseur of Latin. The study of the Greek language, which marked the beginning of the era of the humanists, took root here earlier than in other Italian universities, and since the 15th century it has firmly established itself in Bologna, which can be proud of the fact that Erasmus of Rotterdam lived among its philosophers. In Bologna, medicine also made a significant step forward thanks to the method of teaching anatomy pioneered by Lucin di Luzzi. human body and animals on corpses. In the field of medicine, and then natural sciences, and distinguished especially female professors of the University of Bologna. Among them are the names of Dorothea Bucchi (XIV-XV centuries), who, after the death of her father Giovanni Bucchi, occupied the chair of practical medicine and moral philosophy, and the famous Bolognese lecturers of the 18th century closer to our time - Laura Bassi, who occupied the chair of experimental physics and philosophy, the pride of the women of Bologna, who built by subscription in honor of their illustrious compatriot, a monument that adorns the stairs leading to the museum and library of the university, Gaetana Agnesi, who taught analytical geometry, Anna Morandi, after the husband of Manzolini, known for her work on anatomy, Maria dalle Donna, who won self-respect of Napoleon I.

Decline in popularity

The spiritual and moral authority enjoyed by the professors of the Bologna school was reflected not only in the success that their lectures and writings had, but also in the high position that they occupied both in Bologna itself and beyond its borders. They were exempt from taxes and military service and, received all the rights of citizens of Bologna, even if they were not born in this city. They were titled dominus(possessing lord), in contrast to the name master, which was worn by professors of the school of liberal arts, and they were listed as knights. Many of them took an active part in public affairs as judges, rulers of the city or envoys, such as Azo, Hugolin and Accursius - in Bologna, Burgundio - in Pisa, Baldina - Genoa, Rofroi - Benevenge. But Bologna often forgot that it owed its brilliance to the university, and joined with it during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. into violent disputes that often threatened to destroy the rights and privileges of the university and interrupted studies in it. The struggle between the Guelphs and the Ghibellines, which divided Italy into two hostile parts, was waged with particular force in Bologna, and the university could not remain indifferent to it. Despite, however, these disputes and party strife, the Bologna school by the middle of the 13th century. reached highest point prosperity. Since that time, the direction in the former system of glossators begins to change little by little. Instead of taking exclusively texts from the primary sources of Roman law as the subject of their interpretations, the present professors set about interpreting the glosses of their predecessors: in the school, as well as in the courts, glossa magistralis Accursius took the place of Corpus juris.

Moreover, various circumstances influenced the change for the worse of the high position enjoyed by the Bologna professors. Taking part in public affairs, they involuntarily intervened in party feuds and due to this they lost a significant share of their moral influence. By the end of the XIII century. the city founded several chairs for public lectures, and assigned to the professors who occupied these chairs a certain fee in exchange for the fees paid by the students themselves, and little by little most of the professors found themselves on the salary of the city; they thus fell under the authority of the city municipality, which claimed to regulate the teaching of professors, regardless of the personal abilities of teachers and the interests of science. And in the next century, another new measure dealt a mortal blow to the Bologna school: the political party, more and more seizing power in the city, showed a desire to give the right to teach only to the citizens of Bologna and, moreover, only to members of famous families, very few. The University of Bologna thus gradually lost its preeminence in the study of Roman law, as the most famous legalists of that time went to teach in Pisa, Perugia, Padua and Pavia, which challenged each other's palm.

The fall of the Bologna school caused during the XIV century. the birth of the school of commentators (in the person of Bartolo), which dominated during the XIV and XV centuries. But in the 16th century the historical school took the matter of the glossators into its own hands, expanding and supplementing it with the help of all the means that history and philology brought to it, updated by the works of the humanists of the Renaissance.

University influence

During its existence, the Bologna school had a huge impact not only on Italy, but throughout Western Europe. Due to the reputation of its professors, Bologna was regarded as the center of Roman law: by all accounts, only here could one find a deep knowledge of Roman laws and ecclesiastical rules. That is why young people from all over Europe aspired to hear the science of law from the lips of the professors themselves; upon returning home former listeners The University of Bologna promoted the method and doctrine of the glossators. In France

It is rightfully considered the "university center" of the country. There is also a more amusing characteristic of the province - Smart, Red, Fat.

This is how the city was characterized because of the considerable number of educational institutions on the territory, for the color of the roofs of buildings, and finally, for the delicious food prepared in local restaurants.

Italy is a country with a centuries-old culture, rich nature, developed architectural skills, so almost every city in the country is famous for its sights. And our province is no exception! In the city of Bologna, the tourist will see the following sights.

The history of the University of Bologna dates back to the 2nd century. it was founded in 1088. It is considered one of the largest and most famous European universities since the Middle Ages. The University of Bologna in the Middle Ages was called Studium, the offspring of influential families from all over the globe aspired to study here. The university gave education to such scientific luminaries as Erasmus of Rotterdam, Paracelsus, Albrecht Dürer, Dante Alighieri, Salimbene of Parma who later became famous.

