Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev - biography, information, personal life. Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev: biography, brief description of creativity

Fyodor Tyutchev is a famous Russian lyricist, poet-thinker, diplomat, conservative publicist, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences since 1857, privy councilor.

Tyutchev wrote his works mainly in the direction of romanticism and pantheism. His poems are very popular both in Russia and throughout the world.

In his youth, Tyutchev spent his days reading poetry and admiring their creativity.

In 1812, the Tyutchev family was forced to move to Yaroslavl due to the outbreak.

They remained in Yaroslavl until the Russian army finally expelled the French army, led by.

Thanks to his father’s connections, the poet was enrolled in the College of Foreign Affairs as a provincial secretary. Later, Fyodor Tyutchev becomes a freelance attaché of the Russian diplomatic mission.

During this period of his biography, he works in Munich, where he meets Heine and Schelling.

Tyutchev's creativity

In addition, he continues to write poetry, which he later publishes in Russian publications.

During the period of biography 1820-1830. he wrote such poems as “Spring Thunderstorm”, “Like the Ocean Envelops the Globe...”, “Fountain”, “Winter is not angry for nothing...” and others.

In 1836, the Sovremennik magazine published 16 works by Tyutchev under the general title “Poems sent from Germany.”

Thanks to this, Fyodor Tyutchev is gaining great popularity in his homeland and abroad.

At the age of 45, he receives the position of senior censor. At this time, the lyricist continues to write poetry, which arouses great interest in society.

Amalia Lerchenfeld

However, the relationship between Tyutchev and Lerchenfeld never reached the wedding. The girl chose to marry the wealthy Baron Krudner.

The first wife in Tyutchev’s biography was Eleonora Fedorovna. In this marriage they had 3 daughters: Anna, Daria and Ekaterina.

It is worth noting that Tyutchev had little interest in family life. Instead, he liked to spend his free time in noisy companies in the company of representatives of the fairer sex.

Soon, at one of the social events, Tyutchev met Baroness Ernestina von Pfeffel. An affair began between them, which everyone immediately found out about.

When the poet's wife heard about this, she, unable to bear the shame, struck herself in the chest with a dagger. Fortunately, there was only a minor injury.

Tyutchev's first wife Eleanor (left) and his second wife Ernestine von Pfeffel (right)

Despite the incident and condemnation in society, Fyodor Ivanovich was never able to part with the baroness.

After the death of his wife, he immediately married Pfeffel.

However, having married the baroness, Tyutchev immediately began to cheat on her. For many years he had a close relationship with Elena Deniseva, whom we have already mentioned.

Death

In the last years of his life, Tyutchev lost many relatives and people dear to him.

In 1864, his mistress Elena, whom he considered his muse, passed away. Then his mother, brother and his own daughter Maria died.

All this had a negative impact on Tyutchev’s condition. Six months before his death, the poet was paralyzed, as a result of which he became bedridden.

Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev died on July 15, 1873 at the age of 69. The poet was buried in St. Petersburg at the Novodevichy Convent cemetery.

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Russian poet, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1857). Spiritually intense philosophical poetry Tyutcheva conveys a tragic feeling of the cosmic contradictions of existence. symbolic parallelism in poems about the life of nature, cosmic motifs. Love lyrics (including poems from the “Denisevsky cycle”). In his journalistic articles he gravitated towards Pan-Slavism.

Tyutchev born on November 23 (December 5, n.s.) in the Ovstug estate, Oryol province, in an old noble family of the middle estate. My childhood years were spent in Ovstug, my youth were connected with Moscow.

Home education was supervised by the young poet-translator S. Raich, who introduced the student to the works of poets and encouraged his first poetic experiments. At 12 years old Tyutchev has already successfully translated Horace.

In 1819 he entered the literature department of Moscow University and immediately took an active part in its literary life. After graduating from the university in 1821 with a candidate's degree in literary sciences, at the beginning of 1822 Tyutchev entered the service of the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs. A few months later he was appointed an official at the Russian diplomatic mission in Munich. From that time on, his connection with Russian literary life was interrupted for a long time.

