How to identify soft and hard sounds. Hard and soft consonants

“Tell me how to learn with a child hard and soft consonants voiced and deaf? - Mom asked recently, apparently, first-graders.

Answer: no way.

It is not necessary to teach the child hard and soft consonants, voiced and deaf. It is necessary to teach the child to hear them and identify them by different signs. It's just impossible to learn! It is necessary that the child first understands how voiced and deaf, hard and soft consonants are obtained, and knowledge will come after understanding.

How will we teach a child to distinguish consonant sounds?

Let's start with hard and soft consonants.

In Russian, not all consonants can be both hard and soft. Therefore, first it is necessary for the child to memorize the consonants Zh, Sh, Ts, which are always hard and Ch, Shch, Y, which are always soft.


Make such a reminder to the child, pay attention to the child that the letters H, W, Y sit on the pillows, because they are always soft. If this memo is in front of the child's eyes, it will be easier for him to remember these letters. You can print and hang over the table where the child is engaged. You can write on cardboard and put it in a notebook in writing or in Russian.

But the rest of the consonants can be both hard and soft. And they will help determine the hardness and softness of the consonant adjacent letters.

An interesting option for memorizing hard and soft consonants was suggested by our reader Irina: "I figured out how to remember my children three always hard sounds, ("Ж", "Ш", "Ц"), i.e. those that never soften.

Iron, Washer and Cement - Which will be harder? What's the secret?

There are always soft three sounds: "Ch", "Sch", "Y". Here is a funny tongue twister: Bangs Tickle YYY. ("th" will play the sound of laughter)"

If after the determined consonant there is another consonant, then it is solid. For example, in the word "song" after C is H and we mark C as a hard consonant. Despite the fact that in the Russian language there is the concept of assimilation, when sounds are likened to one another, as in this case, but in primary school we do not climb into such wilds of phonetics.

If there is a vowel after the consonant, then it is very easy to determine hardness and softness. All vowels are commanders and they command the previous consonant whether the sound should be hard or soft. The only exceptions are 6 letters, which we talked about earlier. Make such a reminder to the child and let it help him in distinguishing between hard and soft sounds.

And, of course, it is necessary to teach the child to hear hard and soft sounds, to distinguish them by ear. To do this, there are many development exercises. And the well-known game can be modified to suit our task and give the child the task of determining hard or soft first consonant in a word.

At first, you need to select words that begin with a consonant: stump, pony, cancer, river, onion, hatch ... Then you can complicate the task and select words where the consonant is no longer the first sound. Since there are several consonants in the word, it is necessary to discuss with the child which consonant you will determine - the first or the last. The child needs to determine by ear the desired consonant in the word and hear its hardness or softness. And this is already a difficult task. For example: about d eealo and o d urvanchik. The first consonant is D, but in these words it denotes sounds of different softness.

Apply all these methods at once and the child will learn to identify without problems. About voiced and deaf next time.

If you have any questions, write in the comments.

What is sound? This is the minimum component of human speech. Shown in letters. In writing, sounds differ from letters by the presence of first square brackets used in phonetic transcription. The letter is o, the sound is [o]. Transcription shows differences in spelling and pronunciation. Apostrophe [ ‘ ] indicates softness of pronunciation.

In contact with

The sounds are divided into:

  • Vowels. They can be easily pulled. When they are created, the language does not accept active participation fixed in one position. The sound is created due to changes in the position of the tongue, lips, various vibrations of the vocal cords and the force of the air supply. vowel length - basis of vocal art(singing, "singing smooth").
  • The consonants a are pronounced with the participation of the tongue, which, occupying a certain position and shape, creates an obstacle to the movement of air from the lungs. This leads to the appearance of noise in the oral cavity. At the output, they are converted into sound. Also, the lips, which close and open during speech, prevent the free passage of air.

The consonants are divided into:

  • deaf and voiced. The deafness and sonority of the sound depends on the operation of the speech apparatus;
  • hard and soft. The sound is determined by the position of the letter in the word.

Letters representing consonants

Deaf

Deaf in Russian: [k], [p], [s], [t], [f], [x], [ts], [sh]. The easiest way to remember the phrase, and not a set of letters, “Stepka, do you want a cabbage? Phi!” containing them all.