The University of Bologna is considered one of the largest and most famous European universities since the Middle Ages.

Gradually, the faculty of the university, among whom was Irnerius, began to specialize in law, and as a result, the legal theories cultivated here began to be accepted and used throughout the country.

From the 14th century The higher educational institution of the city of Bologna - a local university, in addition to jurisprudence, organized the following faculties on its territory: astronomy, philosophy, medicine, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, grammar.

A little later, theology was included in the list of disciplines. Currently, the university consists of five institutions located in different parts of Italy. Therefore, there is no unequivocal answer to the question of where the University of Bologna is located. Faculties higher institution teach students total number about 85 thousand people, in the following cities: Bologna, Rimini, Cesena, and Forli.

commit virtual tour on campus you can by watching the video:

Students are trained in such areas as law, agriculture, cultural heritage conservation, psychology, communications, politics, etc. The main building of the university is located on the street. Dzamboni, 33, tel. +39 051.209.91.11 / 93.70. You can find out the details about the University of Bologna that interest you by visiting the official website: www.unibo.it.

temples

What else can you see in Bologna? In the Middle Ages, a considerable number of temples were erected on the territory of the city, each of which can rightfully be called an object of the country's cultural heritage.

Basilica of Saint Petronius

One of the largest temples in the world, located in the central square of Bologna - Maggiore. The basilica was erected for a long time, for more than one century.

The construction of an original temple in the Gothic style began in the 14th century, and the construction and decoration was completed only in the 17th century.

Interestingly, the church was built in the form of an ancient Latin cross, among its founders such famous architects as Andre Palladio, Giacomo Barozzi di Vignola, Antonio di Vicenza.

The Basilica of Saint Petronius is located on Piazza Maggiore

The exterior of the walls of the church is also made in the Gothic style, famous for the strict geometry of the pattern. From the inside, the cathedral is decorated with works by famous painters: “The Consecration of Christ with 4 Saints” by A. Aspertini, “The Mysterious Wedding of St. Catherine” by F. Lippi, “Madonna with Saints” by L. Costa Jr. other.

An ancient relic of the 15th century, which has been subjected to assassination attempts, deserves special attention.

This is a fresco with the Islamic saint Magomed, depicted, according to the plot of the picture, among the inhabitants of Hell, which the religious Islamic fans who ended up in Bologna tried to destroy.

What the Basilica of St. Petronius looks like inside - see the video:

After the Middle Ages, the city of Bologna used the building of the Basilica of San Petronio for social and political purposes, both the local court and the city council were located here.

Only by the 20s of the last century prayer chants began to sound again in the church.

You can visit the cathedral daily from 7-30 to 12-45 hours, and in the afternoon from 15 to 18 hours.

Monastery complex of Santo Stefano

St. Stephen's Cathedral consists of 7 buildings that form the temple complex. According to legend, it was Saint Petronius, inspired by holy thoughts, who wished to reproduce the monuments to the seven main Jerusalem shrines.

The monastery complex of Santo Stefano consists of 7 buildings

So, the churches included in the San Stefano complex are named: Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Cathedral of John the Baptist, Church of the Holy Trinity, Cathedral of the Martyrs Agricola and Vitaly, Pilate's courtyard and monastery. The visiting hours of the Basilica, located in St. Stefano's Square, are similar to the opening hours of the Church of St. Petronius.

Temple of the Madonna of Saint Luke

Built on a hill of about 250-300 m, "Sentry Hill". The name of the church was given by the work of art by St. Luke the Evangelist - Madonna and Child, brought to the city by a pilgrim from Greece.

The honorary burden was instructed to be carried to the Guard Hill, whose image is on the icon, which was done.

The basilica was built later, specifically for the storage of the shrine.

The Temple of the Madonna of St. Luke was built on Guard Hill

The church is located outside the city, you can get into the cathedral by making your way through the gallery of 666 arches, with a total length of about 4 meters, leading from the Zaragoza gate. The entrance ticket costs 10 euros.

What else to see in Bologna?

If you are in the province of Bologna for a little more than 1 day, be sure to check out the rest of the city's relics and monuments. What can you see in Bologna in 2 or more days?
These are world-famous museums of the city, towers and palaces.

National Pinakothek

Stores the largest collections of works by Italian painters known throughout the world. The National Pinacoteca of Bologna offers tourists works of art, created by the famous Titian, A. Coracci, L. Costa, G. Reni, Paramigiano, Raphael, on whose life the Italian city of Bologna left its mark.

The National Pinakothek houses the largest collections of works by Italian painters

The museum is located on 56 Belle Arti Street and is open from 9 a.m. to 7 p.m. daily, except Mondays. The ticket price varies from 2 to 4 euros.

