History of Luxembourg. History The history of Luxembourg is the most important
The city of Luxembourg is the capital of a small (with an area of 2,586.4 km²) Western European state of the same name with a constitutional-monarchical form of government. The city is located at an altitude of 334 m above sea level, at the confluence of two small rivers - Alzet (the southern tributary of the Syr) and Petrus. City area: 51.73 km². Population: 86,329 (2007) Coordinates: 49°36′42″ s. sh. 6°07′48″ in. e. Time zone: UTC+1, UTC+2 in summer. History of Luxembourg
The city was first mentioned in written sources in 963. In 1244 Luxembourg received the status of a city. Luxembourg has repeatedly been the subject of encroachment by various states. In 1606-1724 the city was under the rule of the Spanish rulers, in 1794-1815 - France, and in 1724-1794 - Austria.
In 1815 the city gains independence. During the First and Second World Wars, Luxembourg suffered from the occupation of German troops, but soon the city government was able to direct the economy in the right direction and the city began to develop rapidly.
Luxembourg today
Luxembourg is the world's largest banking, financial and tourist center. The city is considered one of the wealthiest in Europe. Developed services, finance and trade.
In 2011, Luxembourg took the first position in the ranking of the safest cities in the world. The city has a developed system of private and public transport.
Luxembourg map
Landmarks of Luxembourg
Luxembourg is a very harmonious and neat city.
The city is home to the National Library, the Conservatory, the Municipal Theatre, the Luxembourg Radio Symphony Orchestra and a film studio.
The National Museum of the city has a huge number of exhibits from different eras. There are also bronze figurines of the Roman era, and fragments of medieval sculpture, and interiors of the 18th-19th centuries, and even a collection of minerals.
In Luxembourg, the Museum of Natural History, the Museum of the History of the City of Luxembourg, the Museum of Ancient Musical Instruments, Museums of Urban Transport, the Museum of Folk Life, the Museum of Posts and Telecommunications, the Tutesal National Gallery, the Municipal Art Gallery are open to visitors.
A special role in the architectural image of the city is assigned to bridges, the number of which is 111. The largest are the Adolf Bridge and the Grand Duchess Charlotte Bridge.
A well-known landmark of the city is the residence of the Grand Duke, which is an elegant palace with turrets. Nearby is the City Hall (1830) and Notre Dame Cathedral (1613-1621).
Of historical interest are the ruins of a Roman watchtower, the Gothic Saint-Michel Cathedral (1519), the Saint-Cyrin Chapel (VI and XV), the building of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1751), the tomb of the King of Bohemia and Count John the Blind in the Cathedral of Our Lady (1613-1621) , the chapel of St. Quirin (XIV), the church of St. Michael (X), the church of St. John on the Stone (XVII).
Surroundings of the city are also popular among tourists. A few kilometers from Luxembourg, you can visit the old Schleifmillen mill, the Krischberg viaduct, the thermal springs at Mondorf-les-Bains and the fortresses of Holenfels, Ansembourg and Setfontaine.
The history of Luxembourg reads like a compelling book of remarkable events in magnificent lands. Although Luxembourg was inhabited long before the formation of the Roman Empire, the birth of modern Luxembourg is associated with the name of Count Siegfried of the Ardennes, who built a castle here in 963 AD. and laid the foundation for a dynasty whose representatives became the largest rulers of Europe. At the end of the Middle Ages, the rulers of Burgundy, Spain, France, Australia and Prussia fought for the possession of the city of Siegfried. More than 20 times in 400 years, the city was captured, destroyed and rebuilt, and as a result, this city became the strongest fortress in Europe after Gibraltar.
Considered a "forest province" of France during Napoleonic rule, Luxembourg was incorporated with Belgium into the newly created United Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1814. It collapsed 16 years later when Belgium seceded from the Netherlands, taking part of Luxembourg. This decision prompted the people of the Grand Duchy to fight for independence, and in 1830 the Dutch part of the country became the state now known as Luxembourg. In 1867, the London Treaty confirmed its autonomy. Soon after, the country declared its neutrality in all international affairs and - as a symbol of their newfound neutrality - the inhabitants set fire to their long-suffering fort.
