Task 4 exam in the Russian language. Preparation for the exam in mathematics (profile level): tasks, solutions and explanations
Theory for the 4th task of the Unified State Examination in the Russian language on the topic: "Stressing the stress."
Stress setting (orthoepic norms)
Rules for placing stress in nouns
- In the nominative case plural the stress falls on the ending -and the ending -ы is unstressed.
- For example: airports, cakes, lifts, bows, cranes, lecturers, scarves.
- In nouns foreign origin the stress usually falls on the last syllable.
- For example: agent, alphabet, hyphen, dispensary, document, blinds, catalogue, obituary, quarter, parter, apostrophe, percentage, cement, expert, fetish. BUT: flyleaf, facsimile.
- Often in derivative words, the stress from the generating words is preserved.
- For example: religion - to confess, agreement, agreement - to agree intention - measure, provision - to provide, aristocracy - aristocrat, sign - banner.
Rules for placing stress in adjectives
- The stressed syllable of the full form of a number of adjectives remains stressed in the short form:
- beautiful - beautiful - beautiful - beautiful - beautiful;
- unthinkable - unthinkable - unthinkable - unthinkable - unthinkable.
- In some frequent adjectives with mobile stress, it often falls on the stem in the form of the masculine, neuter and plural form and on the ending in the feminine form:
- right - right - right - right - right;
- gray - gray - gray - gray - gray;
- slender - slender - slender - slender - slender.
- If the stress in the short form of the feminine gender falls on the ending, then in comparative degree it will be on the suffix -her-:
- strong - stronger, sick - more painful, alive - livelier, slim - slimmer, right - right;
- if the stress in the feminine gender is on the basis, then in a comparative degree it is preserved on the basis: beautiful - more beautiful, sad - sadder, nasty - nastier. The same applies to the superlative form.
Rules for placing stress in verbs
- The stress in the past tense of the verb usually falls on the same syllable as in the indefinite form:
- sit - sat, moan - moaned, hide - hid, start - started.
- At the same time, the group of common verbs (about 300) obeys a different rule: the stress in the feminine form of the past tense goes to the ending, and in other forms it remains on the stem. These are the verbs to take, be, take, twist, lie, drive, give, wait, live, call, lie, pour, drink, tear, etc.:
- live - lived - lived - lived, but lived; wait - waited - waited - waited, but waited;
- pour - lil - lilo - lili, but lila.
- Derivative verbs are pronounced in the same way (live, pick up, drink up, spill, etc.).
Note:
- The exception is feminine past tense verbs with the prefix you-, which pulls the accent on itself. For example:
- Survive - survived, pour out - poured out, call out - called out;
- For verbs to put, steal, send, send, send, the stress in the feminine form of the past tense remains on the basis. For example:
- stole, sent, sent, sent.
- Quite often, in reflexive verbs (in comparison with non-reflexive ones), the stress in the past tense goes to the ending or suffix (in masculine past tense verbs). For example:
- start - started, started, started, started;
- to be accepted - to be accepted, to be accepted, to be accepted, to be accepted.
- The stress in the verb to call and the verbs formed from it in a prefixed way to call, call back during conjugation falls on the ending. For example:
- call, call, call, call, call;
- call, call, call, call, call;
- call back, call back, call back, call back, call back.
Rules for placing stress in some participles and participles
- If the accent is full form participle falls on suffix -yonn-, then it remains on it only in the masculine form, in other forms it passes to the ending. For example:
- carried out - carried out, carried out, carried out, carried out;
- imported - imported, imported, imported, imported.
- A few notes on the pronunciation of full participles with a suffix -T-. If suffixes of indefinite form -about-, -well- have an accent on themselves, then in participles it will go one syllable forward. For example:
- weed - weeded;
- prick - pricked;
- bend - bent;
- wrap - wrapped.
- The participles are often stressed on the same syllable as in the indefinite form of the corresponding verb. For example:
- set - set;
- fill - bay;
- to take - to take;
- start - start;
- raise - lifting;
- live - lived;
- put - put;
- understand - having understood;
- betray - betray;
- undertake - having undertaken;
- arrive - arrived;
- accept - having accepted;
- sell - having sold;
- to drink - to drink;
- create - created.
