TOPIC 1. Geography as a science. Sources of geographic information

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1 TOPIC 1. Geography as a science. Sources of geographic information Geography is a single complex of sciences that study the geographic envelope of the Earth and focus on identifying spatio-temporal patterns. The main objects of study of geographical sciences are the geosphere (biosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and soil cover) and geosystems (landscapes, natural zones, biogeocenoses). Economic geography studies the distribution and development of productive forces in close connection with natural and ecological conditions (productive forces include two factors: labor power and means of production, objects and tools of labor). According to homogeneous objects of study (industry structure), the following are distinguished: geography of natural resources and nature management; population geography; geography of the economy: geography of management and infrastructure; commercial geography; humanitarian geography: socio-political geography. Methods of economic geography: 1) general scientific methods are used in sciences that have a related object or subject: mathematical methods: constructive calculations; economic and mathematical models; optimization models; predictive methods; statistical methods: technical and economic calculations; graph-analytical method; economic and statistical analysis; correlation method; 2) specific methods developed and applied directly in geography: economic zoning, energy production cycles, territorial production complexes. Geographic information is understood as a set of spatially coordinated data and (or) knowledge about geosystems or their elements, about the relationships and interconnections existing between them. Types of information sources: textual presentations; various documents; statistical data; cartographic materials and other graphic images; aerial and space photographs. Main sources of geographic information: Visual observations; eyewitness accounts; Geographic maps and atlases; Reference books, textbooks; Popular science and encyclopedic literature; Special computer programs, Internet; Artistic works, articles of magazines and newspapers; Television, radio and other sources. one

2 TOPIC 2. Modern political map of the world. Classification and typology of countries The political map of the world (PCM) is a geographical map that shows the countries of the world, territories of countries, borders and their capitals. On RMB > 230 countries. A sovereign state is a politically independent state with independence in internal and external affairs (textbook, p. 9). 1. Delimitation definition of boundaries on the map. 2. Demarcation definition and designation of boundaries on the ground with special boundary signs. A colony is a dependent territory that is under the rule of a foreign state (metropolis), without independent political and economic power, governed on the basis of a special regime (island states in the Pacific Ocean). Disputed territories: Gibraltar, Falkland Islands, Western Sahara, Kuril Islands, Nagorno-Karabakh. Unrecognized or partially recognized states of the territory that have independently declared their sovereignty without the consent of the UN. Examples: Republic of Northern Cyprus, Kosovo, Taiwan. Stages of PKM formation 1. Ancient (until the 5th century AD) emergence and collapse of the first states: Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Carthage, Ancient Egypt. 2. Medieval (fifth to 16th centuries) emergence of large feudal states in Europe and Asia: the Holy Roman Empire, Kievan Rus, Persia, China, England, Spain, Byzantium. Great geographical discoveries. The largest metropolitan areas are Spain and Portugal. 3. New (16th-19th centuries) emergence and establishment of capitalism in the world: England, France, the Netherlands, Germany. Colonial seizures of territories in America, Asia, Africa. 4. The latest (first half of the 20th century) changes associated with World Wars I and II. The collapse of the colonial system, the formation of socialist states. The collapse of Austria-Hungary, the Russian Empire, the division of the Ottoman Empire. 5. The modern (second half of the 20th century to the present) emergence of the world socialist system, the formation of independent states in Asia and Africa, the collapse of the socialist system, changes on the map of Europe and Asia. Unification of Germany (GDR+FRG). The collapse of the USSR (1991), Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia. Formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 57 sovereign states, 2000 Classification of countries BY TERRITORIAL AREA: 1. Giant countries (S> 3 million km²): Russia, Canada, China, USA, Brazil, Australia, India . 2. Medium countries: Belarus, Republic of Korea, Kenya. 3. Dwarf countries: Vatican, San Marino, Mauritius, Barbados. BY POPULATION: 1. Giant countries (N > 100 million people): China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Russia, Japan, Mexico and the Philippines (textbook, p. 388, table 14). 2. Middle countries: Tunisia, Poland, Latvia, Argentina, Azerbaijan, Australia, New Zealand. 3. Small countries and microstates: Vatican, Andorra, Nauru. 2