The discovery of iron ore deposits in Luxembourg in 1850 contributed to the fact that by the beginning of the 20th century the country had become one of the most economically influential countries in Europe. (Steel exports still account for about a quarter of the country's exports.) The Grand Duchy responded very quickly to the economic crisis of the 70s by successfully attracting foreign capital through the introduction of new banking laws and favorable taxation. In 1948, after the Nazi occupation during World War II, Luxembourg renounced its neutrality and joined various international economic, political and military organizations, including NATO and the UN. The creation of the Benelux - the economic union of Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg - was one of the most significant events in the economic sphere. It also served as a model for the creation of the European Union, of which Luxembourg was a founding member.
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The history of the origin of the name of the state of Luxembourg is very remarkable. It begins in the 5th century BC
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The history of the origin of the name of the state of Luxembourg is very remarkable. It begins in the 5th century BC. Even then, the tribes of the Franks lived on these lands, and on the site of the present city there was a small settlement protected by fortress walls. And in the old German language, the phrase “small castle” sounds like Luxembourg. In the history of the country, the first mention of this city as the capital of an independent state appears in 963.
Later, already in the 11th century, the first royal dynasty arose, founded by a descendant of Charlemagne, who appropriated the title of Count of Luxembourg. His name was Conrad.
In 1437, the duchy came under the rule of one of the most powerful royal dynasties - the Habsburgs. This happened after the marriage between the German king Albert II and a relative of Conrad.
In 1443, Luxembourg was captured by the Duke of Burgundy, leading to a break in Habsburg rule until 1477. Events in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries did not bypass Luxembourg. In 1555 the duchy came under Spanish rule. A similar fate befell Flanders and Holland. The ensuing war between France and Spain in the 17th century led to Luxembourg repeatedly falling under the rule of rivals. At the beginning of the 18th century, the duchy remained under the rule of France, and in 1815, by decision of the Congress of Vienna, Luxembourg was transferred to King William of the Netherlands in exchange for other lands.
In 1830, an uprising took place in Belgium, which was under the rule of Wilhelm, which was supported by the inhabitants of the country. Later, in 1839, under the influence of fears of war by the states of Europe, Luxembourg was divided into 2 parts - the western part, whose population spoke French, assigned to Belgium and the rest, which became part of the German Confederation.
In 1887, the confederation collapsed and Luxembourg became an independent state. However, this status was changed by the war in Europe that raged at the beginning of the 20th century. From 1914 to 1918 the country was occupied by the Germans, and a similar situation was repeated during the Second World War. In September 1944, the long-awaited peace came to the land of the duchy. After the war, Luxembourg formed first a customs, and in 1958 an economic union with Belgium and the Netherlands, called the Benelux.
Nowadays, the country is a member of such international entities as the UN, EU, NATO.
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What is known in history as Luxembourg includes an area that extends beyond the modern boundaries of the Grand Duchy - the eponymous province of Belgium and small areas of neighboring countries. The very word "Luxembourg" in translation means "little castle" or "fortress"; this was the name of the fortifications hewn from stone of the capital city, which in Europe was known as "North Gibraltar". Located on steep cliffs rising above the Alzet River, this fortress was almost impregnable and existed until 1867.
The Romans may have first used this strategic location and fortified it when they ruled in the region of Belgica in Gaul. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Luxembourg was conquered by the Franks in the 5th century. and later became part of the vast empire of Charlemagne. It is known that one of the descendants of Charles, Siegfried
I was the ruler of this region in 963-987, and in the 11th century. Conrad, who appropriated himself the title of Count of Luxembourg, became the ancestor of a dynasty that ruled until the 14th century. The settlement of Luxembourg in 1244 received city rights. In 1437, as a result of the marriage of one of Conrad's relatives with the German king Albert II, the Duchy of Luxembourg passed to the Habsburg dynasty. In 1443 it was captured by the Duke of Burgundy, and the power of the Habsburgs was restored only in 1477. In 1555 it went to the Spanish king Philip II and, together with Holland and Flanders, fell under the rule of Spain.In the 17th century Luxembourg was repeatedly involved in wars between Spain and France, which was gaining strength. Under the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659, Louis XIV retook the southwestern edge of the duchy with the cities of Thionville and Montmedy. During another military campaign in 1684, the French captured the fortress of Luxembourg and remained there for 13 years, until, under the terms of the Peace of Ryswick, Louis was forced to return it to Spain, along with the lands he had captured in Belgium. After lengthy wars, Belgium and Luxembourg came under the rule of the Austrian Habsburgs in 1713, and a relatively peaceful period ensued.