Remember the stresses of common words
- paragraph, agent, alibi, analogue, watermelon, arrest, athlete,
- bows, dishes, gas pipeline, good news, fear,
- hyphen, contract, document, associate professor, leisure, drowsiness, confessor,
- gospel,
- blinds, vent,
- clog, malice, omen,
- Icon painting, invention, sophistication, tool, spark, confession,
- rubber, quarter, greed,
- vine, scrap,
- medicines, youth, ordeal,
- intention, illness, dumbness,
- provision, adolescence,
- plateau, briefcase, sheet, percentage, pullOver, purple,
- revolver, belt,
- beets, silo, convocation, funds,
- there, the dancer,
- hardening,
- chain, gypsy,
- porcelain,
- expert.
In the Demo version of the Unified State Examination 2016 in the Russian language, task 4 is formulated as follows: "In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound is WRONG. Write out this word." The proposed material is a thematic test in the "Orthoepy" section and is compiled on the basis of the orthoepic minimum, compiled on the basis of an official letter from the FIPI. This test can be used as didactic material in preparing students for the Olympiad in the Russian language.
Download:
Preview:
Task number 4 USE
1. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: WRONG
TOP
Pamper
More beautiful
Cakes
uncork
2. .In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: WRONG the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted. Write out this word
plum
whooping cough
quarter
enviably
agent
3. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: WRONG the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted. Write out this word
Catalog;
praying;
Brala;
deepen
tableYar
4. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in the formulation of stress: INCORRECT the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted. Write out this word
Localities;
blinds;
enemy;
leisure.
strengthen pet.
5. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: WRONG the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted. Write out this word
Security
Dispenser;
calling;
convocation;
arrived
6. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: WRONG the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted. Write out this word
having given;
cork up;
Bent;
perspicacious.
Hatred
7. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in the formulation of stress: INCORRECT the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted. Write out this word
The statue;
Tsentner;
Kilometer;
before dark.
Lived.
8. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: WRONG the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted. Write out this word
NachalA;
Scarves;
Enable;
Expert.
Poured
9. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in the formulation of stress: INCORRECT the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted. Write out this word
Document
Kitchen;
Mosaic;
TODAY.
Be of good cheer;
10. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress:The letter denoting a stressed vowel is highlighted INCORRECTLY. Write out this word
Surround;
called;
Security;
In time.
orphans;
11. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: WRONG the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted. Write out this word
Fruit;
disabled;
percent;
overtook A.
surround;
12. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: WRONG the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted. Write out this word
Cakes;
Significant;
lived;
Drilling.
for a long time.
13. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: WRONG the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted. Write out this word
Having plugged;
sneaking;
seal;
Agent.
understood;
14. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in the formulation of stress: INCORRECT the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted. Write out this word
Dowry;
Plum;
vulgarized;
Over a long time.
imperial.
15. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: WRONG the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted. Write out this word
DOWN;
Busy;
Facilities;
Accepted.
Arrived
16. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in the formulation of stress: INCORRECT the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted. Write out this word
Bows;
heels;
Heretic;
obituary.
GnalA;
17. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: WRONG the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted. Write out this word
Understood;
Embarrass;
WAITING;
Partner.
call them.
18. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: WRONG the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted. Write out this word
Hands;
cones;
Raised;
sent.
DRY
19. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: WRONG the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted. Write out this word
starting;
lighten;
self-interest;
Sorrel.
dry
20. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: WRONG the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted. Write out this word
Exclude;
Accountants;
bleeding;
call.
dexterity
21. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: WRONG the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted. Write out this word
Nail;
understood;
Agent;
got there.
briefcase
22. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in the formulation of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted INCORRECTLY. Write out this word
x;
religion;
STARTED;
scoop.
The most beautiful.
23. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in the formulation of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted INCORRECTLY. Write out this word
Alphabet;
dose;
Busy;
enviably.
Customs
24. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: WRONG the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted. Write out this word
old;
Chain;
took;
garbage chute.
turn on
25. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: WRONG the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted. Write out this word
hired;
Quarter;
BEYOND dark;
arrived.
winterer
26. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: WRONG the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted. Write out this word
Accepted;
ailment;
broke in;
Citizenship.
Localities
27. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in the formulation of stress: INCORRECT the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted. Write out this word
scoop;
Hyphen;
Don't;
Flint
stole
28. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: WRONG the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted. Write out this word
Cement
Accepted;
news;
Roll up.
CallbackIt
29. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: WRONG the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted. Write out this word
Intention;
Beard;
Feeding;
TO THE TOP.
bent
30. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: WRONG the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted. Write out this word
agreement;
Started;
up;
Red-hot.
Sorit
Answers
pamper |
|
plum |
|
praying; |
|
leisure. |
|
Dispenser; |
|
bent |
|
The statue; |
|
scarves; |
|
Mosaic |
|
security; |
|
disabled; |
reference Information
What you need to know about Russian stress?
Stress in Russian heterogeneous And mobile. This means that in Russian words the stress can be on any syllable: it is not assigned to any syllables: 1st, 2nd, last, etc., or to certain parts of words (morphemes). When words change, for example, during declension or conjugation, for many words the place of stress can move from one syllable to another.
Often people do not know how to pronounce a word correctly, for example:
heretic or heretic, citizenship or citizenship.
Another difficulty has to do with inflection. For example, in the form scarf you won’t be mistaken, but how to say: sha´ rfa, sha´ rfu, sha´ rf or scarf´, scarf´, scarf´ m?
Norm is a historical concept. The norms are formed, exist as the right options, opposed to the wrong ones, they are loosened, they change. This is a long process. It concerns only certain words or groups of words. For example, thirty years ago, the norm ordered to speak: on Wednesday´ m, along the river´ m, along the wall´ m, Wednesday´ mi, river´ mi, wall´ mi. Now this norm has been shaken and both options are recognized as correct: on Wednesdays and on Wednesdays, on the river and on the rivers, and so on. Perhaps, after some time, one of the options will win and become the normative pronunciation.
Words that allow for variations in pronunciation KIMS Unified State Examination are not included.
Norms are fixed by dictionaries. Stress norms are presented in stress dictionaries and orthoepic dictionaries. Since language is in constant change, the same word can be interpreted differently in different dictionaries. FIPI announced that the materials for A1 in 2013 were tested according to the new orthoepic dictionary of the Russian Academy of Sciences: "The Big Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language" edited by L. Kasatkin, M., "AST", 2012. As a result, a transition was made to a new accentological minimum in the preparation of KIMs, which was published in 2013 as part of the official package of documents of the KIM USE in the Russian language on the official website of FIPI. In 2014, an updated list of words was published, which is posted below.
Some authors try to give theoretical justifications for task 1. But this is not the most productive approach, since there are no rules for placing stress in Russian words, but there are only numerous patterns related to individual groups of words or their forms.
Because we are lucky - we know full list words used in KIMs, it is more reliable to learn the words from this list. For this we offer.
Orthoepic dictionary compiled by FIPI in 2014 (valid for the USE 2015)
Nouns:
Airports, fixed stress on the 4th syllable
Bows, fixed stress on the 1st syllable
BOROD, V. p., only in this form of unit. h. stress on the 1st syllable
BukhgAlterov, R. p. pl. h., fixed stress on the 2nd syllable
Religion, from: confess the faith
Citizenship
DEFIS, from German language, where the stress is on the 2nd syllable
Dispensary, the word came from in English through French where the stress is always on the last syllable
Agreement
Document
Blinds, from French, where the stress is always on the last syllable
Significance, from adj. significant
Catalog, in the same row with the words: dialogue, monologue, obituary, etc.