3 BY GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION (INDICATE EXAMPLES OF COUNTRIES INDEPENDENTLY): 1. Inland (land, have no access to the sea): 2. Coastal (have access to the sea). 3. Island: 4. Peninsular: 5. Archipelago countries: Typology of countries Criteria: GDP gross domestic product (Write textbook definition, p. 11). HDI/HDI Human Development Index/Human Development Index (Write textbook definition, p. 11). Subgroups of countries: Write out from the textbook a subgroup of countries of each type, with Socialist states: China, North Korea, Cuba, Vietnam. DZ: Textbook, p. 9 14, studying the lecture notes, assignments in a notebook, SR 1, 20 countries and capitals of Europe. View video lesson 3

4 TOPIC 3. The state structure of the countries of the world. The influence of international relations on the political map. "Hot spots" of the planet Forms of government Write out from the textbook, with the definition of the concepts of "republic", "monarchy", "theocratic monarchy" Fill in the tables Forms of government of the Republic Monarchy Parliamentary Presidential Constitutional Absolute Forms of administrative-territorial structure Unitary Federal International politics 1. International terrorism ( Al-Qaeda, Hezbollah, Hamas, etc.). 2. Regional and local conflicts (NATO military operation in Yugoslavia in 1999, in Afghanistan in 2001, in Iraq in 2003, in Libya in 2011, problems in the Gaza Strip, in unrecognized Kurdistan). 3. Struggle for the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons. Nuclear powers: Russia, USA, China, France and Great Britain. "Semi-legally" or potentially nuclear weapons are possessed by India, Pakistan, Israel, North Korea. DZ: textbook, s, studying the lecture notes, assignments in a notebook, SR 2. 4

5 TOPIC 4. Number and reproduction of the population. Demographic policy Reproduction of the population is a set of processes of fertility, mortality, natural increase, as a result of which there is a natural movement of the population and a change of generations. The natural movement of the population changes in the ratio of births and deaths. Natural population growth is the ratio of births and deaths for a certain period (per year). EP = P - C World average EP = 1.2% per year Depopulation decrease in population due to narrowed reproduction, natural population decline. Leaders in terms of population n/a Countries of the world with the largest population Million people in 2008 1 China 1.338 2 India 1.148 3 USA Indonesia Brazil Pakistan Bangladesh Nigeria Russia Japan Mexico 110 Complete the following tasks 3. Fill in the table “Types of population reproduction” Comparable features Birth rate Mortality rate Natural increase (NU) Proportion of children Proportion of older people Subgroups countries within the type (with examples) according to the EP Direction of demographic policy I type of reproduction of the DZ: textbook, p, study of the lecture notes, assignments in the notebook, SR 3. II type of reproduction 5

6 TOPIC 5. Composition and structure of the planet's population. Settlement and migration Sex composition: the ratio of men and women in the population In the world of men - 50.4%, women - 49.6% Using maps of the atlas, p. 10, complete the following tasks. 1. Write out 5 countries with a numerical predominance of the male population. 2. Write out 5 countries with a numerical predominance of the female population. 3. Write down 5 countries with an approximately equal ratio of men and women. Age composition: children (0-14 years old), adults (15-59 years old), elderly (over 60 years old) 4. List 5 countries with a high proportion of children. 5. List 5 countries with a high proportion of older people. Ethno-linguistic composition of the population Races: Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid, Australoid. Е+Н=mulattos Е+М=mestizos Н+М=sambo Using the maps of the atlas (p. 9-12), textbook (68-69), fill in the tables Uninational Binational Multinational Largest language families Language families Largest peoples Indo-European Americans Russians Brazilians Mexicans Punjabis Biharis Official languages ​​State language(s) Countries World Religious composition Religions Christianity 1) Orthodoxy 2) Catholicism 3) Protestantism Islam (Muslim) Buddhism 1) 2) 3) Countries National 6

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