Structural scheme of the method of collective associations. Collective association methods

10.11.2020

In the method of associations, the main sources for generating ideas are randomly selected concepts and the resulting associations and metaphors.

For the emergence of associations and the generation of ideas, it is advisable to use various metaphors: binary analogous metaphors; metaphors of catachresis containing contradictions; riddle metaphors. The technology of free associations is based on such principles as free associations, anti-conformity, delayed critical analysis.

Association garland method. The method of garlands of associations and metaphors is a development of the method of focal objects. First, the definition of object synonyms is given, as a result of which a garland of synonyms is formed. All elements of the garland of synonyms are combined with each element of the garland of random nouns.

Methods using cards

Card-based methods allow for the anonymity of group participants, so they are often used when there are conflicts in the group putting forward ideas. Conflicts do not allow the creative, constructive nature of decisions to manifest. In addition, verbal descriptions discipline the participants, making demands on the conciseness of expressing thoughts, and allow you to visualize the process of generating ideas, thereby connecting additional channels of perception and creating additional associations.

ADOPTION OF SD UNDER CERTAINTY, RISK AND UNCERTAINTY

Differences between certainty, risk and uncertainty reflect differences in the degree of knowledge of the decision maker. If we imagine the state of his knowledge as a line of the spectrum, then at one end of it there will be certainty (complete knowledge), and at the other - uncertainty (complete lack of knowledge). Risk (partial knowledge) will lie in between. The position on the line of the spectrum will reflect the degree of certainty (or uncertainty) present.

The concept of certainty. Certainty is understood as such a state of knowledge, when the decision maker knows in advance the specific outcome for each alternative. In other words, the decision maker has complete knowledge of the state of the environment and the results of each possible decision.

Risk concept. Risk is defined as the state of knowledge when one or more outcomes for each alternative are known and when the probability of each outcome being realized is reliably known to the decision maker. Under risk conditions, the decision maker has some objective knowledge of the environment of actions and is able to objectively predict the probable essence of phenomena and the outcome or return for each of the possible strategies.

concept of uncertainty. Uncertainty is such a state of knowledge when one or more alternatives have a number of possible outcomes, the probability of which is either unknown or does not make sense. Therefore, unlike risk, uncertainty will be a subjective phenomenon. Uncertainty is often due to rapid changes in the structural variables and market phenomena that determine the economic and social environment of the firm.

Methods for choosing alternatives under certainty

Under conditions of certainty, the decision maker knows everything about the possible states of the essence of the phenomena that affect the decision, and knows which decision will be made. The decision maker simply chooses the strategy, course of action, or project that will give the most return.

In the general case, the development of decisions under certainty is aimed at finding the maximum return either in the form of maximizing benefits (income, profit or utility) or minimizing costs. Such a search is called optimization analysis. Three optimization methods are used by the decision maker: marginal analysis, linear programming, and incremental profit analysis.

Limit Analysis. Under certainty, revenues and costs will be known for any level of production and sales. The task is to find their optimal ratio, which allows maximizing profit. Limit analysis allows you to do this. It uses the concepts of marginal cost and marginal revenue (Fig. 19). This figure shows income, cost, and profit curves typical of microeconomic theory.

marginal revenue ( MR) is defined as additional income (change in total income) received from the sale additional unit product. Graphically, it is expressed by the slope of the total income curve ( TR). marginal costs ( MC) are defined as incremental costs (changes in total costs) for the acquisition or production of an additional unit of output. Graphically, they are expressed by the slope of the total cost curve ( TS).

Incremental analysis. Incremental profit analysis deals with any and all changes in income, costs, and profits that result from a particular decision. Thus, the concept of incremental analysis covers changes in both the functions themselves and their values. The basic decision rule is to accept any proposal that increases profits, or reject any proposal that reduces it.