QuarterAl, from German, where the stress is on the 2nd syllable
selfishness
Cranes, fixed stress on the 1st syllable
Lecturers, lecturers, stress on the 1st syllable, as in the word bow (s)
Localities, R. p. pl. h., on a par with word forms: honors, jaws ... but: news
Intention
NEWS, NEWS, BUT: LOCATIONS
Nail, nail, fixed stress in all forms of units. h.
Adolescence, from Otrok - teenager
Briefcase
handrails
Orphans, I. p. pl. hours, stress in all forms pl. h. only on the 2nd syllable
Means, I. p. pl. h.
Customs
cakes, cakes
Chain
Scarves like bows
Chauffeur, on a par with the words: kioskёr, controller ...
Expert, from French, where the stress is always on the last syllable
Adjectives:
VernA, short adj. well. R.
Significant
More beautiful, adjective and adverb in comparative degree
Beautiful, superlative adjective
Kitchen
Lovka, short adjective. R.
Mosaic
Wholesale
clairvoyant, short adjective. p., on a par with the words: cute, fussy, talkative ... but: gluttonous
Plum, derived from: plum
Verbs:
Take - took
Take - take
Take - took
Take - took
To join - joined
break in - burst in
perceive - perceived
Recreate - recreated
Hand over - hand over
Drive - drove
chasing - chasing
Dobrat - dobrala
get - got there
wait - waited
Get through - get through, get through
Wait - waited
live - lived
Stopper
Occupy - occupied, occupied, occupied, occupied
Lock - locked
Locked up - locked up (with a key, with a lock, etc.)
Call - called
Call - call, call, call
put - put
lie - lied
Pouring - lilA
Pour - poured
lie - lied
Endow - endow
Overstrained - overstrained
name - name
tilt - tilt
Pour - poured
Narvat - narwala
START - STARTED, STARTED, STARTED
call - call
lighten - make it easier
Poured - poured
hug - hugged
overtake - overtook
rip off - rip off
encourage
cheer up - cheer up
sharpen
Borrow - lend
zlbeat
paste over
surround - surround
To seal, in the same row with the words: form, normalize, sort ...
get to know - get to know
depart - departed
give away - gave away
Uncork - uncorked
Revoke - revoked
Respond - responded
Pour - poured
Fruit
Repeat - repeat
call - called
call - call - call
Pour - pourA
put - put
understand - understood
send - sent
arrive - arrived - arrived - arrived
accept - accepted - accepted
To tear - tore
Drill - drill - drill
Remove - removed
CREATE - created
pluck - plucked
REMOVE - REMOVED
deepen
Strengthen - strengthen
scoop
Pinch - pinch
Click
Participles:
Delivered
Folded
busy - busy
LOCKED - LOCKED
Inhabited - Inhabited
Endowed
Acquired
started
STARTED
relegated - relegated
encouraged - encouraged - encouraged
aggravated
disabled
repeated
divided
understood
Accepted
Tamed
lived
Removed - removed
Bent
Participles:
BEGINNING
Adverbs:
In time
TO the top
DonElzya
AFTERdark
prettier, adj. and adv. in comp. Art.
Over a long time
The fourth task of the Unified State Examination in the Russian language tests the ability of graduates to correctly place stress in various words. For its correct execution, you can get one primary score; To do this, you need to choose a word with the wrong accent. Stressing often causes difficulties even for adults and educated people – orthoepic norm does not always coincide with the usual pronunciation for us.
In order to correctly complete this task, you need to make some efforts in preparation. The rules below will help.
Theory for task No. 4 USE in the Russian language
In verbs that end in "-it", the stress falls on the endings -ish, -it, -im, -ite, -at (-yat):
- turn on - turn on, turn on, turn on, turn on, turn on;
- call - call, call, call, call, call;
- ease - make it easier, make it easier, make it easier, make it easier, make it easier;
- strengthen - strengthen, strengthen, strengthen, strengthen, strengthen;
- lend - lend, lend, borrow, borrow, lend;
- hand over - hand over, hand over, hand over, hand over, hand over;
- tame - tame, tame, tame, tame, tame;
- pinch - pinch;
- roll over - roll over.