Tyutchev spent twenty-two years abroad, twenty of them in Munich. Here he got married, here he met the philosopher Schelling and became friends with G. Heine, becoming the first translator of his poems into Russian.

In 1829 - 1830, Tyutchev’s poems were published in Raich’s magazine “Galatea”, which testified to the maturity of his poetic talent (“Summer Evening”, “Vision”, “Insomnia”, “Dreams”), but did not bring fame to the author.

Tyutchev's poetry first received real recognition in 1836, when his 16 poems appeared in Pushkin's Sovremennik.

In 1837 Tyutchev was appointed first secretary of the Russian mission in Turin, where he experienced his first bereavement: his wife died. In 1839 he entered into a new marriage. Tyutchev's official misconduct (unauthorized departure to Switzerland to marry E. Dernberg) put an end to his diplomatic service. He resigned and settled in Munich, where he spent another five years without any official position. He persistently looked for ways to return to service.

In 1844 he moved with his family to Russia, and six months later he was again hired to serve in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

In 1843 - 1850 he published political articles “Russia and Germany”, “Russia and the Revolution”, “The Papacy and the Roman Question”, concluding that a clash between Russia and the West was inevitable and the final triumph of the “Russia of the future”, which seemed to him “all-Slavic” empire.

In 1848 - 1849, captivated by the events of political life, he created such beautiful poems as “Reluctantly and timidly...”, “When in the circle of murderous worries...”, “To a Russian woman”, etc., but did not seek to publish them.

The beginning of Tyutchev’s poetic fame and the impetus for his active creativity was Nekrasov’s article “Russian minor poets” in the Sovremennik magazine, which spoke about the talent of this poet, not noticed by critics, and the publication of 24 poems by Tyutchev. The poet received real recognition.

The first collection of poems was published in 1854, and in the same year a series of poems about love dedicated to Elena Denisyeva was published. “Lawless” in the eyes of the world, the relationship of the middle-aged poet with his daughter’s age lasted for fourteen years and was very dramatic (Tyutchev was married).

In 1858 he was appointed chairman of the Committee of Foreign Censorship, more than once acting as an advocate for persecuted publications.

Since 1864, Tyutchev suffered one loss after another: Denisyev died of consumption, a year later - two of their children, his mother.

In the works of Tyutchev 1860? political poems and minor ones predominate. - “for cases” (“When decrepit forces ...”, 1866, “To the Slavs”, 1867, etc.).

The last years of his life were also overshadowed by heavy losses: his eldest son, brother, and daughter Maria died. The poet's life is fading. On July 15 (27 n.s.) 1873 in Tsarskoe Selo Tyutchev died.

You can't understand Russia with your mind,

The general arshin cannot be measured.

She has something special to become:

You can only believe in Russia.

What is the meaning of the famous “ You can't understand Russia with your mind"? First of all, the fact that “mind is not our highest ability” (N.V. Gogol). To navigate the multi-layered Russian space-time, you need faith, hope and love. If we interpret faith as “the revelation of things invisible,” then Russia in some respects is not visible to everyone. Like the city of Kitezh, with the approach of spiritual energies alien to it, Rus' goes into the depths.

Outstanding Russian poet Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev was also a political thinker and diplomat.

Signs of the external biography of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev are known quite well. A hereditary aristocrat of spirit and blood, he studied at Moscow University, and since 1822 devoted himself to serving the Fatherland - primarily in the field of diplomacy. He spent more than 20 years in total in Germany and Italy, where he successfully defended the state interests of Russia. At the same time, he represented his homeland in the highest intellectual circles of Europe, in particular, he was personally acquainted with Schelling and Heine. In 1836, the first selection of the poet’s poems was published in Pushkin’s Sovremennik, and Pushkin himself was delighted with them. In 1844, Tyutchev returned to Russia, where he received the court title of chamberlain, and in 1858, by order of the highest order, he became chairman of the Committee of Foreign Censorship. There is no need to specifically emphasize what the ideological and social significance of this high position was.