It was interrupted by the French Revolution. Republican troops entered Luxembourg in 1795, and the area remained under French rule during the Napoleonic Wars. At the Congress of Vienna of 1814–1815, the European powers for the first time allocated Luxembourg as a Grand Duchy and transferred it to King William I of the Netherlands in exchange for the former possessions, which were annexed to the Duchy of Hesse. Luxembourg, however, was simultaneously included in the confederation of independent states - the German Confederation, and the Prussian troops were allowed to maintain their garrison in the fortress of the capital.
The next change came in 1830, when Belgium, also belonging to William I, revolted. With the exception of the capital, which was held by a Prussian garrison, all of Luxembourg joined the rebels. Trying to overcome the split in the region, the great powers in 1831 proposed to divide Luxembourg: its western part with the French-speaking population became a province of independent Belgium. This decision was finally approved by the Treaty of London in 1839, and Wilhelm remained the ruler of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, which had greatly decreased in size. The Great Powers made it clear that they regarded the duchy as an independent state from the Netherlands, bound only by a personal union with the ruler of that country. In 1842, Luxembourg joined the Customs Union of German States, founded in 1834. With the collapse of the German Confederation in 1866, the protracted presence of the Prussian garrison in the city of Luxembourg began to displease France. King William III of the Netherlands offered to sell his rights to the Grand Duchy to Napoleon III, but at that time a sharp conflict broke out between France and Prussia. The Second London Conference met in May 1867, and the London Treaty, signed in September of the same year, resolved the urgent contradictions. The Prussian garrison was withdrawn from the city of Luxembourg, the fortress was liquidated. The independence and neutrality of Luxembourg were proclaimed. The throne in the Grand Duchy remained the privilege of the Nassau dynasty.
The personal union with the Netherlands was broken in 1890 when Wilhelm III died and his daughter Wilhelmina succeeded to the Dutch throne. The Grand Duchy passed to another branch of the House of Nassau, and the Grand Duke Adolf became the ruler. After the death of Adolf in 1905, the throne was taken by his son Wilhelm, who ruled until 1912. Then began the reign of his daughter, Grand Duchess Mary Adelaide.
August 2, 1914 Luxembourg was captured by Germany. At the same time, German troops entered Belgium. The German Foreign Minister promised Luxembourg to pay reparations for violating its neutrality, and the occupation of the country continued until the end of the First World War. With the restoration of independence in 1918, a number of changes took place in Luxembourg. On January 9, 1919, Mary Adelaide abdicated in favor of her sister Charlotte. The latter received an overwhelming majority in a referendum held in 1919 to decide whether Luxembourg wanted to remain a Grand Duchy with the ruling House of Nassau. At the same time, constitutional reforms began in the spirit of democratization.
At the 1919 plebiscite, the population of Luxembourg expressed a desire to preserve the country's independence, but at the same time voted for an economic union with France. However, France, in order to improve relations with Belgium, rejected this proposal and thus prompted Luxembourg to conclude an agreement with Belgium. As a result, in 1921 a railway, customs and currency union with Belgium was established, which had been in effect for half a century.
The neutrality of Luxembourg was violated for the second time by Germany when the Wehrmacht troops entered the country on May 10, 1940. The Grand Duchess and members of her government fled to France, and after the surrender of the latter organized the government of Luxembourg in exile, located in London and Montreal. The German occupation was followed by the accession of Luxembourg to the Nazi Reich in August 1942. In response, the population of the country announced a general strike, to which the Germans responded with mass repressions. About 30,000 residents, or more than 10% of the total population, including most young men, were arrested and deported from the country.
In September 1944, Allied troops liberated Luxembourg, and on September 23 the government-in-exile returned to its homeland. The northern regions of Luxembourg were again captured by German troops during the offensive in the Ardennes and finally liberated only in January 1945.
Luxembourg took part in many post-war international agreements. He participated in the establishment of the UN, the Benelux (which also included Belgium and the Netherlands), NATO and the EU. The role of Luxembourg in the Council of Europe is also significant. Luxembourg signed the Schengen Agreement in June 1990, which abolished border controls in the Benelux countries, France and Germany. In February 1992, the country signed the Maastricht Treaty. Two representatives of Luxembourg - Gaston Thorne (1981-1984) and Jacques Santer (since 1995) - served as presidents of the EU commissions.
With the exception of 1974–1979, the Christian Social People's Party was represented in all governments after 1919. This stability, combined with effective labor laws and banking laws guaranteeing the secrecy of deposits, attracted large foreign investment in Luxembourg's industry and services.