Linear programming. Linear programming models are distinguished by their clarity and relative simplicity. Their use in many practically important tasks related to decision-making turned out to be highly effective, and therefore they have become quite widespread. Some of the most famous linear programming problems include:

 problems of allocation of limited resources (problems of optimal planning);

 tasks about the optimal basket of products (tasks about diet, tasks of optimal mixing);

 tasks of optimal cutting (materials, blanks);

 transport tasks;

 appointment tasks;

 tasks of optimization of financial flows;

 tasks of optimization of payment schedules.

Methods for selecting alternatives under risk conditions

Making a decision under risk. The conditions of risk and uncertainty are characterized by the so-called conditions of multivalued expectations of the future situation in the external environment. In this case, the decision maker must make a choice of alternative (Ai), not having an accurate idea of the environmental factors and their influence on the result. Under these conditions, the outcome, the result of each alternative is a function of conditions - environmental factors (utility function), which is not always able to foresee the decision maker. To provide and analyze the results of the selected alternative strategies, a decision matrix, also called a payoff matrix, is used. An example of a decision matrix is given in Table. one.

Table 1

Decision Matrix

A1, A2, A3–alternative action strategies; S1, S2, S3 - the state of the economy (stability, decline, growth, etc.); E11; E12; E13; E21; …E33;... - the results of decisions.

The numbers in the cells of the matrix represent the results of the implementation Eij strategies AI in conditions sj. At the same time, under conditions of risk, the probability of occurrence sj known - wj(Sj).

Decision-making methods under risk use the theory of choice, called utility theory. According to this theory, the decision maker chooses AI from the set ( AI) (i = 1 … n), which maximizes the expected cost of its utility function E,j.

Under conditions of risk, when making a decision, the main point is to determine the probability of the onset of the state of the environment sj, i.e. the degree of risk.

After determining the probability wj(Sj) the onset of the state of the environment sj, determine the expected cost of implementing each alternative, which is the weighted average cost E(Ai):

E(Ai) =j eij wj(Sj)

where E(Ai) - the result of the implementation AI ; wj(Sj) – probability of occurrence sj.

The optimal strategy is the one that provides the highest expected cost.

Memory training
> association method

The association method is the first and main method of memory development, which must be mastered without fail, since it is functional not only in itself, but also is an integral part of most methods effective memorization. Without this method, it is impossible to imagine any memorization technique, just as it is impossible to imagine mathematics without numbers.

What is an association? Association is in a broad sense linking something to something. That is, an association is such a connection between two or more phenomena (objects, sensations, ideas, words, etc.) in which the actualization of one of them entails the appearance of another. So, for example, when you see a person walking with skis, you remember winter (in other words, skis are associated with winter), and when they ask you what summer is connected with, you, most likely, say that with the sun. Nevertheless, the associations of different people are very different from each other.

If you ask several people to answer the word "red" with the first word that comes to mind (in other words, ask which word associated he has the word "red"), you can get such answers: "poppy", "flag", "tomato", "black", etc. Such differences depend primarily on the individual experience of each person. The associations described above are called free, they are already formed in your mind. And to master the association method itself, you will need to learn how to create new associations (or connections) between any elements (words, numbers, symbols, etc.).

In fact, creating memory associations is an art. The famous American psychologist and philosopher William James (1842-1910) noted: "The art of good memory is the art of creating numerous and varied connections with any information that we want to remember ...". And all other researchers of the reserves of human memory unconditionally agree with him. In order for associations to help you more effectively, you first need to learn a few rules for creating or building them.

Rule number 1. Associations should be unusual, non-standard, incredible.

The more banal and boring your associations are, the less likely they are to be of effective help. On the contrary, the more non-standard and perhaps even more absurd the connection between the elements, the stronger it is. Even better, if your associations are funny and ridiculous. Not without reason, in a series of changing days, we cannot remember the Tuesday before last, but we clearly remember the holidays, birthdays ten years ago, that is, everything that at least somehow goes beyond the ordinary.

And even in the midst of the holidays, again and again we turn in our reminiscences to those who distinguished themselves by some unusual incident. Such is the property of our memory: it is best to capture all the most vivid, unusual and exciting. So, when combining two elements, try to come up with the most incredible and strange combination, and you will see that this will affect the memorization process in the most positive way.