An example in which all consonants are deaf: rooster, honeycomb, pin.

voiced

When they are formed, the form of the tongue is close to the form that produces deaf, but vibrations are added. Voiced consonants create active vibrations of the ligaments. vibrations deform the sound wave, and not a clean stream of air enters the oral cavity, but sound. In the future, it is additionally transformed by the tongue and lips.

To voiced consonants belong: b, c, d, e, g, h, d, l, m, n, p.

When they are pronounced, tension is clearly felt in the larynx. In addition, it is almost impossible to speak them clearly in a whisper.

A word in which all consonants are voiced: Rome, pride, ash, estuary.

Summary table of consonants (voiced and voiced).

It is precisely due to the change in sound that Russian speech is enriched with various words that are similar in spelling and pronunciation, but completely different in meaning. For example: house - volume, court - itching, code - year.

Paired consonants

What does parity mean? Two letters that are similar in sound, in the pronunciation of which the language occupies similar positions, are called paired consonant sounds. The pronunciation of consonants can be conditionally divided into one-stage (lips and tongues are involved in their creation) and two-stage - the ligaments are connected first, then the mouth. Those cases when, when pronouncing, the movements of the mouth coincide, and create pairs.

Summary table of paired consonants, taking into account hardness and softness

In speech, it is common not to pronounce each letter, but to “eat” it. This is not an exception only to Russian speech. This is found in almost all languages ​​of the world and is especially noticeable in English. In Russian, this effect is subject to the rule: paired consonants replace (by ear) each other during speech. For example: love - [l 'u b about f '].

But not everyone has their own pair. There are not similar in pronunciation to any others - this is unpaired consonants. The reproduction technique differs from the pronunciation of other sounds and combines them into groups.

Paired consonants

Unpaired consonants

The first group can be pronounced with softness. The second has no analogues in pronunciation.

Unpaired consonants are divided into:

  • sonoras - [th '], [l], [l '], [m], [m '], [n], [n '], [p], [p ']. When they are pronounced, the air current hits the upper sky like a dome;
  • hissing - [x], [x '], [c], [h '], [u '].

The Russian language contains letters that are difficult to understand in the context. Are the sounds [h], [th], [c], [n] voiced or deaf? Learn these 4 letters!

Important![h] - deaf! [th] - sonorous! [c] is deaf! [n] - sonorous!

Unpaired consonants

Hard and soft

They are spelled the same but sound different. Voiceless and voiced consonants, with the exception of hissing, can be pronounced hard or soft. For example: [b] was - [b`] beat; [t] current - [t`] current.

When pronouncing hard, the tip of the tongue is pressed against the palate. Soft are formed by pressing to the upper palate of the middle part of the tongue.

In speech, the sound is determined by the letter following the consonant.

Vowels form pairs: a-i, u-u, e-e, s-i, o-e.

Two-vowel vowels (i, e, u, e) are pronounced in one of two combinations: the sound [th] and a paired vowel from E, O, U, A, or soft sign and a double vowel. For example, the word jung. It is pronounced as [th] [y] [n] [g] [a]. Or the word mint. It is pronounced as: [m '] [a] [t] [a]. The vowels A, O, U, E, S do not have a double sound, therefore do not affect the pronunciation of the leading consonant.

Difference example:

A spoon is a hatch, honey is a sea, a house is a woodpecker.

Phonetic transcription:

[Spoon a] - [L 'u k], [m 'o d] - [m o r 'e], [d o m] - [d' a tel].

Pronunciation rules:

  • hard ones are pronounced before A, O, U, E, Y. Abscess, side, beech, bentley, former;
  • soft are pronounced before I, Yo, Yu, E, I. Revenge, honey, whale, mashed potatoes, mint;
  • hard ones are pronounced if they are followed by another consonant: death. After the consonant [s], there is a consonant [m]. Regardless of whether the M is soft, voiced or hard, C is pronounced firmly;
  • solid are pronounced if the letter is the last in the word: class, house;
  • consonants before the vowel [e] in borrowed words are pronounced firmly, as before [e]. For example: scarf - [k] [a] [w] [n] [e];
  • always soft before b: elk, pulp.
  • exceptions to the rules:
    • always solid F, W, C: life, thorns, cyanide;
    • always soft J, Ch, W: white, black, pike.

