Why Russia in the 13th century. The historical significance of the Kulikovo battle

SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIA

Serious changes took place in the socio-economic development of Russia in the 13th and 14th centuries. After the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars in North-Eastern Russia, the economy was restored, handicraft production was revived again. There is a growth and increase in the economic importance of cities that did not play a serious role in the pre-Mongolian period (Moscow, Tver, Nizhny Novgorod, Kostroma).

Fortification construction is actively developing, the construction of stone temples is being resumed. Agriculture and the craft is booming in Northeast Russia.

There is an improvement of old technologies and the emergence of new ones.

In Russia received distribution water wheels and water mills. Parchment began to be actively replaced by paper. Salinity develops. There are centers for the production of books in large book centers and monasteries. Massive casting (bell production) develops. Agriculture develops somewhat more slowly than crafts.

Slash-and-burn agriculture continues to be replaced by field arable land. Bipolarity is widespread.

New villages are being actively built. The number of domestic animals is increasing, which means that the application of organic fertilizers to the fields is increasing.

LARGE LAND OWNERSHIP IN RUSSIA

There is an increase in patrimonial possessions by distributing land by the princes to their boyars for feeding, that is, for management with the right to collect taxes in their favor.

From the second half of the 14th century, monastic land ownership began to grow rapidly.

PEASANTRY IN RUSSIA

V Ancient Russia The whole population was called peasants, regardless of their occupation. As one of the main classes of the Russian population, whose main occupation is agriculture, the peasantry took shape in Russia by the 14th-15th centuries. A peasant sitting on the land with a three-field turnover had an average of 5 acres in one field, hence 15 acres in three fields.

Wealthy peasants took additional plots from estate owners in black volosts. poor peasants often they had neither land nor a yard. They lived in other people's yards and were called doorkeepers. These peasants carried corvee duties to their owners - they plowed and sowed their land, harvested crops, and mowed hay. Meat and lard, vegetables and fruits, and much more were contributed to the quitrent. All peasants were already feudally dependent.

• communal- worked on public lands,
• possessory- these could leave, but within a clearly limited timeframe (Filipov's day November 14, St. George's day November 26, Petrov's day June 29, Christmas December 25)
• personally dependent peasants.

FIGHT OF MOSCOW AND TVER PRINCIPALITIES IN RUSSIA

By the beginning of the 14th century, Moscow and Tver became the strongest principalities of North-Eastern Russia. The first Moscow prince was the son of Alexander Nevsky Daniil Alexandrovich (1263-1303). In the early 90s, Daniil Aleksandrovich annexed Mozhaisk to the Moscow principality, and in 1300 he conquered Kolomna from Ryazan.

Since 1304, the son of Daniel, Yuri Danilovich, fought for the great reign of Vladimir with Mikhail Yaroslavovich of Tver, who received a label for great reign in 1305 in the Golden Horde.

Metropolitan of All Russia Macarius provided support to the Moscow prince in this struggle.

In 1317, Yuri received a label for a great reign, and a year later, in the Golden Horde, Yuri's main enemy, Mikhail of Tverskoy, was killed. But in 1322, Prince Yuri Daniilovich was deprived of his great reign as a punishment. The label was given to the son of Mikhail Yaroslavovich Dmitry Terrible Eyes.

In 1325, Dmitry killed the culprit in the death of his father in the Golden Horde, for which he was executed by the khan in 1326.

The great reign was transferred to the brother of Dmitry Tverskoy - Alexander. With him, the Horde detachment was sent to Tver. The atrocities of the Horde caused an uprising of the townspeople, which was supported by the prince, as a result, the Horde was defeated.

IVAN KALITA

These events were skillfully used by the new Moscow prince Ivan Kalita. He participated in the punitive Horde expedition to Tver. Tverskaya land was devastated. The great reign of Vladimir was divided between Ivan Kalita and Alexander of Suzdal. After the death of the latter, the label for a great reign was almost constantly in the hands of the Moscow princes. Ivan Kalita continued the line of Alexander Nevsky in keeping a lasting peace with the Tatars.

He also made an alliance with the church. Moscow becomes the center of faith, as the metropolitan moved to Moscow forever and left Vladimir.

The Grand Duke received the right from the Horde to collect tribute himself, which had favorable consequences for the treasury of Moscow.

Ivan Kalita also increased his possessions. New lands were bought and begged from the Khan of the Golden Horde. Galich, Uglich and Beloozero were annexed. Also, some princes voluntarily became part of the Moscow principality.