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A tiny state like Luxembourg has a very old and complicated history. Since it has always been sandwiched between strong and warlike states, it has changed hands many times. The French, Germans, Spaniards, Dutch and Austrians ruled here. But the historical territory of Luxembourg is larger than the size of the modern Grand Duchy - part of it remained as the Belgian province of Luxembourg, other neighbors also nibbled on a piece.
The toponym "Luxembourg" itself is translated as "fortress" or "small castle". It was this name that the fortifications of the city of Luxembourg, carved into the rock, which Europeans often called "Northern Gibraltar" had. This ancient fortress, fused with steep cliffs near the bed of the Alzet River, was considered impregnable and was able to survive until 1867.
First there was a city...
The history of the country actually began with the city of Luxembourg. This strategically important and militarily convenient place was the first to be used by the Romans. They fortified it to protect the region of Belgica - the northeastern part of Gaul. When the Roman Empire fell, Luxembourg in the 5th century took possession of the Franks, after which he was part of the next huge empire of Charlemagne . It is known that Siegfried I - one of the descendants of Charles ruled the local lands in 963-987. Next, when Conrad in the 11th century awarded the title of Count of Luxembourg, then founded the dynasty that ruled here until the 14th century.
For the city of Luxembourg, the year of foundation falls on the 963rd when this name was first mentioned in a treaty concluded between the Trier abbey of St. Maximin and Count Siegfried. The latter became the owner of the rock, on which he later erected his fortified castle. Over the centuries, a city grew up around it, and with it a small country. That's why Count Siegfried is considered the founder of Luxembourg..
Before 1354 In the 1980s, the county of Luxembourg, which was part of the German Empire, had partial independence, and then it raised its status, becoming a duchy, besides, along the way, it annexed the county of Chani. In 1437 The dynasty of the Counts of Luxembourg ended, and the right to own the country passed to the Spanish Habsburgs. Decided the fate of the country its purchase in 1443 year Philip of Burgundy the Good. Luxembourg first became part of the Duchy of Burgundy, and later in the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Thus, he became an intermediate point between the European heavyweights - the French kingdom and the German Empire. When the son of Philip the Good, Charles the Bold, died, the northern counties of Burgundy fell to the Austrian Habsburgs. These counties created their own confederation - the Netherlands, where up to before 1839 years and included Luxembourg.
period of independence
The subsequent history of Luxembourg was no less interesting. Congress of Vienna in 1815 raised the status of Luxembourg - from an ordinary duchy it became great. Theoretically, he became independent, but there was a personal union with the Netherlands - the two states were ruled by one monarch - William I of Nassau-Oran, who was both the king of the Netherlands and the Grand Duke of Luxembourg. In 1839 The Treaty of London paved the way for Luxembourg's independence. But before that it was divided into 2 parts: the francophone one joined Belgium, and the German-speaking one turned into the Grand Duchy proper. It was from that time that the national identity of the country began to take shape, which was strengthened by the appearance of the first national anthem in 1859.
Until the Second World War, there was a steady economic development of Luxembourg, especially when coal was found there and railways were built to transport it. Labor shortages led to increased immigration. In 1914 Germany unsuccessfully tried to annex the country, which could violate its neutrality, maintained since 1867. This prompted Luxembourg to declare independence and withdraw from the customs union. BUT in 1921 formed an economic union with Belgium.
World War II period
Germany during the Second World War occupied Luxembourg and staged a forced Germanization there. Over 2% of the Duchy's population died in this war.- relatively even more than that of a participant in the war - France, which lost only 1.5% of the population. But these losses only caused an increase in the desire of the people to restore the country. It made it a priority to open itself up economically to the rest of the world.
Post-war rise
To become part of a large market, Luxembourg had to give up its neutrality, so it in 1945 joined the founding states of the UN, and in 1949 joined NATO. The economic union with Belgium, broken up during the war, was restored again. In 1951 In the same year, the country joined the European Coal and Steel Community, which set up its first headquarters here. Then Luxembourg, along with Brussels and Strasbourg, became the headquarters for various EU bodies.
Accelerated integration into the European Union and its transformation into a major financial center made the city of Luxembourg a true cosmopolitan center after the 1960s. Thanks to the presence of a financial center, the country more easily overcame the "steel" crisis of 1974-75. Modern Luxembourg plays an active role in the international arena, having a good position there, its role in helping developing countries is especially noticeable.
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