In 1856, A.M. was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs. Gorchakov. Soon Tyutchev was promoted to full state councilor, that is, the rank of general, and appointed chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee. He had a direct connection with Gorchakov, the opportunity to influence Russian politics. Tyutchev played a prominent role in shaping Russian foreign policy in the 1860s. He used all his connections at court (his two daughters were ladies-in-waiting), among writers and journalists, to achieve the implementation of his ideas. Tyutchev believed that “Russia’s only natural policy towards the Western powers is not an alliance with one or another of these powers, but their disunity and division. For they, only when they are separated from each other, cease to be hostile to us - out of powerlessness...” In many ways, Tyutchev turned out to be right - only when the war broke out between France and Germany, Russia was able to throw off the humiliating shackles imposed on it after the defeat in the Crimean War .

In the early morning of July 15, 1873, Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev died in Tsarskoe Selo. On July 18 he was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery in St. Petersburg.

As an analyst, he was in many ways ahead of his time. His political assessment of events, prophecies of the future of Russia and the West as two separate organisms, existing and living different and sometimes internally opposite lives, remain relevant to this day.

Tyutchev wrote his articles and unfinished treatise both before and after the revolutions that rocked Europe - in France, Germany, Austria-Hungary. In total, he wrote 4 articles: “Russia and Germany” (1844), “Russia and the Revolution” (1848-49), “The Papacy and the Roman Question” (1850), “On Censorship in Russia” (1857) and an unfinished treatise “Russia and the West” (1848-49). In them, he assesses the situation in Europe before and after the events noted. Secondly, he introduces many new terms that later enriched both Russian and Western political thought. Among them are such terms as “Russophobia”, “Pan-Slavism”. The idea of ​​empire was clearly expressed. In one of his articles he says directly: “Not a community, but an Empire.”

The most important issues raised by Tyutchev in his articles were the problems of “Russophobia” and the future “empire,” which still have not lost their relevance. First of all, we need to talk about such a phenomenon in our lives as “Russophobia”.

Russophobia is a painful hostility or even pathological hatred towards the Russian people, towards everything created by them. One of the types of xenophobia. Depending on the worldview of the interpreter of the term or on the context of its use, Russophobia can also be understood not only as hatred of Russians themselves, but also as hatred of Russia as a country or state.

A. Pushkin was the first to draw attention to the problem of Russophobia. From his point of view, one cannot forgive the “slanderers of Russia,” especially that category of people who, in response to “Russian affection,” are capable of “slandering the Russian character, smearing mud on the bound pages of our chronicles, slandering the best fellow citizens and, not being content with their contemporaries, mocking the tombs of our forefathers." Pushkin perceived attacks on the forefathers as an insult to the people and the moral dignity of the nation, which constitute the main and integral feature of patriotism. The poet recognized the originality of Russian history and believed that its explanation required a “different formula” than the history of the Christian West.

This problem itself has always worried Russia throughout its tragic history. But Tyutchev introduces this term for the first time in his articles.

This topic was poorly developed for us. The very mention of this word has not been found in dictionaries for a long time. Changes occurred only during the era of Generalissimo I.V. Stalin. In the mid-30s until the mid-50s, this term was first included in various dictionaries of the Russian language. Several dictionaries can be noted: Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language (ed. Ushakov, M; 1935-41), Explanatory Dictionary (edited by S. Ozhegov, M; 1949) and Dictionary of Modern Russian Literature. Language (M; Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1950-1965). After this, until recently, this term is absent from many dictionaries and encyclopedias.

Tyutchev uses this term in connection with a specific situation - the revolutionary events in Europe of 1848-49. And this concept itself did not arise by chance in Tyutchev. At this time, sentiments directed against Russia and Russians intensified in the West. Tyutchev investigated the reasons for this situation. He saw them in the desire of European countries to oust Russia from Europe, if not by force of arms, then by contempt. He worked for a long time as a diplomat in Europe (Munich, Turin) from 1822 to 1844, and later as a censor at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1844-67) and knew what he was talking about firsthand.

Poor Russia! The whole world is against her! Not really.