THE PRINCIPALITY OF MOSCOW LEADS THE OVERTHROW OF THE TATAR-MONGOLIAN YOG BY RUSSIA

The policy of Ivan Kalita was continued by his sons - Semyon the Proud (1340-1359) and Ivan 2 the Red (1353-1359). After the death of Ivan 2, his 9-year-old son Dmitry (1359-1387) became the prince of Moscow. At this time, the Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod prince Dmitry Konstantinovich had a label for reigning. A sharp struggle unfolded between him and the group of the Moscow boyars. Metropolitan Alexei took the side of Moscow, who actually headed the Moscow government until Moscow finally won the victory in 1363.

Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich continued the policy of strengthening the Moscow principality. In 1371, Moscow inflicted a major defeat on the Ryazan principality. The struggle with Tver continued. When in 1371 Mikhail Alekseevich Tverskoy received a label for the great reign of Vladimir and tried to occupy Vladimir, Dmitry Ivanovich refused to obey the khan's will. In 1375, Mikhail of Tverskoy again received a label on the Vladimir table. Then almost all the princes of northeastern Russia opposed him, supporting the Moscow prince in his campaign against Tver. After a month-long siege, the city capitulated. According to the concluded agreement, Mikhail recognized Dmitry as his overlord.

As a result of the internal political struggle in the North-Eastern Russian lands, the Moscow principality achieved a leading position in the collection of Russian lands and turned into real power, capable of resisting the horde and Lithuania.

Since 1374, Dmitry Ivanovich stopped paying tribute to the Golden Horde. The Russian church played a big role in strengthening anti-Tatar sentiments.

In the 60s and 70s of the 14th century, civil strife within the Golden Horde intensified. In two decades, up to two dozen khans appear and disappear. Temporary workers appeared and disappeared. One of these, the most powerful and cruel was Khan Mamai. He tried to collect tribute from the Russian lands, despite the fact that Takhtamysh was the legitimate khan. The threat of a new invasion united the main forces of North-Eastern Russia under the leadership of Moscow Prince Dmitry Ivanovich.

Olgerd's sons Andrey and Dmitry, who had gone over to the service of the Moscow prince, took part in the campaign. Ally of Mamai Grand Duke Jagiello was late to arrive at the connection with the Horde army. The Prince of Ryazan Oleg Ivanovich, who only formally entered into an alliance with the Golden Horde, did not join Mamai either.

On September 6, the united Russian army approached the banks of the Don. So for the first time after 1223, since the battle on the Kalka River, the Russians went out into the steppe to meet the Horde. On the night of September 8, Russian troops, on the orders of Dmitry Ivanovich, crossed the Don.

The battle took place on September 8, 1380 on the banks of the right tributary of the Don river. Lies, in the area that bore the name of the Kulikovo field. At first, the Horde pushed back the Russian regiments. Then an ambush regiment under the command of the Serpukhov prince hit them. The Horde army could not withstand the onslaught of fresh Russian forces and fled. The battle turned into a pursuit of an enemy retreating in disarray.

HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BATTLE OF KULIKOV

Historical meaning The Battle of Kulikovo was huge. The main forces of the Golden Horde were defeated.

The idea was strengthened in the minds of the Russian people that the Horde could be defeated by united forces.

Prince Dmitry Ivanovich received from his descendants the honorary nickname Donskoy and found himself in the political role of an all-Russian prince. Unusually increased his authority. Militant anti-Tatar sentiments intensified in all Russian lands.

DMITRY DONSKOY

Having lived only incomplete four decades, he did a lot for Russia from a young age until the end of his days, Dmitry Donskoy was constantly in worries, campaigns and troubles. He had to fight both the Horde and Lithuania and Russian rivals for power and political primacy.

Settled the prince and church affairs. Dmitry received the blessing of hegumen Sergius of Radonezh, whose constant support he always enjoyed.

SERGIUS OF RADONEZH

Church pastors played a prominent role, not only in ecclesiastical, but also in political affairs. Trinity hegumen Sergius of Radonezh was unusually respected by the people. In the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, which was founded by Sergius of Radonezh, strict orders were cultivated in accordance with the cenobitic charter.

These orders became a model for other monasteries. Sergius of Radonezh called people to inner perfection, to live according to the Gospel. He tamed strife, tried on princes who agreed to submit to the Grand Duke of Moscow.

THE BEGINNING OF THE UNION OF THE RUSSIAN LANDS

The beginning of the state unification of Russian lands began with the rise of Moscow. 1st stage of consolidation can rightfully be considered the activities of Ivan Kalita, who bought land from the khans and begged for them. His policy was continued by his sons Semyon Proud and Ivan 2 Krasny.