Associations are always individually, and therefore the reader should treat the examples below only as an illustration, and not at all as the only possible and correct construction of associations. In order to master the method of associations, you must first of all learn how to link any two words together, and learn how to create connections that are unusual, unexpected, non-standard, funny.

Let's try, for example, to link the word "orange" and the word "soap" in several ways. I really hope that you have learned Rule # 1 and immediately refuse connections like this: "I bought an orange and soap." This is an enumeration relationship, it is easily forgotten. It is much better if the connection is as follows: "I began to peel an orange, and there (instead of juicy pulp) there was a bar of soap."

You should not be confused by the strangeness or unreality of the connection you have created - after all, as you know, these are the things that are remembered best. Here is another way to create a connection between these words: "I draw an orange with a bar of soap." The connection can be like this: "I imagine that I bite off an orange, and it turns into soap in my mouth." Now come up with 2-3 more original connections (associations) between the words "orange" and "soap" yourself.

Let's try to connect the words "tree" and "TV". Naturally, the connection "a tree is shown on TV" does not suit us. It will be forgotten as quickly as it appeared. "TV hanging on a tree" is better, but even better, even more unusual would be to imagine that many small TVs hang on a tree (like leaves or fruits).

"The TV is built into a tree trunk" - not bad either. But the connection: "When you turn on the TV, a tree begins to grow from it," - in my opinion, the most successful of those listed. My opinion will become clearer to you when you familiarize yourself with the rest of the rules for building associations for memorization.

At first, building such connections seems very, very strange, sometimes almost nonsense, but you must not forget that learning to build such connections is simply necessary for mastering most methods of effective memorization. Try to come up with some more significantly different connections between the words "TV" and "tree". The more original connections between these words you can create, the better.

By the way, in a similar way they test the creative abilities of a person. The more original and different in essence (and not "the tree came out from above...", "the tree came out from the side... or from below") connections a person can create, the higher his creative potential. Therefore, building new connections between words is doubly useful.

*** Exercise 1.

Practice on your own: come up with associative links for words:

GLASS and SHOES
PENCIL and HAT
PHONE and WATERMELON

For each pair, come up with 3-4 connections, not forgetting Rule #1.

In the Appendix you will find a few more pairs of words for self-practice. It is even more difficult to invent to link such words between which standard associations just arise. In these cases, one must be able to come up with other associations, build new connections.

To develop memory, learn to avoid stereotypical, firmly rooted in personal experience communication is especially important. It is important because the greatest number of errors occurs precisely when reproducing words, between which a standard logical connection arises in itself.

For example, between the words "grass-flower", "cat-mouse" the following connections suggest themselves: "a flower grows in the grass" and, accordingly, "the cat caught the mouse." Such connections are forgotten, like everything else. This happens because people trust such an experiential connection and do not approach the creation of an association creatively. Especially often this happens when memorizing not two, but a whole chain of elements.

Let's try to come up with something new for the words "pillow" and "blanket". It's more complicated than for the words "orange" and "soap", isn't it? And yet, for a good mastery of the methods of memory development, one must learn to get away from the usual connections, break the usual stereotypes. Here are some examples of original connections between these words

"The pillow is sewn (stuck) to the center of the blanket."
"A feather fell out of the pillow and turned into a blanket."
"The pillow burst and turned into a blanket."
"They put a pillow on their heads, and wrapped themselves in a blanket."

*** Exercise 2.

Practice making unexpected connections between words:

WATER and FLOWER
CAT and MILK
ENVELOPE and PEN

Come up with 3-4 original connections between the words of each pair.

Of course, it would be most logical to connect "cat" and "milk" like this: "The cat drinks milk", but if you really want the method of associations to bring you maximum benefit in the future, then show more imagination and come up with something more interesting. For example, at least this: "A cat swims in milk." A few more pairs of words, the usual connections between which need to be changed to new ones you will find in the Appendix.