Exceptions in which the accent does not fall on the ending: vulgarize, inquire .
In feminine verbs in the past tense, the stress falls on the ending "a":
- took (took), removed (removed), understood, tore off, overtook, started, lied, left
Exceptions: past tense verbs with the prefix "you" - the stress in them goes to the prefix, as well as the following words: put, stole, sent, sent, sent .
In short passive feminine participles in the past tense, the stress also falls on the ending:
- occupied, created, withdrawn, populated
In verbs formed from adjectives, the stress falls on "-it":
- easy - lighten
- deep - deepen
- complex - complicate
Exception: Evil - embitter.
In real past participles that have the suffix "-vsh-", the stress falls on the vowel before this suffix; The same rule applies to adverbs:
- started, understood, completed, bored
- starting, understanding, completing, giving, arriving
An exception: exhausted.
In the following words, the stress falls on the prefix:
- bent, bent, bent
The stress does not fall on the root "-bal-", therefore:
- spoiled, spoiled, spoiled, spoiled, spoiled
IN In past participles formed with the suffix "-yonn-", the stress falls on this suffix in the short form of the masculine gender, and in the short form of the feminine and neuter gender it passes to the ending:
- disabled - disabled - disabled A - disabled
- repeated - repeated - repeated A - repeated
- tamed - tamed - tamedA - tamedO
- populated - populated - populatedA - populated
- enabled - enabled - enabledA - enabledO
In nouns of foreign (mainly French) origin, the stress falls on the last syllable:
- blinds, parter, bureau, jury, heretic, dispensary, quarter, obituary
In verbal nouns, the stress usually coincides with the stress in the original verb:
- provide - ensure
- BUT CARRIES GAS – GAS PIPELINE
But: lighten - relieve .
In the following words, the stress is fixed and in all cases remains on the root:
- airport - airports
- scarf - scarves
- cake - cakes
- crane - cranes
- bow - bows
The stress falls on the prefix "for-" in words such as:
- ahead of time, after dark, before dawn
It is important to remember that this rule does not apply to the word enviably.
The stress falls on the prefix "do-" in words such as:
top, bottom, dry.
It is important to remember that this rule does not apply to words red-hot, white-hot, utterly .
You also need to remember the stress of the following words:
- prettier, prettier, plum, kitchen
Task execution algorithm
- Read the assignment carefully.
- We mentally pronounce the words proposed in the answer options, putting stress on different syllables.
- Words in which the stress is correct are not taken into account.
- When in doubt, we recall the rules for placing stresses in the words of the Russian language and the exceptions to these rules.
- Write down the correct answer.
Analysis of typical options for task No. 4 USE in the Russian language
The fourth task of the 2018 demo
- amassed
- adolescence
- living
- correct
- took
Execution algorithm:
- Acquired - the stress is set correctly, in the real participles of the past tense with the suffix -vsh- the stress falls on the vowel before this suffix; Adolescence - right, you need to remember; lived - right, in the verbs of the past tense, the emphasis is on the ending; true - the stress is set correctly, since in short adjectives the stress is placed on the ending.
- The last word raises doubts: did you take it or did you take it? We recall the rule: in verbs of the 3rd person of the feminine, the stress falls on the ending. So the accent is wrong.
Answer: got it.
The first version of the assignment
In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted INCORRECTLY. Write out this word.
- overtaken
- busy
- self-interest
- will make it easier
- joined
Execution algorithm:
- You need to find a word in which a mistake was made in the formulation of stress.
- According to the rule about feminine verbs of the past tense, the stress in the first two words is set correctly; the same applies to option number 5. The emphasis in the word "self-interest" is also correct, you just need to remember it.
- The above words are stressed correctly.
- Option 4 is wrong; this is also confirmed by the rule about verbs with the infinitive ending in "-it-" - the correct stress in this word is on the letter "and". So, the answer is - make it easier.
Answer: make it easier.
The second version of the assignment
In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted INCORRECTLY. Write out this word.