In connection with this, Tyutchev conceived the idea of ​​a treatise “Russia and the West”, which remained unfinished. The direction of this work is historiosophical, and the method of presentation is comparative historical, emphasizing a comparison of the historical experience of Russia, Germany, France, Italy and Austria. Western fears about Russia, Tyutchev shows, stem, among other things, from ignorance, since scientists and Western philosophers “in their historical views” miss an entire half of the European world. It is known that Russia was forced, while protecting its interests and the interests of European security, to suppress the revolution in Austria, Germany and significantly influence the situation in France.

As a counterbalance to Russophobia, Tyutchev put forward the idea of ​​pan-Slavism. Repeatedly in journalism and in poetry, Tyutchev outlined the IDEA of the return of Constantinople, the formation of the Orthodox empire and the unification of two churches - Eastern and Western.

The current owner of the site did not write this article and does not agree with all this “Russophobic” pitiful inferiority complex, but I decided not to delete it - let it be as an opinion. Now, if this is true about Tyutchev, then he has directly fallen in my eyes. I didn’t know that Tyutchev was such a fascist. No “historically justified return of lands” and “Russophobia” (fictional or not) can be a justification for aggression towards another state. These are exactly the ideas that the well-known Mussolini had, who wanted to “return”, read, seize, lands that previously belonged to the Holy Roman Empire. So it goes.

For Tyutchev, the revolution in the West began not in 1789 or during the time of Luther, but much earlier - its sources are connected with the papacy. The Reformation itself came out of the papacy, and from it comes a centuries-old revolutionary tradition. And at the same time, the idea of ​​Empire also exists in the West. “The idea of ​​Empire,” Tyutchev wrote, has always been the soul of the West,” but he immediately stipulated: “but Empire in the West has never been anything other than the theft of power, its usurpation.” This is like a pathetic counterfeit of the true Empire - its pathetic imitation.

The Empire of the West for Tyutchev is a violent and unnatural factor. And therefore, an empire in the West is unfeasible; all attempts to create it “fail.” The entire history of the West is compressed into the “Roman question” and all the contradictions and all the “impossibilities of Western life” are concentrated in it. The papacy itself made an attempt to organize “the kingdom of Christ as a secular kingdom,” and the Western Church turned into an “institution,” became a “state within a state,” like a Roman colony in a conquered land. This duel ended in a double collapse: the Church was rejected in the Reformation, in the name of the human “I”, and the state was rejected in the Revolution. However, the power of tradition becomes so deep that the revolution itself seeks to organize itself into an empire - as if to repeat Charlemagne.

Oh, this evil west, it’s funny to read. Guys, this world is built on competition and everyone pursues their own interests - this is a fact. And the less the heads and citizens of states compare their, excuse me, pipsies with others, and the more they care about the prosperity of their country, the better it will be for everyone.

Tyutchev considered the main Russian task to be the storage and transmission in time and space of the great Christian shrine - the universal monarchy. “The universal monarchy is an empire. The Empire has always existed. It just passed from hand to hand... 4 empires: Assyria, Persia, Macedonia, Rome. The 5th empire, the final one, the Christian empire, begins with Constantine.” Tyutchev's historiosophy obviously goes back here to the vision of the prophet Daniel, and to his interpretation of the dream of King Nebuchadnezzar, who saw a giant with a golden head, a chest of silver, copper thighs and clay legs. Tyutchev gives an Orthodox-Russian interpretation of it: “Russia is much more Orthodox than Slavic. And, as Orthodox, she is the custodian of the empire... The empire does not die. Only as Emperor of the East is the Tsar Emperor of Russia. Empire of the East: this is Russia in its final form.” The Fathers of the Church in their time wrote about the Christian kingdom - but they did not yet know about the great northern country of the future.

If only we could build an Orthodox state right now, it would generally be “great.” I hope you remember the lessons of history and understand that the only correct path of development is a secular state.

Perhaps Tyutchev’s most profound spiritual and political work is “Russian Geography”. The poet draws in it the outlines of the sought-after “white kingdom” - of course, more mystical than physical, although the spirit and body are inseparable in a certain sense. What the future has in store for us, only God knows, but it is absolutely clear that Holy Rus', in its mysterious destiny, has already realized much of what the brilliant poet-visionary thought and hoped for in the middle of the 19th century:

The pathos almost brought tears to my eyes right now. Sewage should be installed everywhere first, and then Holy Rus' should be built.