Rule number 2. Represent your associations visually.
When the association is ready, you need to present it, draw a visual picture, "revive" the plot that you came up with. Otherwise, this rule is called METHOD OF REVIVAL. This simple method will help you to fix the born connection in your memory. Try to imagine your story as a scene from a movie or cartoon. At first, you may need to close your eyes for a while to do this, but after a little practice, you will learn to see pictures with your eyes open.

Rule number 3. Exaggerate your associations.
Information will be retained more strongly if you imagine objects of unnatural sizes, for example, huge, much larger than they really are. So, when you need to remember the word "butter", imagine a huge pack of butter, the size of a residential building; if you memorize the word "light", then imagine a dazzlingly bright light. But a huge elephant in your imagination can be flattened, it will become unusual and funny, and, therefore, will be remembered better.

Rule number 4. Your associations must move.
Memorization will be even more effective if, by combining objects, you make them move, that is, perform some action. Movement will help you visualize the story more vividly and vividly. By creating connections between objects, make them fall, burn, break, fly, fall through, explode, jump, etc.

Try to avoid the verb "was" in your plots, use brighter verbs. And the clearer the action by which the transition from one word to another is carried out, the better result memorization. When assimilating a long list, try to make each of its elements become, as it were, actor, that is, he performed the action himself, and was not only the object of influence of the previous list element.

*** Exercise 3.

Now that you are already familiar with all the rules for making associations, it's time to practice some more. It is good if, when drawing up associations, you remember all 4 rules. Associate using the word association method:

JACKET and EAR
LIGHT BULB and FAN
BALL and CUTLETS
SALUTE and MUSHROOM
PAINT and STEWARDESS
BINOCULARS and WASH
RADIO and ANTENNA
BICYCLE and CHALK

If you are having difficulty creating connections between words, seek help from your friends, and even better - from children, because they are masters of fantasizing. Listen to what connections they come up with, and gradually you will learn how to quickly create unusual associations, the main thing is more fantasy and imagination.

By the way, let me remind you that the ability to link a wide variety of words together is useful not only for the development of memory, but also for the development of creativity. Therefore, do not take the time and pay more attention to this lesson.

The famous Italian children's writer Gianni Rodari not only created on the basis of this very innocent lesson a whole methodology for developing children's creative abilities, but also came up with a wonderful name for it - "fantasy bean". In his book "Fantasy Grammar. An Introduction to the Art of Making Up Stories" you will find not only many examples of how an amazing story is born from two seemingly incompatible words, but also specific methods for connecting these different words, that is, methods for finding that very connection between words, which you may have already spent a lot of time looking for.

However, it is not enough to know how to build a connection between concepts or objects denoted by words, it is necessary to gain practical experience in this useful matter. You can do this at any time, in any minute free from mental activity: at home, in transport, in line, etc. During the day, we always have minutes that we waste, so it is better to use them for the good of the cause. For example, why don't you try to make connections between two random objects that you come across along the way from bed to bathroom?

The next day, try to knit them again, but this time in a different way. And then, perhaps, it will be possible to come up with a third and fourth variant of communication. Or you can choose two other subjects. All the same, these seconds are not busy with you. Why not exercise for the mind, you will not dispute the fact that it is less necessary than exercise for the body. You can do this exercise for the mind when you are waiting for the coffee to boil, and when your partner is a little late for a meeting.

Well, now is the time to check how good connections between words you created in Exercise #3. Without peeping into the task (better cover it with a piece of paper), try to reproduce the second word in the pair:

Bulb -
Jacket -
Cutlet -
A bike -

Mushroom -
Binoculars -
Dye -
Antenna -

6.1. Method brainstorming

The method is based on the psychological laws of collective activity and is based on the fact that the creative activity of each person is often restrained for one reason or another, among which a significant place is occupied by various barriers: psychological and communicative, social and pedagogical. The target orientation of brainstorming (brainstorming) involves ensuring the process of generating ideas without their analysis and discussion by the participants, and the success of its implementation depends on the observance of two main principles:

1) the group can produce ideas of higher quality when working together than when individual work the same people, due to the synergistic effect;

2) if the group is in a state of generating ideas, then the process of creative thinking cannot be hindered by a premature subjective evaluation of these ideas.

