Image of the seasons by F.I. Tyutcheva and A.A.

Lesson objectives:

• systematize knowledge on the lyrics of F.I. Tyutchev and A.A. Fet;
• teach children to find commonality in the works of poets;
• instill a love for Russian poetry.

Equipment:

• reproductions “Winter Landscape”, “Thunderstorm”;
• portraits of F.I. Tyutchev<Рисунок 1>and A.A. Fet<Рисунок 2>;
• tape recorder, cassettes with romances, exhibition of books about F.I. Tyutchev and A.A. Fet; Each student has on his desk printouts of poems that will be performed in class.

During the classes

Hello guys!

Today we will look at the artistic world of the lyrics of F.I. Tyutchev and A.A. Fet.

Our task- systematize the knowledge that you gained while studying the works of these poets.

In addition, today's lesson will help you prepare for your essay.

We will talk to you about ( lesson plan On the desk):

1. landscape poetry of Tyutchev and Fet;
2. philosophical lyrics;
3. lyrics of love.

Write down the points of the plan in your notebook!

1. Landscape lyrics.

Where were Tyutchev and Fet from?

(both from the Oryol province: Fet - Novoselki in the Mtsensk district, Tyutchev - Ovstug in the Bryansk region)

What other poets and writers do you know who came from the Oryol province?

(Koltsov, Turgenev, Leskov)

What topic did both poets pay much attention to?

(nature theme)

Tyutchev and Fet - singers of nature central Russia.

Is Voskresensk (the city in which the lesson takes place) a middle zone? (Yes)

This means that Fet and Tyutchev could observe approximately the same landscape that we see outside the window and on the reproduction (a reproduction depicting winter is attached to the board).

Let's listen to Tyutchev's poem “Winter is angry for a reason.”

No wonder winter is angry,
Its time has passed -
Spring is knocking on the window
And he drives him out of the yard.

And everything started to fuss,
Everything forces Winter to get out -
And larks in the sky
The ringing bell has already been raised.

Winter is still busy
And he grumbles about Spring.
She laughs in her eyes
And it just makes more noise...

The evil witch went crazy
And, capturing the snow,
She let me in, running away,
To a beautiful child...

Spring and grief are not enough:
Washed in the snow
And only became blusher
Against the enemy.

What surprised you about this poem? What are its features?

(Nature comes to life, personifications)

Now listen to A.A. Fet’s poem.

She came, and everything around melted,
Everything wants to give itself to life,
And the heart, a prisoner of winter blizzards,
All of a sudden forgot how to shrink. (Frozen with delight)

It spoke, it bloomed
Everything that yesterday languished silently,
And the sky brought sighs
From the dissolved gates eden. (Paradise)

What is the poem about? (About the coming of spring)

What unites the poems of Tyutchev and Fet? (one topic)

Please note that very often Tyutchev and Fet are interested in transitional moments: both are waiting for spring.

What do you associate with spring? (Approaching spring rains, spring thunderstorms)

What is the image of a thunderstorm associated with? What is its meaning?

(Thunderstorm as a cleansing force, nature comes to life after a thunderstorm)

Prove it to me.

Let's see how Tyutchev's image of a thunderstorm is revealed.

(The student reads the poem “Spring Thunderstorm” by heart)

Spring thunderstorm.

I love the storm in early May,
When spring, the first thunder,
As if frolicking and playing,
Rumbling in the blue sky.

Young peals thunder,
The rain is splashing, the dust is flying,
Rain pearls hung,
And the sun gilds the threads.

A swift stream runs down the mountain,
The noise of birds in the forest is not silent,
And the din of the forest and the noise of the mountains -
Everything cheerfully echoes the thunder.

You will say: windy Hebe,
Feeding Zeus's eagle,
A thunderous goblet from the sky,
Laughing, she spilled it on the ground.

What artistic medium helps convey the beauty of nature? (Personification)

Find the epithets in this poem.

And now I will read Fet’s most famous poem:

Whispers, timid breathing,
The trill of a nightingale,
Silver and sway
Sleepy stream,

Night light, night shadows,
Endless shadows
A series of magical changes
Sweet face

There are purple roses in the smoky clouds,
The reflection of amber
And kisses and tears,
And dawn, dawn!

What is special about this poem?

(Many nominative sentences)

L.N. Tolstoy noted: “There is not a single verb in it. Every expression is a picture...”

2. Philosophical lyrics.

Tyutchev and Fet are often called singers of nature. But think about it, are they looking at nature separately or is it connected to something else?

(Tyutchev and Fet are singers of nature, but they do not consider it separately; for them the harmony of the human soul and nature, the interaction of nature with the human soul is important.)