Moscow, and the city of Petrov, and the city of Constantine -

These are the treasured capitals of the Russian kingdom...

But where is the limit? And where are its boundaries?

North, east, south and sunset?

In the coming times, fate will expose them...

Seven inland seas and seven great rivers...

From the Nile to the Neva, from the Elbe to China,

From the Volga to the Euphrates, from the Ganges to the Danube...

This is the Russian kingdom... and it will never pass away,

Somehow the Spirit foresaw and Daniel predicted

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Russian poet, master of landscape, psychological, philosophical and patriotic lyrics, Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev comes from an ancient noble family. The future poet was born in the Oryol province, on the family estate of Ovstug (today it is the territory of the Bryansk region), on November 23, 1803. In terms of his era, Tyutchev is practically a contemporary of Pushkin, and, according to biographers, it is to Pushkin that he owes his unexpected fame as a poet, since due to the nature of his main activity he was not closely connected with the world of art.

Life and service

He spent most of his childhood in Moscow, where the family moved when Fedor was 7 years old. The boy studied at home, under the guidance of a home teacher, famous poet and translator, Semyon Raich. The teacher instilled in his ward a love of literature and noted his gift for poetic creativity, but the parents intended their son to have a more serious occupation. Since Fyodor had a gift for languages ​​(from the age of 12 he knew Latin and translated ancient Roman poetry), at the age of 14 he began attending lectures by literature students at Moscow University. At the age of 15, he enrolled in a course in the Literature Department and joined the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature. Linguistic education and a candidate's degree in literary sciences allow Tyutchev to move in his career along the diplomatic line - at the beginning of 1822, Tyutchev entered the State College of Foreign Affairs and almost forever became an official diplomat.

Tyutchev spends the next 23 years of his life serving as part of the Russian diplomatic mission in Germany. He writes poetry and translates German authors exclusively “for the soul”; he has almost nothing to do with his literary career. Semyon Raich continues to maintain contact with his former student; he publishes several of Tyutchev’s poems in his magazine, but they do not find an enthusiastic response from the reading public. Contemporaries considered Tyutchev's lyrics somewhat old-fashioned, since they felt the sentimental influence of poets of the late 18th century. Meanwhile, today these first poems - “Summer Evening”, “Insomnia”, “Vision” - are considered one of the most successful in Tyutchev’s lyrics; they testify to his already accomplished poetic talent.

Poetic creativity

Alexander Pushkin brought Tyutchev his first fame in 1836. He selected 16 poems by an unknown author for publication in his collection. There is evidence that Pushkin meant the author to be a young aspiring poet and predicted a future for him in poetry, not suspecting that he had considerable experience.

His work becomes the poetic source of Tyutchev's civic poetry - the diplomat is too well aware of the price of peaceful relations between countries, as he witnesses the building of these relations. In 1848-49, the poet, having acutely felt the events of political life, created the poems “To a Russian Woman”, “Reluctantly and timidly...” and others.

The poetic source of love lyrics is largely a tragic personal life. Tyutchev first married at the age of 23, in 1826, to Countess Eleanor Peterson. Tyutchev did not love, but respected his wife, and she idolized him like no one else. The marriage, which lasted 12 years, produced three daughters. Once on a trip, the family had a disaster at sea - the couple were rescued from the icy water, and Eleanor caught a bad cold. After being ill for a year, the wife died.

Tyutchev married again a year later to Ernestine Dernberg, in 1844 the family returned to Russia, where Tyutchev again began climbing the career ladder - the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the position of Privy Councilor. But he dedicated the real pearls of his creativity not to his wife, but to a girl, the same age as his first daughter, who was brought together by a fatal passion with a 50-year-old man. The poems “Oh, how murderously we love...”, “All day she lay in oblivion...” are dedicated to Elena Denisyeva and compiled into the so-called “Denisyev cycle.” The girl, caught having an affair with a married old man, was rejected by both society and her own family; she bore Tyutchev three children. Unfortunately, both Denisyeva and two of their children died of consumption in the same year.