The essence of the method is to give each member of the group the right to express a variety of ideas about the options for solving the problem, regardless of their validity, feasibility and logic. The more offers, the better. Participants of the discussion get acquainted with information about the nature of the problem in advance. All proposals are listened to without criticism and evaluation, and their analysis is carried out centrally after the completion of the process of hearing options based on the notes made.

As a result, a list is formed in which all submitted proposals are structured according to certain parameters-limitations, as well as according to their effectiveness.

When brainstorming (storming) they deal with an unlimited discussion, which is carried out mainly in groups of 4-10 participants. Brainstorming alone is also possible. How more difference between the participants, the more fruitful the result (due to different experience, temperament, work areas).

Participants do not need deep and long training and experience in this method. However, the quality of the ideas put forward and the time spent will show how familiar the individual participants or target groups are with the principles and basic rules of this method. It is positive that the participants have knowledge and experience in the area under consideration. The duration of the brainstorming session can be selected from a few minutes to several hours, the duration of which is generally 20-30 minutes.

6.2. Delphi method

The purpose of the method is to obtain consistent information high degree credibility from a panel of experts. The method was developed by employees of the American company Rand Corporation in 1964.

It implements an attempt to eliminate the contradiction that arises when organizing the work of a group of experts. Its essence lies in the fact that if experts are interrogated independently of each other, then deviations within large limits are possible. And if experts are allowed to interact and exchange opinions in the process of work, then this can lead to the appearance of assessments imposed by authoritative colleagues.

Therefore, when applying the Delphi method, a procedure is carried out that ensures the exchange of information about arguments and answers, without direct interaction of experts with each other. Direct discussions of experts are replaced by individual surveys, which take place according to a specific program in several stages (Fig. 6.1).

The polling steps are repeated as many times as necessary to reach a consensus decision.

The Delphi method is often used in cases where group gathering is not possible. Moreover, in accordance with the methodology, group members are not allowed to meet and exchange opinions about the problem being solved, and independence of opinions is ensured. However, the time spent on developing solutions increases significantly.

Development is carried out in the following sequence:

Group members are invited to respond to a detailed list of questions on the issue under consideration;

Each participant answers questions independently and anonymously;

The results of the answers are collected in the center, and on their basis an integral document is compiled containing all the proposed solutions;

Each member of the group receives a copy of this material;

Familiarization with the proposals of other participants may change the opinion about possible solutions;

The previous two steps are repeated as many times as needed to reach an agreed upon solution.

This method is applicable when there are no time limits for making a decision and agreed decisions are made by the experts themselves.

6.3. Heuristic methods

Heuristics is a science that studies productive creative thinking(heuristic activity). Heuristic methods are special methods used in the process of discovering something new. Heuristics are experience-based: rules, strategies, good practices, simplifications, or other means that significantly limit the search space for a solution to complex problems. Heuristic methods are based on the effects of "insight" and synergy, typical conditions for the application of these methods are as follows: lack of time to justify the problem situation, overload of information that makes it difficult to process it.

The most well-known heuristics are the availability heuristic, the representativeness heuristic, the binding and matching heuristic.

Availability heuristic: People rate events that are easier to query from memory as more likely than information that is harder to query. It is considered easier to retrieve from memory what a person can remember vividly, figuratively, and what happened recently.

The representativeness heuristic is understood as the degree of correspondence or similarity between a sample and the population, an element and a class or category, an action and an actor, an effect and a cause, or, more generally, a correspondence between an outcome and a model. People consider events more likely if they correspond to a common prototype, that is, a typical representative of the concept, and at the same time, in their assessments, significant features of the general population are often ignored. They neglect the initial data, the size of the group and the probability of occurrence.