- ailment
- encouraged
- fruit
- beet
- poured
Execution algorithm:
- You need to find a word in which a mistake was made in the formulation of stress.
- The stress in word number 2 is correct, according to the rule about short participles of the past tense, formed from words with the suffix "yonn": encouraged - encouraged. In word number 5, everything is also correct: it is a passive past participle of the feminine gender, the stress in which falls on the ending. In word number 4, there is no error in stress: in words with the letter Y, the stress often falls on it. Then, in the word "bearing" the emphasis falls on "and", you just need to remember
- The above words are stressed correctly.
- The word ailment raises doubts. It must be remembered that the stress in it falls on the letter U. Therefore, this will be the correct answer.
Answer: illness.
The third version of the task
In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted INCORRECTLY. Write out this word.
- cakes
- put
- document
- tamed
- get to know
Execution algorithm:
- You need to find a word in which a mistake was made in the formulation of stress.
- Put - the stress is true, in verbs on -it the stress falls on And, the document - the word must be remembered, tamed - in the past participles with the suffix -yonn- the stress falls on this suffix, you will learn - the word must be remembered.
- The above words are stressed correctly.
- Doubt causes cakes. In fact, the correct emphasis in it is cakes. This must be remembered.
Answer: cakes.
It turns out that for confident knowledge of the rules for setting stresses in Russian, you need to periodically look into the spelling dictionary; we provide such a dictionary, which contains the words used to compile the variants of the exam.
In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted INCORRECTLY. Write out this word.
locked
Explanation (see also Rule below).
Let's put the accents right:
locked
We see an error in the word "locked", it is correct to say locked. In response, we write out the word without correcting it.
Answer: locked.
How not to lose a point for this task?
The editors receive dozens of questions about this task, which met in the Unified State Examination in 2015. It was proposed in the indicated wording. Anyone who reads the task inattentively will lose points. In response, you need to enter the word in which the error was made. You do not need to fix this error. Therefore, in response, you must write the word locked. IN USE forms there is a letter Yo, it must be used. If you write locked, the task will not be credited to you.
Answer: locked
Source: USE - 2015. Early wave
Rule: Emphasis. Task 4.
ORPHEPIC NORMS (emphasis) are checked in task 4.
Students are required to write one of the four words, in which the stress is incorrectly highlighted - the stressed vowel is indicated capital letter. The answer fits the word without changes, without highlighting in capital letters. Pay attention to the letter Y: if the misspelled word contained this letter, it must also be written in the answer. For example, four words:
locked
the first has an incorrect emphasis. We write out this word in response without change, with the letter Y. Please note that the question of the possible writing of E instead of Y is solved simply: in front of each examinee in the exam there will be a form in which ALL allowed letters and signs are indicated. At this point in time, the letter YO is in the sample forms.
For training in developing the skill of setting stress, RESHUEGE offers both words from the FIPI Orthoepic Minimum (2016) and words that did not enter or exit from it.
In tasks with increased level complexity, along with words with clearly erroneous stress, words with two variants of stress are included.
Orthoepic dictionary FIPI 2016
An important aspect of orthoepy is stress, that is, the sound emphasis of one of the syllables of a word. The stress on the letter is usually not indicated, although in individual cases(when teaching the Russian language to non-Russians) it is customary to put it.
Distinctive features of Russian stress are its diversity and mobility. The diversity lies in the fact that stress in Russian can be on any syllable of a word (book, signature - on the first syllable; lantern, underground - on the second; hurricane, orthoepy - on the third, etc. d.). In some words, the stress is fixed on a certain syllable and does not move during the formation of grammatical forms, in others it changes its place (compare: ton - tons and wall - wall - walls and walls). The last example demonstrates the mobility of Russian stress. This is the objective difficulty of mastering accent norms. “However, - as rightly noted by K.S. Gorbachevich, - if the heterogeneity and mobility of Russian stress create some difficulties in its assimilation, then these inconveniences are completely redeemed by the ability to distinguish the meaning of words using the place of stress (flour - flour, cowardly - cowardly, immersed on the platform - immersed in water) and even functional and stylistic fixation of accent options (bay leaf, but in botany: the laurel family).