Archaeological Museum

Formed in the 19th century, in 1881. It is famous for its expositions of archaeological origin from the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic eras, as well as historical finds raised from Etruscan and Gallic tombs. A considerable number of archaeological finds were provided to the museum by the University of Bologna and the artist P. Palagi.

Archaeological Museum of Bologna founded in the 19th century

Household items of the ancient Romans, Egyptians, Greeks are collected here, and there are also extensive collections of ancient awards and banknotes. Entrance to the museum is paid, the cost is 5 euros. You can view local collections every Friday from 9 am to 2.30 pm at Via Arciginassio 2.

The largest of them is the tower, which once belonged to the Asinelli family and was named after the eminent family. The building was built in defiance of the Garisendi family, who were at enmity with the owners of the tower and built a similar skyscraper directly opposite. It rises above the city to a solid height, created around 1120.

The high-rise tower of Asinelli offers an excellent view of the surroundings of the city of Bologna, so the building was used as an observation tower.

Later, in the 15th century, a fortress building joined the high-rise building, where trade is flourishing today. characteristic feature The tower is not only a height of about 100 meters and a staircase consisting of almost five hundred steps, but also an inclined arrangement.

The famous leaning towers of Bologna

Being one of the "highlights" of the city of Bologna, the falling towers of Asinelli and Garisendi seem to "look" at each other, tilting down. visit high building the Asinelli clan can be visited daily, paying 3 euros, from 9 am to 6 pm in summer, in winter the visiting time ends an hour earlier. And the entrance to the Garisendi Tower for tourists, alas, is closed.

Palaces of Bologna

Bologna is famous for its palaces:

Flea markets

Bologna is famous not only for a huge number of cultural historical sites, but also for a fairly developed trade in the so-called "flea markets". What can you bring with you as a keepsake from Bologna?

Visit local retail outlets and be sure to choose a memorabilia for yourself:

• Flea market Mercato Antiquario di Santo Stefano in Bologna, Italy, famous for its antiques trade. It sells antique frames for mirrors and photographs, dolls, bags, lamps. The market is open from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. in winter and until 7 p.m. in summer, every 2nd weekend. Located on the square of the same name;
• Mercado di Collectionismo Market, also offers customers antiques, but these are more printed publications: magazines, newspapers, manuscripts. Open from 9 to 6 pm on Thursdays. Located in Piazza Villa Agosto;

At the flea market in Bologna you can buy antiques as a keepsake

• flea market Mercato Del Vintage, they sell antique hats, accessories, jewelry, sunglasses every Tuesday from 9 am to 4 pm;
• Market La Piazzola. It sells both clothing and a variety of household items, paintings, figurines. Trading is conducted on Fridays and Saturdays throughout the day. Ares: Piazza Vill Agosto.

And this is far from an exhaustive list. known to the world attractions, cultural, religious, architectural monuments and colorful retail outlets that can be beneficial for the mind, soul and heart to visit the tourist of Bologna!

If you are planning an Italian trip, be sure to visit this city with its rich cultural, religious, and simply colorful life.

The University of Bologna is one of the oldest universities in the world and the second largest in Italy. It was the first university to be founded in the Western world (founded in 1088 AD). The University of Bologna received a Charter (the right to establish a higher educational institution) from Frederick I Barbarossa in 1158. But in the 19th century, a group of historians led by Giosu Carducci studied and compared historical documents, concluded that the University of Bologna was founded in 1088. About 100,000 students study at the University in 23 faculties. This university has regional centers in Ravenna, Forli, Cesena, Reggio nel Emilia, Imola, Rimini, and one branch in Buenos Aires.

The history of the University of Bologna is part of the history of thinkers and scientists of the Renaissance and Modern Times. Mentions about the university are often found in notes and reviews European culture that time. The institution that we are now accustomed to call the University began to take shape in Bologna at the end of the 11th century. The first teachers in Bologna were Pepone and Irnerius. In 1158, at the urging of the four doctors, Frederick I Barbarossa proclaimed the existing University, where education could be carried out independently of political power. V medieval Europe political power strongly influenced education.

In 1364, the Faculty of Theology was founded at the university. Among famous people educated here are Dante Alighieri, Francesco Petrarca, Secco d'Ascoli, Guido Giniselli, Cino da Pistoia, Pe Enzo, Salimbene da Parma and Coluccio Salutati.

In the 16th century in Bologna, Gaspare Taglicozzi completed his studies on plastic surgery. The 17th century is called the "golden era" of the University. First of all, due to the development of medicine, students began to use the microscope for experiments and research. At this time, the University is popular throughout Europe. Among the famous scientists and students, it is worth highlighting Rico Della Mirandola and Leon Battista Alberti, Nicolaus Copernicus. With the beginning of the "Industrial Revolution" in the 18th century, technological research began to be carried out at the University. After the Italian state was united, the University began its heyday.

The University of Bologna maintained its leading role in global culture before World War II. Then the influence of the university decreased, others took a leading position. In this regard, it was decided to create branches in other cities, which had a positive effect on the university itself.

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