Finally, people render their scores using the anchoring and matching heuristics. Based on an (insignificant) baseline, they make incorrect estimates or, when new information is available and taken into account, they do not sufficiently “correct” the estimates with the existing state of affairs.

6.4. Methods of morphological analysis

Method of morphological analysis. The term "morphology" (the doctrine of form, Gr. morphe - form and logos - teaching) was introduced in 1796 by Goethe - the founder of the morphology of organisms, the doctrine of the form and structure of plants and animals. Later, the morphology of man, soils, etc. appeared. The method is based on combining selected elements or their features in the process of finding solutions to problems. Within the framework of this method, all possible elements are determined on which the solution of the problem may depend, the possible values \u200b\u200bof these elements are listed, and then the process of generating alternatives begins by enumerating all possible combinations of these values. For the first time, morphological analysis was used to solve technical problems in 1942, when the Swiss astronomer F. Zwicky began to develop rocket engines at Aerojemne Engineering Corporation.

The construction of morphological matrices allows you to quickly and accurately navigate the variety of concepts and factors. Classification is one of the most important elements of creative activity.

When using this research method, the object must be divided into functional parts (functional morphological features), such, without which the object will not perform its functions. Then you should write out separately morphological features and write down information about them (implementation options) without connection with the object (product), i.e. apply morphological features to other similar products. The analysis of the obtained variants reveals their combinations, which can be missed during the usual enumeration.

6.5. Synectics method

Synectics method. William Gordon (the author of synectics), in an effort to turn the productive process that takes place in the subconscious when solving a problem, from implicit to explicit, from spontaneous to consciously controlled, in 1960 introduced a conscious search for analogies within a certain procedure (Fig. 6.2).

The term "synectics" means the combination of dissimilar elements, the connection of various, often obviously incompatible parts. The very idea of synectics is to unite individual "creators" into a single group for the joint formulation and solution of problems. In general, synectics includes two basic processes:

1) the transformation of the unfamiliar into the familiar;

2) the transformation of the familiar into the unfamiliar.

In the situation of association, participants are required to express their thoughts and feelings about the creative task.

To activate thinking and manage it, Gordon used four types of analogies: direct; personal; symbolic; fantastic.

Therefore, the method is based on the use of unconscious mechanisms that manifest themselves in a person's thinking at the time of creative activity.

Unlike brainstorming, this requires a special and lengthy preparation of the group. The work of the group takes place in two stages. The task of the first is to make the unusual familiar. To do this, by generalizing various situations, an unusual problem or object is placed in a familiar context using the method of analogies, and its unusualness disappears. After that, the second stage begins, the task of which is to make the familiar unusual (to return to the original problem).

6.6 Methods collective associations

In the method of associations, the main sources for generating ideas are randomly selected concepts and the resulting associations and metaphors.

For the emergence of associations and the generation of ideas, it is advisable to use various metaphors: binary analogous metaphors; metaphors - catachreses containing contradictions; riddle metaphors. The technology of free associations is based on such principles as free associations, anti-conformity, delayed critical analysis.

6.7 Methods using cards

Methods using cards include: Crawford's questionnaire method; method 635; generic resemblance diagram; dissection technique.

Review questions

1. List the characteristics of methods for generating alternatives. Methods for connecting alternatives.

2. The essence of the brainstorming method.

3. The essence of the Delphi method.

4. Appointment of heuristic methods.

5. Methods of morphological analysis.

6. Possibilities of using the method of collective associations.

7. Appointment of synectics methods.

heuristic method. association method

The specialists who developed this method believe that the associative method of activating the creative thinking of students is based on the use of semantic analogies and secondary semantic shades in the creative process. The main sources for generating ideas are associations, metaphors and randomly selected concepts.

Between two completely different, unrelated concepts, a logical connection can be made, an associative transition can be established in 4-5 stages. For example, if we take two different concepts - “wood” and “ball”, then when making an associative transition, we can get a chain: “wood” - “forest”, “forest” - “field”, “field” - “football”, “ soccer ball".