Particularly important in this regard is the role of stress as a way of expressing grammatical meanings and overcoming the homonymy of word forms. As established by scientists, most of words of the Russian language (about 96%) are distinguished by a fixed stress. However, the remaining 4% are the most common words that make up the basic, frequency vocabulary of the language.
Here are some rules of orthoepy in the area of stress, which will help to prevent the corresponding errors.
Nouns
| airports, fixed stress on the 4th syllable bows, fixed stress on the 1st syllable. beard, win.p., only in this form singular. stress on 1st syllable bukhgAlterov, genus p.pl., fixed stress on the 2nd syllable religion, from faith to confess citizenship cheapness dispensary, the word came from English. lang. through French, where the blow. always on the last syllable agreement document blinds, from French lang., where is the blow. always on the last syllable significance, from adj. significant X, im.p. pl., motionless stress catalog, in the same row with the words dialogue, monologue, obituary, etc. quarter, from it. lang., where the stress is on the 2nd syllable kilometer, in line with the words centimeter, decimeter, millimeter... cones, cones, motionless. stress on the 1st syllable in all cases in units. and many others. h. cranes, fixed stress on 1st syllable flint, flint, blow. in all forms on the last syllable, as in the word fire lecturers, lecturers, see the word bow(s) localities, genus p.pl., on a par with the word form of honors, jaws ... but news | garbage chute, in the same row with the words gas pipeline, oil pipeline, water pipeline intention obituary, see catalog hatred news, news, but: see localities nail, nail, motionless. stress in all forms singular. Adolescence, from Adolescent parter, from French. lang., where is the blow. always on the last syllable briefcase dowry call, in the same row with the words call, recall (ambassador), convocation, but: Review (for publication) orphans, im.p.pl., stress in all forms pl. only on the 2nd syllable funds, im.p.pl. convocation, see call carpenter, on a par with the words painter, doYar, shkolYar ... cakes, cakes scarves, see bows chauffeur, on a par with the words kioskёr, controller ... expert, from the French. lang., where the stress is always on the last syllable |
Adjectives
In full forms of adjectives, only a fixed stress is possible on the basis or on the ending. The variability of these two types in the same word forms is explained, as a rule, by a pragmatic factor associated with the distinction between little-used or bookish adjectives and adjectives of frequency, stylistically neutral or even reduced. In fact, little-used and bookish words are more often stressed on the basis, and frequent, stylistically neutral or reduced words are stressed on the ending.
The degree of mastery of the word is manifested in the variants of the place of stress: circle and circle, spare and spare, near-earth and near-earth, minus and minus, clearing and clearing. Such words are not included in USE assignments, since both options are considered correct.
And yet, the choice of the place of stress causes difficulties most often in short forms of adjectives. Meanwhile, there is a fairly consistent norm, according to which the stressed syllable of the full form of a number of common adjectives remains stressed in the short form: beautiful - beautiful - beautiful - beautiful - beautiful; unthinkable - unthinkable - unthinkable - unthinkable - unthinkable, etc.
The number of adjectives with mobile stress in Russian is small, but they are often used in speech, and therefore the stress norms in them need comments.
The stress often falls on the stem in the plural form, as well as in the singular in the masculine and neuter gender and on the ending in the feminine form: right - right - right - right - right; gray - gray - gray - gray - gray; slender - slender - slender - slender - slender.
Such adjectives, as a rule, have monosyllabic stems without suffixes or with the simplest suffixes (-k-, -n-). However, one way or another, it becomes necessary to refer to the orthoepic dictionary, since a number of words “knock out” of the specified norm. You can, for example, say: long and long, fresh and fresh, full and full, etc.