They included Kastroma, Dmitrov, Starodub lands and part of Kaluga into Moscow. 2nd stage activity of Dmitry Donskoy. In 1367 he erected white walls and fortifications around Moscow. In 1372, he achieved recognition of dependence from Ryazan, defeated the Tver principality. By 1380, he had not paid tribute to the Golden Horde for 13 years.

The 13th century in the history of Russia began without any particular external upheavals, but in the midst of endless internal strife. The princes divided the lands, fought for power. But soon the danger from the outside joined the internal troubles of Russia. The cruel conquerors from the depths of Asia, led by Temujin (Genghis Khan - that is, the Great Khan) began their actions. The troops of the nomadic Mongols ruthlessly destroyed people and conquered the lands. Soon, the Polov khans asked for help from the Russian princes. And they agreed to oppose the approaching enemy. So, in 1223, the battle took place on the river. Kalka. But due to the fragmentation of the actions of the princes and the lack of a unified command, the Russian warriors suffered big losses and left the battlefield. The troops of the Mongols pursued them to the most outlying lands of Russia. Having plundered and devastated them, they did not move further. In 1237, the troops of Temuchin's grandson, Batu, entered the Ryazan principality. Ryazan fell. The conquests continued. In 1238 on the river. City army of Yuri Vsevolodovich entered into a fight with the army of the invader, but turned in favor of the Tatar-Mongol. At the same time, the South Russian princes and Novgorod remained on the sidelines, did not come to the rescue. In 1239 - 1240. having replenished the army, Batu undertook a new campaign against the Russian lands. At this time, the unaffected northwestern regions of Russia (Novgorod and Pskov lands) were endangered by the crusader knights who settled in the Baltic states. They wanted to force them to accept the Catholic faith on the territory of Russia as well. United by a common idea, the Swedes and the German knights were going to unite, but the Swedes were the first to act. In 1240 (July 15) - the Battle of the Neva - the Swedish fleet entered the mouth of the river. Not you. Novgorodians turned for help to the great Prince of Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. His son, the young prince Alexander, immediately set off with the army, counting on the suddenness and speed of the onslaught (the army was inferior in number, even with the joined Novgorodians and commoners). Alexander's strategy worked. In this battle, Russia won, and Alexander received the nickname Nevsky. Meanwhile, the German knights gained strength and began military operations against Pskov and Novgorod. Again Alexander came to the rescue. April 5, 1242 - Battle on the Ice Troops converged on the ice of Lake Peipus. Alexander won again, thanks to a change in the order of the system and coordinated actions. Yes, and the uniforms of the knights played against them, when they retreated, the ice began to break. In 1243 - the formation of the Golden Horde. Formally, the Russian lands were not part of the newly formed state, but were subject to the lands. That is, they were obliged to replenish its treasury, and the princes were to receive labels for reigning at the khan's rates. During the second half of the 13th century, the Horde more than once made devastating campaigns against Russia. Cities and villages were destroyed. 1251 - 1263 - reign of Alexander Nevsky. Due to the invasions of the conquerors, during which the settlements were plundered and destroyed, many cultural monuments of Ancient Russia of the 10th - 13th centuries also disappeared. Churches, cathedrals, icons, as well as works of literature, religious objects and jewelry remained intact. At the heart of ancient Russian culture lies the heritage of the East Slavic tribes. It was influenced by nomadic peoples, the Varangians. Significantly influenced the adoption of Christianity, as well as Byzantium, the countries of Western Europe. The adoption of Christianity influenced the spread of literacy, the development of writing, education and the introduction of Byzantine customs. This also influenced the clothes of the 13th century in Russia. The cut of the clothes was simple, and it differed mainly in the fabric. The costume itself has become longer and freer, not emphasizing the figure, but giving it a static look. The nobility wore expensive foreign fabrics (velvet, brocade, taffeta, silk) and furs (sable, otter, marten). Ordinary people used canvas, hare fur, squirrels, sheepskin in clothes.

The most complete reference table main dates and events in the history of Russia from the 13th to the 14th century. This table is convenient to use for schoolchildren and applicants for self-study, in preparation for tests, exams and the exam in history.

The history of Russia in the 13th century is marked mainly by the struggle against external invasions: the southwestern Russian lands were invaded by Batu Khan, and the North-Eastern was faced with danger coming from the Baltic.