Attention! A voiceless letter does not always denote the same sound. It depends on the position in the word.

Hard and soft sounds

Stun

The Russian language has the concept of stunning - some voiced sounds like deaf consonant sounds from a pair.

This is not a speech defect, but on the contrary, it is considered a criterion for its purity and correctness. But this rule only works with paired consonants. For example, [r] in speech is often replaced by [x]. This refers to a defect, since [r], close to [x], is considered a distinctive feature Ukrainian language. Its use in Russian speech is incorrect. The exception is the word God.

Rules and examples:

  • the letter is the last in the word: tooth - [zup], hole in the hole - [pr o r u n '];
  • after the letter there is a deaf consonant: russula - [raw cheese Shk a].

There is a reverse process - voicing. means that in speech the deaf are pronounced as paired voiced. Voicing is justified when they are in front of voiced consonants: deal - [z d 'el k a].

Consonants voiced and voiceless hard and soft

Consonants are voiced and voiceless. Russian language lesson in 5th grade

Sections: elementary School

Goals:

  1. Introduce new letter and sound /c/
  2. Build reading skills
  3. Promote the development of phonetic hearing
  4. Cultivate kindness towards animals.

During the classes

1) When greeting guests, look at them, smile, and now smile at me. Sit down.

Today in the lesson we will get acquainted with a new letter and populate it in one of the free houses on our tape of letters, and there are only five of them left.

Guess the riddle:

colorful sisters
Guests are greeted all day
They are fed with nectar. ( Flowers)

Right. These flowers I will give you for correctly completed tasks. / The teacher shows multi-colored flowers, a letter is printed on the back of each flower /

Let's pronounce the word "flowers", highlighting the first sound.

What is the first sound? (C)

Is it consonant or vowel?

Sound /c/ soft or hard?

Does he have a younger brother?

Is the sound /c/ voiced or deaf? Can we say it without a voice? We hear only noise, so this sound ... ( deaf)

The sound /c/ is paired or unpaired.

So what have we learned about the /c/ sound? What is he? (Sound /ts/ consonant, solid, deaf, unpaired).

Okay, congratulations, you've got first flower. /Teacher pins it on the board/

2) The next task: remember the words with the sound /c/, finish the word.

A flower blooms at the bird-
Blooms on a pair of thin legs.
The flower is fluffy and the call ...
- Flower, who are you?
(- Chick!)

What words with the /c/ sound did you hear? ( flower, chick, blossoms, birdie).

What can you say about the words "flower", "blooms". ( These are single words).

Continue row: flower, blooms ( bloom, flower garden, florist, flower girl ...)

Guys, what does the bird do? ( Raises birds).

What kind of poultry can a poultry keeper raise? ( Ducks, chickens, geese, turkeys).

Now I'm turning into a bird. And you are chickens. How should I call you? (chick, chick, chick)

Chick, chick, chick. Run to me.

You will get a grain if you name a word with the /c/ sound and say in which part of the word it is located. (The number-sound / c / is at the beginning of the word ...)

And now in places my chickens, you know a lot of words with the sound / c /, get second flower.

3) The sound /c/ in the letter is indicated by the letter "C". What does the letter "C" look like?

I suggest you learn this poem:

That's what the letter "C" is.
With a claw at the end.
Claw - scratch,
Like a cat paw.

Let's lay out the letter "C" from the sticks.

What letter do we post?

Let's repeat the poem.

And now let's put the letter "C" in the house. / Working with a tape of letters. The teacher offers to settle a new letter in empty houses. Children, reasoning, determine the house for the letter "C". /

While you put your sticks away, I'll put them on for you. flower.

4) The letter "C" is friends with vowels, forming mergers. Let's read them.

Which of these words is three-syllable? (street) Why? (3 syllables, 3 vowels)

Which of these words is missing? (1 option: birds- plural, the rest of the words are in the singular; Option 2: whirligig- no letter "C", all others have the letter "C")

Choose a scheme for the word yula. (Scheme No. 2) Let's check (Yu-la, the word consists of two syllables; the second syllable is stressed; the first syllable consists of the merging of the consonant sound "y" with the vowel "y", the second syllable is the fusion of the consonant sound "l" with the vowel " a")

All done correctly. I give you one more flower.