APPLICATION OF METAPHOR

Various metaphors can be used to create associations and generate ideas in the practice of staff training and development. At interactive learning it is more convenient to use their simple types:

Binary analogous metaphors (“the bell laughs”, “horseshoes of eyebrows”);

Metaphors-catahreses containing contradictions ("land sailor", "round square");

Riddle metaphors (“fog over the forest” - a scarf, “a full room of people” - a cucumber).

When developing the creative potential of managers and specialists, it is also advisable to use new associations, which eventually generate truly productive solutions to the problem.

In the process of the emergence of associations, extraordinary connections are established between the components of the problem being solved and the previous experience of managers and specialists involved in the game interaction. As a result of the emergence of new associative links, non-standard creative ideas arise that provide new perspectives and new opportunities.

During interactive communication, it is necessary for each member of the group to offer their own word, a concept that should be the basis for establishing associative links with the process of generating ideas.

The advantage of metaphorical thinking is its high level of originality. The generation of metaphors develops the creative thinking of trained managers and specialists, allows you to see the world and real practice on a more global level.

PRINCIPLES OF TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATIONFREE ASSOCIATIONS

This technology is based on the following principles:

Free associations.

Anticonformism.

Delayed critical analysis.

Then, to generate new associations and generate new ideas on this issue, the word “TV” is offered as a stimulus.

RULES FOR ORGANIZERSBY APPLICATION OF THE METHOD

Organizers of the process of generating ideas by the method of free association should act as follows:

Before solving the problem, try to reformulate it several times;

Offer the original word, a concept that will stimulate the thought and imagination of the participants in the training to form unexpected associations and generate ideas;

At the initial stage of creative prompting, as in brainstorming, do not criticize the proposals, whatever they may be;

Change words and concepts at a fast pace, on the basis of which associative chains are formed.

RULES OF INTERACTIVE INTERACTIONFOR PARTICIPANTS

One should not be afraid to speak out loud everything that is directly or indirectly connected with the nascent association, idea;

Any ideas that arise from the members of the game team are necessarily recorded;

Systematization and classification of ideas are carried out only when the generation process is completed;

The most optimal and constructive idea is selected after a critical analysis of all the accumulated information.

Specialists in creative learning and development technologies include interactive technologies such types as:

Time constraint method;

Sudden ban method;

Method of new variants;

Method of information insufficiency or vice versa, information saturation;

Delphi method;

Focal object method;

Method of morphological analysis;

Method of absurdity and others.

The advantage of these methods is that they allow you to develop the dialectic of thinking, find a way out of a seemingly hopeless situation, original, unexpected solutions. creative tasks different levels difficulties and problems.

However, it seems to us that all these techniques are not interactive in themselves, they can only be used to some extent by informed teachers as creative techniques in various games.

Thus, the analysis of interactive heuristic technologies also indicates their diversity and specificity, which allows the teacher to use both whole game complexes and individual techniques that have an independent character for various educational and professional purposes.

It is also important to note that brainstorming, synectics and free association allow to diagnose the creative potential of the individual, to reveal the imagery of thinking and horizons, originality of fantasy, speed of reaction, the ability to reincarnate, the ability to convince, influence other people, mobility and innovation, etc.

Tips for the teacher on problem solving

Classify and clarify the problem.

Coordinate processes and methods for problem solving with trainees.

Divide known information according to the proposed criteria ( strengths, weak, etc.).

Talk about the threats and weaknesses of the current situation. Apply linear or logical thinking. Consider learning styles and technologies. Develop the clarified concepts, deepen them using brainstorming and synectics sessions.

Take time to think about each step of solving the problem.

Share information generated by class participants and your own.

Consider ways out of impasses. Avoid wording restrictions.

Check the correctness of an adequate understanding of the terms and formulations by all participants in the lesson.

An association is usually referred to as a connection,
arising in the human mind
between any facts
events, properties, phenomena,
that are reflected in the mind
person and exist in his memory.
At the heart of the mechanism of occurrence
associations lie human
reflexes and the work of the subconscious.