By the beginning of the 13th century, it had a strong influence on the Baltic states, so the Polotsk land established close contacts with its inhabitants, which consisted mainly in collecting tribute from the local population. However, the Baltic lands also attracted German feudal lords, namely representatives of the German spiritual and knightly orders. The invasion of the German crusader knights (they were called so because they had an image of a cross on their clothes) in the southeastern Baltic began after the Vatican proclaimed crusade to these lands.

In 1200, the crusaders, led by the monk Albert, captured the mouth of the Western Dvina, and a year later they founded the fortress of Riga, and Albert became the first archbishop of Riga. The Order of the Sword-bearers was also subordinate to him (there was an image of a sword and a cross on the cloaks of these knights), which in Russia was simply called the Order or the Livonian Order.

The population of the Baltics resisted the invaders, because. planting Catholicism with a sword, the crusaders exterminated the local residents. Russia, fearing the onset of the crusaders on their lands, helped the Baltic states, pursuing their own goals - to maintain influence on these lands. The local population supported the Russians, because. the tribute collected by the princes of Polotsk and Novgorod was preferable to the dominance of the German knights.

Meanwhile, Sweden and Denmark were active in the east of the Baltic. On the site of modern Tallinn, the Danes founded the Revel fortress, and the Swedes wanted to establish themselves on the coast of the Gulf of Finland, on the island of Saarema.

In 1240, a Swedish detachment under the command of one of the king's relatives appeared in the Gulf of Finland and, having passed along the Neva River, stood at the mouth of the Izhora River, where a temporary camp was set up. The appearance of the Swedes was unexpected for the Russians. At that time, the 19-year-old son of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, great-grandson, Alexander, ruled. During 1239, he built fortifications on the Shelon River, south of Novgorod, fearing an attack from this side by the Lithuanian prince Mindovg.

However, having received news of the attack by the Swedes, Alexander decided to go on a campaign with one squad. The Russians unexpectedly attacked the Swedish camp on July 15, 1240.

The Swedes were defeated and fled, having lost the opportunity to establish themselves on the banks of the Neva and Lake Ladoga, and Alexander Yaroslavovich received the nickname "Nevsky", with which he entered.

Nevertheless, the threat from the Livonian knights remained. In 1240, the Order captured (which became possible due to the betrayal of the posadnik) Izborsk, the Novgorod fortified settlement of Koporye. In Novgorod, the situation was complicated by the fact that after the battle on the Neva, Alexander quarreled with the Novgorod boyars and went to Pereyaslavl to his father. But soon the Novgorod veche again invites him to the throne in connection with the strengthening of the German threat. The decision of the boyars turned out to be correct, Alexander recaptured Koporye from the Order in 1241, and then. On April 5, 1242, the famous battle took place on the ice of Lake Peipus, which, due to the events that took place, was called the Battle of the Ice. Mother Nature came to the aid of the Russians. The Livonian knights were clad in metal armor, while the Russian soldiers were protected by plank armor. As a result, the April ice simply collapsed under the weight of the Livonian horsemen clad in armor.

After the victory on Lake Peipus, the Order abandoned attempts to conquer Russian lands and plant the "true faith" in Russia. went down in history as a defender of Orthodoxy. The Mongols, unlike the German knights, were religiously tolerant and did not interfere in the religious life of the Russians. So Orthodox Church so keenly perceived the Western danger.

In 1247 Prince Yaroslav, the son of Vsevolod the Big Nest, dies. The throne was inherited by his brother Svyatoslav. However, the sons of Yaroslav - Alexander Nevsky and Andrei are not satisfied with the state of affairs and come to the Horde to receive a label for reigning. As a result, Alexander receives the great reign of Kiev and Novgorod, and Andrei - the principality. Svyatoslav tried to defend his rights, but achieved nothing and died in 1252.

In the same year, already Alexander, dissatisfied with such a division of power, comes to the Horde to inform the khan that Andrei is withholding part of the tribute from him. As a result, the Mongol punitive troops moved to Russia, which invaded Pereyaslavl-Zalessky and Galicia-Volyn land. Andrei fled to Sweden, and Alexander became the Grand Duke.

During his reign, Alexander sought to prevent anti-Mongolian uprisings. In 1264 the prince dies.

The great reign was in the hands of the younger brothers of the prince - Yaroslav of Tver, and then Vasily Kostroma. In 1277, Vasily dies, and the son of Alexander Nevsky, Dmitry Pereyaslavsky, receives the Vladimir principality. But after 4 years, his brother Andrei Gorodetsky receives a label from the Khan for reigning and drives Dmitry out of Vladimir. A fierce struggle for reign begins between the brothers.