5) And now you yourself will make a sound scheme of the word. What? Find out by guessing the riddle:

Standing on one leg
Staring into the water
Pokes beak at random,
Looking for frogs in the river. ( Heron)

/ One child at the blackboard, and all the rest in the field do sound analysis words, making up a sound scheme./

How many sounds are there in a word? (5 sounds)

Sounds are represented by letters. Let's write this word. Open the box office letters. (The sound /Ts/ is indicated on the letter with the letter “Ts” ...)

Well done. I give you flower.

Our heron stood on one leg. Can we do that?

Fizminutka

It's very hard to stand like this
Don't put your foot on the floor.
And do not fall, do not swing,
Don't hold on to your neighbor.

6) At the letter "C" having bought a ticket,
We will visit the circus.
There is a bear driving a motorcycle,
And herons are passengers.

Open the textbook / V. G. Goretsky "Russian alphabet" / on the bookmark. Turn the page (page 174)

Consider the illustration. And answer the question: what is the name of the round area in the center of the circus where the performance is given? (Arena)

Tell us what's going on in the arena? / The music "Parade - alle" sounds. Then it is muffled and against its background the children say the sentences compiled according to the illustration /

Text on next page. Count how many sentences are in it? (4)

Let's read this text.

What is the intonation of the last sentence? ( exclamatory).

What about the previous three? ( narrative).

How can we title this text?

Answer the questions to the text:

  • What do dogs do in the circus?
  • What are tigers doing?
  • What is said about bears?

Guys, what do you think, what qualities of character should a trainer have in order to teach animals such tricks?

Guys, which one of you was in the circus? Tell us about your impressions.

You receive another flower.

Fizminutka.

Are you tired?
Well, then everyone stood up together.
They stomped their feet,
They clapped their hands,
Turn around, turn around
And everyone sat down at the desks.
We close our eyes tightly.
We count to five together.
We open. blinking
And we continue to work.

7) Samuil Yakovlevich Marshak also loved the circus. He wrote an interesting poem. Let's read it on page 176. Guys, what incomprehensible words did you find in this poem?

(Guest performer, tightrope walker, juggler) / The teacher puts up a card with the word, the children read it in syllables in chorus, then the teacher explains the meaning of this word /

guest performer- an artist who gives performances, moving from city to city.

tightrope walker- an artist performing numbers on a highly taut rope.

Juggler- a circus performer who deftly throws and catches several objects at the same time.

Let's read the poem by S.Ya. Marshak again in chorus.

Well done. Here's another one for you flower.

8) Well, well, you did a great job at the lesson. This is evidenced by a large number of flowers. How many of them, count. (7)

What new letter did you learn in class?

How many sounds does it represent? Name it.

Describe the sound /c/

I will tell you a secret. Our flowers are unusual, magical. / The teacher turns each flower in turn. / Each one has a letter on it. Read what word came out of the flowers? (GOOD FELLOWS)

Yes, you are great today. Everyone did a good job in class.

consonant sounds in different words sound different. Sometimes hard, sometimes soft. In this lesson, we will learn to distinguish between soft and hard consonants and designate the softness of consonants in writing with the letters I, E, E, Yu, I and L. We will find out which consonants form pairs of hardness-softness, and which are only hard or only soft.

If you ask what can be soft, probably everyone will immediately say: bread, sofa, scarf, pillow. And stone, ice, wood - solid. Yes, but it turns out that the sounds of Russian speech, consonants, can also be hard and soft.

Say the words several times in turn: CAT - KIT.

Compare the first consonants. When pronouncing a sound in the word KIT, the middle part of the tongue rises to the palate, the passage through which the air flows narrows and a sound is obtained, which scientists conventionally called soft. And the opposite sound is called - solid.

It is important to listen to the sounds of spoken words. If you say the word HES otherwise - with a solid first sound, we get a completely different word - NOSE.

Let's listen and observe the movement of our tongue:

row - sound [p '] - glad - sound [p]

hatch - sound [l ’] - bow - sound [l]

crumpled - sound [m '] - small - sound [m]

Sounds can be written (conditionally) with icons. Musical sounds are recorded in notes, and speech sounds are written in letters, but in special square brackets - in transcription. In order not to confuse hard and soft sounds when reading the transcription, scientists agreed to show the softness of the sound with an icon very similar to a comma, only put it on top.