In 1854, Tyutchev was published for the first time in a separate collection, as an appendix to the issue of Sovremennik. Turgenev, Fet, Nekrasov begin to comment on his work.

62-year-old Tyutchev retired. He thinks a lot, walks around the estate, writes a lot of landscape and philosophical lyrics, is published by Nekrasov in the collection “Russian Minor Poets”, gains fame and genuine recognition.

However, the poet is crushed by losses - in the 1860s, his mother, brother, eldest son, eldest daughter, children from Denisyeva and herself died. At the end of his life, the poet philosophizes a lot, writes about the role of the Russian Empire in the world, about the possibility of building international relations on mutual respect and observance of religious laws.

The poet died after a serious stroke affecting the right side of his body on July 15, 1873. He died in Tsarskoe Selo, before his death he accidentally met his first love, Amalia Lerchenfeld, and dedicated one of his most famous poems, “I Met You,” to her.

Tyutchev’s poetic heritage is usually divided into stages:

1810-20 - the beginning of his creative path. The influence of sentimentalists and classical poetry is obvious in the lyrics.

1820-30 - the formation of handwriting, the influence of romanticism is noted.

1850-73 - brilliant, polished political poems, deep philosophical lyrics, “Denisevsky cycle” - an example of love and intimate lyrics.

Few people knew the poet’s biography and creative motives, or perhaps many simply forgot.

Childhood of Fyodor Ivanovich

Fyodor Tyutchev was born in the village of Ovstug, about 30 kilometers north of Bryansk, in 1803. The village was located on the shore. The boy was brought up in a family where they spoke exclusively French. And not only in Tyutchev’s childhood years one could notice that he mainly uses this language. The vast majority of his letters, articles written in subsequent years, and even some poems are all in French.

At the age of twelve, the boy was already translating Horace into Russian, and wrote his first poem at sixteen. Those who knew him in childhood noted his quick mind, remarkable erudition and even the poetic gift that the young Tyutchev already possessed. Briefly speaking about the education of Fyodor Ivanovich, we can note several main stages of his training. In 1812, Tyutchev was entrusted to the care of the family teacher Semyon Raich. From 1819 to 1822 he studied at Moscow University. And already at the age of nineteen he entered the civil service in the Department of Foreign Affairs of St. Petersburg.

Poet's Career, or Life Abroad

Of course, it is important to know when Tyutchev was born and died, but first of all, it is worth talking about his life, career and creative path. Fyodor Ivanovich never considered himself a professional poet. He often forgot the texts of poems in books. Sometimes they were found after his death. And very often Tyutchev did not care about his works being published. He did not have a career as a poet. That is why Tyutchev’s poetry was not as popular as, for example, Pushkin or Nekrasov.

He left Russia very early, while still young, in 1822, and lived mainly in Germany, then a little in Italy, serving as a diplomat. All this time, Fyodor Ivanovich spoke very little Russian in everyday life. He was not a professional poet, and he even rarely used the Russian language. Fyodor Ivanovich was a diplomat, and if not Tyutchev’s entire life, then a very significant segment of it was connected with his diplomatic career.

Famous political journalist

But Fyodor Tyutchev's career achievements as a diplomat were not too impressive. In 1841, he was even dismissed and expelled from the Foreign Office. His significant achievements lay elsewhere. Fyodor Ivanovich was a man capable of communicating with intellectual centers throughout Europe, who was accepted on equal terms in England, Germany, and France by the main political thinkers of that time.

Tyutchev was one of the most influential political publicists. Later, in the memoirs of people who worked at that time in the military and foreign affairs departments of all the listed countries, there were references to his articles that were published in the European press. They said that it was in them that they felt a sense of world history and saw the outlines of future wars in Europe.

Not a career diplomat, but one of the main European historical and political thinkers. This is who the inconspicuous Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev was. And you need to know about this too. Since this is also part of the poet’s biography. And not just information about when Tyutchev was born and died.