Nature often makes the poet think and reflect on life. What are the names of poems in which the poet reflects on life and death, on man’s place in the world, on beauty and ugliness? (Philosophical lyrics)

So from Tyutchev:

Thought after thought, wave after wave -
Two manifestations of one element:
Whether in a cramped heart, or in a boundless sea,
Here - in prison, there - in the open,
The same eternal surf and rebound,
The same ghost is still alarmingly empty. (“Wave and Thoughts”)

What does Tyutchev draw a parallel between in this poem?

(Movements in nature coincide with the excitement of the human soul and thoughts)

And Fet’s description of nature conveys the human condition. For example, in the poem “What sadness! The end of the alley..." (1862)

There is not a shred of azure in the sky,
In the steppe everything is smooth, everything is white,
Only one raven against the storm
It flaps its wings heavily.

And it doesn’t dawn on my soul,
It has the same cold as all around,
Lazy thoughts fall asleep
Over dying labor.

We also see a parallel between the nature and state of the human soul.

It is common for any poet to to sum up to your creativity. Fet glorifies death at the end of his life, hoping for peace after it. This is due the contradictions of his life.

What contradictions do you remember in Fet’s life, what did he spend a lot of energy on?

(Fet put a lot of effort into proving that he was a nobleman Shenshin)

Fet gets tired of this and seeks peace in the other world in the poem “Death” (1878)

The blind search in vain for where the road is,
Trusting feelings to blind guides;
And if life is God’s noisy bazaar,
Only death is his immortal temple.

Tyutchev has a different perception of life and death.

When the decrepit forces
They're starting to cheat on us
And we must, like old-timers,
Give new arrivals a place, -
Save us then, kind genius,
From cowardly reproaches,
From slander, from bitterness
For a life changing...

(Tyutchev does not regret what he lived, although his life was full of suffering. He perceives death not as salvation from life, but as a natural, natural phenomenon)

3. Lyrics of love.

Guys, what contradictions do you remember in the lives of Tyutchev and Fet, reflected in the lyrics of love? What unites the personal lives of Fet and Tyutchev?

(Both survived the tragedy. Tyutchev’s first wife, Eleanor Peterson, died early; his late, socially condemned love for Elena Alexandrovna Denisyeva led to the fact that the poor woman also died.

The suicide of Maria Lazic, a girl who loved Fet and was abandoned by him because of her poverty, left an indelible mark on the poet’s soul)

Therefore, this feeling is carried in the lyrics tragic character.

Listen to Tyutchev’s recollection of the last hours of E.A. Denisyeva:

All day she lay in oblivion,
And shadows covered her all,
The warm summer rain was pouring - its streams
The leaves sounded cheerful.

And slowly she came to her senses,
And I started listening to the noise,
And I listened for a long time - captivated,
Immersed in conscious thought...

And so, as if talking to myself,
She spoke consciously
(I was with her, killed but alive): (Why?)
“Oh, how I loved all this”

You loved, and the way you love -
No, no one has ever succeeded!
Oh my God!.. and survive this...
And my heart didn’t break into pieces...

1864, Nice

There is almost nothing joyful in love.

Listen to an excerpt from the romance. Whose poems is it based on?<Приложение 1>

(The romance “I met you - And all the past ...” sounds, based on Tyutchev’s poems.)

The romance is dedicated to Amalia Lerchenfeld (Baroness Krudener).

What feeling do you get when listening to it?

(Slight sadness, sadness for lost youth)

Listen to another romance (based on Fet’s poem “At dawn, don’t wake her up”).

Don't wake her up at dawn
At dawn she sleeps so sweetly;
Morning breathes on her chest,
It shines brightly on the pits of the cheeks.

And her pillow is hot,
And a hot, tiring dream,
And, turning black, they run onto the shoulders
Braids with ribbon on both sides.

We see that the image of a beloved can evoke in a poet not only tragic memories, but also bright feelings.

Our lesson is coming to an end.

Today we learned even more about the work of great poets. Proof of their greatness and talent are the prophetic words of Tyutchev himself about Russia:

You can't understand Russia with your mind,
The general arshin cannot be measured:
She will become special -
You can only believe in Russia.

Pushkin also said that a poet must be a prophet. And we are increasingly convinced how prophetic Tyutchev’s poems about Russia were.

His contemporary Alexey Mikhailovich Zhemchuzhnikov spoke well about the significance of A.A. Fet in his poem:

He is in a world of dreams and dreams,
Loving the play of rays and shadows,
Noticed the fugitive features
Elusive sensations
Inconceivable beauty.
And may he be in his old age
Changed names capriciously
Either a publicist or a poet -
They will redeem Shenshin's prose
Feta's captivating poems.