Method of garlands of associations and metaphors

The method is used to search
solutions and generating ideas in any
areas. He helps the researcher
find clues to solve problems with
through various associations.
The essence of the method is to build
long chains - garlands, in which
includes random elements and
associations to them.

Stages

Stage 1. Selection of the focal object and
synonyms for it. At the first stage
it is necessary to designate the main
the object for which you want to find
creative solution. Having defined
such an element, you need to pick up to
it has several synonyms.

Stage 2. Selection of random
objects. At this stage it is required
select accessories,
to help you find a solution
tasks. These objects are selected
randomly and do not have
no connection to the main.

Stage 3. Establishment of a logical
connections of the focal object with
auxiliary. After
main and auxiliary objects
selected, you need to install between
them a logical association

Stage 4. Selection of characteristics and properties
random objects. At this stage
each one must be taken in turn.
auxiliary object and pick up to
its characteristics, in accordance with
its properties. main object here
does not participate, that is, the characteristics
must be chosen without regard
attention to him.

Stage 5. Linking characteristics
auxiliary facilities with
main. Now you need
parse found properties
and characteristics of the elements and
select those that can be applied
to the focal object.

Stage 6. Determination of the most
suitable options and selection
the best. At the last stage
only work remains
analyze the options
proved to be the most suitable for
solutions to the
task researchers, and choose
the best of them

Example

To demonstrate the garland method
associations we set to solve the problem
expanding the range of the watch factory
and take for modernization such
object like a clock.
1. In the first step, we will get a garland
synonyms for the word clock: clock - alarm clock stopwatch - chronometer.
2. At the second step, we choose five random
objects, for example: cassette,
snowdrop, banner, bed, felt.

3. At the third step, we obtain the following
combination of synonyms and random
objects: watch with cassette, watch with
snowdrop, clock on a banner, clock
v
bed, a clock in felt, an alarm clock with
cassette, alarm clock for bed, alarm clock with
felt, stopwatch with cassette, etc.
4. At the fourth step, we get a table
random objects and their features:
RANDOM OBJECT / FEATURES
Cassette: Plastic, fragile, musical
Snowdrop: Blue, small, fragrant.
Banner: Large, heavy, colorful
Bed: Clean, soft, warm, wide
Felt: Dense, prickly, warm.

5. Combining an upgradeable item
and its synonym with signs of random
objects we get: plastic clock,
fragile alarm clock, blue watch,
musical clock, small clock,
smell alarm clock, big clock,
heavy
alarm clock, colorful stopwatch, clean
clock, soft alarm clock, warm clock,
wide stopwatch, warm stopwatch,
tight clock, prickly alarm clock, etc.
6. At this step, we will generate
garlands of free associations, the basis
which will be signs of random objects:

SIGN / Actually garland
associations:
Plastic Plastic - pen paper - fire
Fragile Glass - glass - water - rain
Blue Sky - sun - summer - heat
Fragrant Perfume - women - flowers - spring
Heavy Kettlebell - sport - competition prizes
Colorful Magazine - computer - program floppy disks

Synthesizing a garland of associations and synonyms
item being upgraded
we get the following combinations: a clock in a pen,
fiery clock, glass clock,
water clock, sundial, perfume clock,
women's watches, colored watches,
sports watch, prize watch, glass
alarm clock, water alarm clock,
prize alarm clock, water stopwatch,
computer stopwatch.
8. At this step, we decide not to continue
the process of generating ideas, as their
already enough.
9. Choosing from a variety of ideas only
rational and weeding out those decisions that
already implemented (alarm clock with cassette,
music watch, ladies watch,
underwater watches, sports watches, watches in a pen and
etc.), we get the following
combinations:

Alarm clock with a smell, a watch in perfume,
sundial, warm watch, glass
clock,
prize watch, computer
stopwatch.
10. At the last stage, the choice of solutions
produced by the customer, but no one will say
exactly which of the proposed solutions
make a brilliant career.