Poet and diplomat

Tyutchev's career as a poet was very intermittent. Even before leaving abroad, he began to publish in magazines and almanacs. But most often Fyodor Ivanovich signed with his initials. Tyutchev was born in 1803, and already in 1822 his writing career ended, and he disappeared from the sight of the Russian reader for a long time. However, in 1836 an event occurred that largely predetermined the fate of Russian poetry. At this time, Alexander Pushkin founded his magazine Sovremennik.

The publication in this magazine is amazing. Here Fyodor Ivanovich immediately appears as a brilliant and outstanding poet. But very few people then realized that this was the poetry of Tyutchev, a diplomat who lives abroad. Fyodor Tyutchev's real career as a poet began in 1850.

Return to Russia

Despite the fact that for many years Tyutchev’s life was associated with foreign countries, he finally returned to Russia several years before 1850. Serves and holds a number of high positions. Fyodor Ivanovich was an official on special assignments under the sovereign, and worked in the department of foreign censorship.

And so, at this time, in the same magazine “Sovremennik”, where Nekrasov had already become the director and very famous personalities of that time were published, an article appeared that described the work of some poets. Including Fyodor Ivanovich, and his initials are also deciphered.

Finally, after this publication, a new poet, Fyodor Tyutchev, entered the consciousness of the Russian reader. And already in 1854 a collection of his poems was published. But his unprofessional attitude towards poetry continues to persist.

Several cycles that make up the poet’s work

Returning to the poems of Fyodor Tyutchev, it should be noted that the entire small volume of this poet’s works can be divided into three equal parts. These are the ones that are not often mentioned and are not always read out loud. Then there are the philosophical ones, which are the most famous and very easy to define. In them, basically, a person always remains alone with nature.

And the third cycle was called “Denisevsky”, after the name of Fyodor Ivanovich’s common-law wife, the mother of his three children, Elena Aleksandrovna Denisyeva. These works had a huge influence on Russian poetry. They were a kind of lyrical diary. They very often talked about a specific person. These poems became the poet’s love story for Elena Alexandrovna.

Family history of Tyutchev, or Tragic events in the fate of the poet

The passionate affair with Denisyeva lasted for fourteen years. It ended with a terrible shock for the poet. The wife dies of tuberculosis in 1864. The following years are often overshadowed by tragic events. Almost immediately after the death of Elena Alexandrovna, their common son and daughter passed away. A year later, Tyutchev’s mother died, in 1870 Dmitry, the eldest son, died.

Perhaps, against the background of these events, which covered the poet like a wave, Fyodor Ivanovich’s health deteriorated sharply. And, probably, here we can answer the question of many readers about when Tyutchev was born and died. Having been born in 1803 and having lived a fairly bright and eventful life, the poet died in 1873 from apoplexy.

Fyodor Ivanovich thinks in poetry

The most amazing property of Fyodor Ivanovich’s poetry is that it is characterized by a complete identification of nature with man. The poet Tyutchev endows her with soul, feelings and even speech. She is completely human-like. Paying attention to many fragments of Fyodor Ivanovich’s lyrics, we can conclude that the poet very often uses grammatical forms of words or stress that are not very familiar to the ear of a simple reader. The whole point is that Tyutchev is archaic not only for modern times, but also from the point of view of the nineteenth century.

The life of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev was not short if we compare him with poets who died early, such as Pushkin or Lermontov. But, nevertheless, all the lyrical works he wrote, as a rule, are placed in one volume. But even this has a deep meaning. Tyutchev thinks in poetry, so the same image or concept passes through different works.

And the solution to Fyodor Tyutchev’s lyrics is that the reader cannot understand the meaning of a particular word based on only one verse. You need to read several where this word appears, and only then will you be able to see how the energy of meaning grows and comes to some kind of completion. Tyutchev not only describes nature, he seems to be developing a language or thinking itself in Russian.

The “thinking” poetry of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev transformed the entire Russian culture. Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev once said that one cannot argue about the work of Fyodor Tyutchev. Because anyone who is not able to feel the works of this author does not feel poetry at all.

Report on Fyodor Tyutchev, the eminent Russian poet of the nineteenth “golden” age of Russian poetry, can be long, because his fate is rich in events, feelings, reflections, and creativity.