Most consonants form pairs of softness - hardness:

[b]

[b ']

[v]

[v']

[G]

[G']

[e]

[d']

[h]

[h ']

[To]

[To']

[l]

[l']

[m]

[m']

[n]

[n']

[P]

[P']

[R]

[R']

[With]

[With']

[T]

[T']

[f]

[f']

[X]

[X']

Some consonants are only hard or only soft. They do not form pairs in hardness / softness:

— Only hard consonants: [w], [w], [c];

— Only soft consonants: [th '], [h '], [u '].

In writing, the hardness of consonants is indicated by vowels A, O, U, Y, E, and the softness of consonants is indicated by vowels E, E, I, Yu, I.

There are words with soft consonants at the end of words or in the middle of words before other consonants. Listen to the words: salt, horse, notebook, coat, ring, letter. Then a soft sign will come to the rescue. Even his name suggests - a sign soft, for soft consonants.

How to act when writing words:

- I hear a solid consonant sound - I write letters after it in place of the vowel sound: A, O, U, Y, E.

- I hear a soft consonant sound before a vowel sound - I denote its softness with vowels: E, E, I, Yu, I.

- I hear a soft sound at the end of a word or before a consonant - I show softness b.

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See also:

Preparation for exams in Russian:

Essentials from theory:

We offer online tests:

What sounds are called consonants?
What is a consonant made of?
What are consonant sounds?
How many consonant letters and consonant sounds are there in the Russian alphabet?
Which consonants are always hard and which are always soft?
What letters indicate the softness of a consonant sound?

Sounds, during the pronunciation of which air meets an obstacle in the mouth, are called consonants. A consonant sound consists of noise and voice, or only noise.

The consonants are divided into voiced and deaf. Voiced sounds are made up of noise and voice, deaf sounds are made up of noise only.

Sounds consist only of noise: [k], [p], [s], [t], [f], [x], [c], [h], [w], [u]. These are voiceless consonants.

Many consonants form couples by voice-deafness: [b] — [p], [c] — [f], [g] — [k], [d] — [t], [s] — [s], [f] — [sh].

To memorize voiced consonants, you can learn the phrase: " LION AND TOAD HAVE MANY FRIENDS».
See all phrases for memorizing voiced and voiceless consonants.

Deaf consonants are easy to remember by the phrase: " STEPKA, WANT A CHICK?— Ugh!».

Consonant sounds are indicated by letters:

B,V,G,D,F,W,Y,TO,L,M,H,P,R,WITH,T,F,X,C,H,W,SCH.

In total, the Russian language has 21 consonants.

Consonants are also hard and soft.

Hard and soft sounds differ in the position of the tongue during pronunciation. When pronouncing soft consonants, the middle back of the tongue is raised to the hard palate.

Most consonants form pairs of hardness-softness:

The following hard and soft consonants do not form pairs in hardness-softness:

Solid [f] [w] [c]
Soft [h❜] [n❜] [th❜]

Table "Consonants: paired and unpaired, voiced and deaf, hard and soft" (Grades 1-4)

Note: in elementary school, hard consonants are marked in blue, soft consonants in green, and vowels in red.

Hardness consonants are indicated in writing by vowels A , O , At , S , E .

Softness consonant sound is indicated in writing by vowels E , Yo , I , Yu , I, as well as the letter b(soft sign).

Compare: nose[nose] - carried[n❜os], injection[injection] - coal[ugal❜].

Unpaired voiced sounds [d❜], [l], [l❜], [m], [m❜] [n], [n❜] [r], [r❜] are called sonorous, which means "sonorous" in Latin.

Sounds [g], [w], [h❜], [u❜] are called hissing. They got this name because their pronunciation is like a hiss.

Sounds [w], [w] are unpaired solid hissing sounds.
The sounds [h❜] and [u❜] are unpaired soft hissing sounds.

The sounds [c], [s❜], [z], [z❜], [c] are called whistling.

Consonant can not be percussive or unpercussed.

In Russian, there are more consonant sounds (36) than consonant letters (21), since one letter can denote paired hard and soft sounds: for example, the letter L (el) denotes the sounds [l] and [l❜].

Attention! A consonant can form a syllable only with

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