In order to gain the upper hand over each other, the brothers turned to the help of the Mongols, as a result, during their reign (for 1277-1294), 14 cities were devastated (the Pereyaslav principality, the patrimony of Dmitry, was especially hard hit), many regions of North-Eastern Russia , near Novgorod.

In 1294 Dmitry Alexandrovich died. After 8 years, his son Ivan died childless. Pereyaslavl passed to the youngest of the sons of Alexander Nevsky - Daniil of Moscow.

Thus, the 13th century in the history of Russia is one of the bloodiest centuries. Russia had to fight simultaneously with all the enemies - with the Mongols, with the German knights, and besides, it was torn apart by internal strife of the heirs. For 1275-1300. the Mongols made fifteen campaigns against Russia, as a result, the Pereyaslavl and Gorodetsky principalities weakened, and the leading role was transferred to new centers - and.

V different years in past centuries, foreign conquerors have repeatedly tried to conquer Russia, and it stands, unbroken, to this day. Difficult times on Russian soil arose more than once in history. But such a difficult period as in the 13th century, which threatened the very existence of the state, was not, it seems, either before or after. Attacks were carried out both from the west and from the south by various aggressors. Difficult times have come on Russian soil.

Russia in the 13th century

What did she represent? At the beginning of the 13th century, Constantinople as a center of spirituality had already lost its influence. And some countries (for example, Bulgaria, Serbia) recognize the power and supremacy of Catholicism. Russia became the stronghold of the Orthodox world, then Kievan. But the territory was not homogeneous. Before the invasion of Batu and his hordes, the Russian World consisted of several principalities that competed for spheres of influence among themselves. Civil strife tore apart the relatives-princes, did not contribute to the organization of one close-knit army capable of providing worthy resistance to the invaders. This paved the way for difficult times to happen on Russian soil.

Batu invasion

In 1227, Genghis Khan, the great eastern warrior, passed away. There was a usual redistribution of power between relatives. One of the grandsons, Batu, had a particularly militant character and organizational talents. He gathered a huge army according to those concepts (somewhere around 140 thousand people), consisting of nomads and mercenaries. In the autumn of 1237 the invasion began.

The Russian army was less numerous (up to 100 thousand people) and scattered. Therefore, it lost in the tragic It would seem that here is the opportunity to unite and unite to resist the enemy. But the ruling elite of the princes continued the strife, and in Novgorod, in the north, popular unrest broke out with renewed vigor. As a result - the further ruin of the principalities. First Ryazan, then - Vladimir-Suzdal. Kolomna, Moscow ... Having ruined Vladimir, Batu went to Novgorod, but before reaching, he turned south and went to the Polovtsian steppes - to replenish his strength. In 1240, the hordes of Batu ravaged Chernigov, Kiev, entering Europe, the Mongol-Tatar warriors reached as far as the Adriatic. But later they stopped the war in these territories. And after - difficult times came on Russian soil. The two-hundred-year yoke was established within two decades after the invasion and meant the payment of tribute by all the conquered lands to the Tatar rulers. According to historians, it ended only in 1480.

Threat from the West

The difficult times on Russian soil were not limited to problems in the east and south in the 13th century. If there the invasions of the invaders were more of a punitive nature of the expeditions, then in the western part there were constant regular military attacks. Russia opposed with all its might the Swedes, Lithuanians, Germans.

In 1239 he sent a large army against Novgorod. But in the same year, the Swedes were pushed back and defeated (Smolensk was taken). On the Neva also won. Prince Alexander of Novgorod, at the head of the squad, defeated the well-armed and trained Swedish army. For this victory, he was nicknamed Nevsky (at that time the hero was only 20 years old!). In 1242, the Germans were expelled from Pskov. And Alexander in the same year deals a crushing blow to the knightly troops in (Battle on the Ice). So many knights died that for another 10 years he did not risk attacking Russian lands. Although many battles of the Novgorodians were successful, they were still quite difficult, difficult times on Russian soil.

The world around (Grade 4)

Summing up, we can say, generalizing, that the entire 13th century was difficult both for the ruling princes-tops, and for the common people, who died and shed blood as a result of prolonged and numerous hostilities. Mongolian yoke, of course, affected both the development of Russian statehood and the material well-being of cities forced to pay tribute.

And the battles with the Crusader Knights, due to their importance, are glorified in films and literature. This material can be used for the lesson