Childhood and youth of the future poet

Tyutchev was born into a noble family typical of that time, combining strict adherence to Russian traditions with fashionable communication in French. It happened on the twenty-third of November 1803 on the estate of the village of Ovstug, located in the Oryol province. The parents of the future poet Ekaterina Tolstaya and Ivan Tyutchev were noble, intelligent and educated people. They wanted to see their children the same way.

In Moscow, where Fedor spent his childhood and youth, Semyon Raich became his home teacher from the age of nine. The young talented wordsmith was an aspiring critic and poet, so he encouraged his pupil’s poetic experiments. At the age of twelve, Fyodor Tyutchev was already translating the works of Horace and composing poems. At fourteen he was elected a fellow of the Society of Lovers of Literature. The gifted boy was a volunteer student at Moscow University in 1816, a student at the Faculty of Philology in the fall of 1819, and a graduate in 1821, having studied for two years instead of three.

Service in Munich

Having received his degree, after a few months he began to serve in the then prestigious College of Foreign Affairs and in June 1822 he went to the German city of Munich. Fyodor Ivanovich broke ties with literature and devoted himself entirely to the diplomatic service. True, he did not stop writing poetry, but he did it for himself, without advertising them. He went on leave to his homeland only in 1825. Upon returning to duty in February 1826, he married Eleanor Peterson, becoming guardian of her three children from a previous marriage. The Tyutchev family grew. 3 more daughters were born.

In Munich, fate brought him together with the poet Heine and the philosopher Schelling. Later, having become friends with the German romantic poet, Tyutchev was the first to translate his poetic works into his native language. He also continued to write his lyrical works. And in the spring of 1836 he transferred them to St. Petersburg, where they were published in Sovremennik, a published magazine. By the way, the great poet was delighted with the richness of poetic colors, depth of thought, strength and freshness of Tyutchev’s language.

Service in Germany lasted almost fifteen years. At the end of spring 1837, the diplomat and poet received leave and went to St. Petersburg for three months.

Life in Turin

But after the vacation, Tyutchev was destined to go to Turin. There he was appointed charge d'affaires of the Russian mission and first secretary. In this Italian city, a life tragedy awaited him, the death of his wife Eleanor. A year later, his marriage to Mrs. Dernberg marked the end of his career as a diplomat. Tyutchev was not forgiven for his unauthorized departure to Switzerland to perform the wedding ceremony with Ernestina.

The announcement of the poet's dismissal from his position did not take long to arrive. For two years he tried to return to service, but to no avail. Tyutchev was finally expelled from among the Ministry officials. Without an official position, being retired, the poet lived in Munich for five years.

Back home

In 1843 the poet returned to his father's land. He lived first in Moscow, then in St. Petersburg with his parents. Reunited with his family in 1844. In the spring of the following year he again began serving in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. A year later he received the position of official of special assignments, and later - senior censor. There was career growth, social life was getting better. These and subsequent years were marked by the writing of journalistic articles that were published, and magnificent poems that no one read.

Poetic popularity

Twenty-four lyrical works and an article entitled “Russian minor poets,” written by, were published in the Sovremennik magazine at the beginning of 1850. They made the general public remember Tyutchev the poet. Four years later, the first collection of lyrical works was enthusiastically received by readers.

Farewell feeling

The love of young Elena Denisyeva and the middle-aged poet Fyodor Tyutchev lasted fourteen years. The fatal feeling gave birth to the beautiful lyrics of the so-called “Denisiev cycle.” Their relationship was doomed to tragedy, because the poet had a family. Tyutchev wrote about this in the poem “Oh, how murderously we love,” talking about a painful, sinful feeling condemned by people.

Bereavement

The last decade of the poet's life was filled with severe irreparable losses. Elena Denisyeva died of consumption in 1964, followed by the death of their son and daughter the following year, then her mother and brother in 1870. The poet's life, fading, loses its meaning. In 1873 he began to fall seriously ill and on July 15 of the same year his life was cut short.

His ashes were buried in the city of Petra at the Novodevichy cemetery. And Tyutchev himself remained a favorite poet of many generations.

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