It should also be said about the pronunciation of adjectives in a comparative degree. There is such a norm: if the stress in the short form of the feminine falls on the ending, then in a comparative degree it will be on its suffix: strong - stronger, sick - sicker, alive - livelier, slim - slimmer, right - right; if the stress in the feminine gender is on the basis, then to a comparative extent it is preserved on the basis: beautiful - more beautiful, sad - sadder, nasty - more nasty. The same applies to the superlative form.
Verbs
One of the most tense points of stress in common verbs is the past tense. The stress in the past tense usually falls on the same syllable as in the infinitive: sit - sat, moan - moaned, hide - hid, start - started. At the same time, the group of common verbs (about 300) obeys a different rule: the stress in the feminine form goes to the ending, and in other forms it remains on the stem. These are the verbs to take, be, take, twist, lie, drive, give, wait, live, call, lie, pour, drink, tear, etc. It is recommended to say: live - lived - lived - lived - lived; wait - waited - waited - waited - waited; pour - lil - lilo - lili - lila. Derivative verbs are pronounced in the same way (live, pick up, drink up, spill, etc.).
The exception is words with the prefix you-, which takes on the stress: survive - survived, pour out - poured out, call out - called out.
For verbs to put, steal, send, send, the stress in the past tense feminine form remains on the basis: slala, sent, stlala.
And one more rule. Quite often, in reflexive verbs (in comparison with irrevocable ones), the stress in the form of the past tense passes to the ending: begin - began, began, began, began; accepted - accepted, accepted, accepted, accepted.
About the pronunciation of the verb to call in conjugated form. Spelling dictionaries of recent times quite rightly continue to recommend stress on the ending: you call, call, call, call, call. This
tradition is based on classic literature(primarily poetry), the speech practice of authoritative native speakers.
| pamper, on a par with words indulge, spoil, spoil ... but: the minion of fate take-took take-take take-took take-took turn on, turn on turn on, turn on join-merged break in-break in perceive-perceived recreate-recreated hand-hand over drive-driven chasing-chasing get-dobrala get-got wait-wait call - call get through dose wait-waited live-lived cork up occupied, occupied, occupied, occupied, occupied lock-locked lock up-locked up (with a key, with a lock, etc.) call-called call, call, call, exhaust lay-lay sneak - sneaked lie-lie pour-lila pour-poured lie-lied endow-endowit overstrained-overstrained name-named bank-roll pour-poured narwhal-narwhala litter-litter start-started, started, started | call-call-call facilitate-facilitate drenched-drenched hug-hugged overtake-overtaken rip-off encourage cheer up - cheer up exacerbate borrow-borrow embitter surround-surround seal, in the same row with the words form, normalize, sort, reward… vulgarize inquire - inquire depart-departed give-gave turn-off withdraw-revoked responded-responded call back - call back transfuse-transferred fruit repeat-repeat call-called call-call-call pour-watered put-put understand-understood send-sent arrive-arrived-arrived-arrived accept-accepted-accepted-accepted force tear-torn drill-drill-drill take off-taken off create-created pluck-plucked litter-litter remove-remove speed up deepen strengthen-strengthen pinch-pinch, pinch Stress in participles and participlesThe most frequent fluctuations of stress are recorded when pronouncing short passive participles. If the stress in full form is on the suffix -ЁНН-, then it remains on it only in the masculine form, in other forms it goes to the ending: conducted - conducted, conducted, conducted, conducted; imported - imported, imported, imported, imported. However, it is sometimes difficult for native speakers to choose the right place of stress in the full form. They say: “imported” instead of imported, “translated” instead of translated, etc. In such cases, it is worth referring to the dictionary more often, gradually practicing the correct pronunciation. A few remarks about the pronunciation of full participles with the suffix -T-. If the suffixes of the indefinite form o-, -nu- have an accent on themselves, then in participles it will go one syllable forward: weed - weeded, pricked - stab, bend - bent, wrap - wrapped. Passive participles from the verbs pour and drink (with the suffix -t-) are characterized by unstable stress. You can say: spilled and spilled, spilled and spilled, spilled (only!), spilled and spilled, spilled and spilled; drunk and finished, finished and finished, finished and finished, finished and finished, finished and finished. Communions
|