Now write it down home essay topics :

1. Lyrics by F.I. Tyutchev in my perception.

2. Lyrics by A.A. Fet in my perception.

3. Free topic on the works of F.I. Tyutchev and A.A. Fet (the topic is formulated by the student himself).

Lesson summary, grading.

Additional questions to consider in class. Poets and politics.

Fet and Tyutchev in their work were far from political life and social issues.

But we can still find attitudes towards grandiose historical events in their poems.

Remember Pushkin's lines:

And on the ruins of autocracy
They will write our names! (“To Chaadaev”, 1818)

Autocracy has corrupted you,
And his sword struck you down.

What does it mean?

(Tyutchev believes that without a deep knowledge of Russia, any political action will result in violence and autocracy. But at the same time, he values ​​Pushkin highly!)

On the stand there is an inscription: “Russia’s heart will not forget you, like its first love.” Tyutchev about Pushkin.

A.A. Fet does not want to interfere in public battles at all. For him, joy is in poetry, in creativity, and not in society:

I feel joy,
I do not want
Your battles.

And he even turns away from the suffering person:

I will not change for the sake of your torment

Freedom is an eternal calling.

This distinguishes him from Nekrasov: “Do not believe that the one who has no bread // Is not worth your prophetic strings” (“Poet and Citizen”), “I dedicated the lyre to my people,” etc.

In his work, Fet tries to close himself off from politics, social issues, and withdraw into himself.

Preparatory questions for the essay:

What are the main themes of the lyrics of Tyutchev and Fet?

Why did both poets refuse to address topical issues in their work?

How was the life tragedy of both poets reflected in their love lyrics?

What are the main differences between Tyutchev’s poetry and Fet’s lyrics?

What role did the poetry of “pure lyricists” play in the history of Russian literature?

Answers

The main themes of the works of Tyutchev and Fet are nature, love, philosophical reflections on the mysteries of existence - that is, eternal themes, not limited to one era or another.

The heyday of the work of Tyutchev and Fet occurred in the 40-60s of the 19th century, when “pure art” was loudly rejected in the name of practical benefit, when the citizenship of poetry was declared, and an emphasis was placed on the transformation of the entire social system of Russia, the result of which should have been equality and freedom and social justice.

All his life, Fet defended the “pure beauty” that free art serves; he was sure that no social transformations could bring freedom and harmony to the world, because they can only exist in art. Tyutchev's political worldview largely coincides with Fetov's. The poet saw in the revolution only the element of destruction; salvation from the crisis that gripped Russia should, according to Tyutchev, be sought in the unity of the Slavs under the auspices of the Russian “all-Slavic” tsar. Such a “Christian empire,” he is convinced, will be able to resist the revolutionary and “anti-Christian” West. However, real historical events did not meet the idealistic aspirations of the poet. Russia lost the Crimean War, and the reform of 1861 revealed acute social conflicts. “The fate of Russia,” wrote Tyutchev, “is likened to a ship that has run aground, which cannot be moved by any efforts of the crew, and only one tidal wave of people’s life is able to lift it and put it into motion.”

Many contemporaries of Tyutchev and Fet, holding different political views, paid tribute to the talent of the lyric poets. Turgenev wrote: “There is no arguing about Tyutchev: whoever does not feel him, thereby proves that he does not feel poetry.” Even condemning Fet for his civic passivity and indifference to social needs, Chernyshevsky called him “the most gifted of our current lyric poets.” Even Nekrasov, who declaratively and straightforwardly affirms the civic nature of lyricism, says that “a person who understands poetry and willingly opens his soul to its sensations will not find in any Russian author, after Pushkin, as much poetic pleasure as Mr. Fet will give him.”

The love lyrics of both great poets are permeated with a powerful dramatic, tragic sound, which is associated with the circumstances of their personal lives. Each of them experienced the death of a beloved woman, which left an unhealed wound in their souls.

“The Denisyev Cycle” by F. I. Tyutchev is dedicated to the love experienced by the poet “in his declining years” for Elena Alexandrovna Denisyeva. This amazing lyrical romance lasted 14 years, ending with Denisyeva’s death from consumption in 1864. But in the eyes of society it was a “lawless”, shameful relationship. Therefore, even after the death of his beloved woman, Tyutchev continued to blame himself for her suffering, for failing to protect her from “human judgment.” Poems about the poet’s last love have no equal in Russian literature in terms of the depth of psychological disclosure of the topic:

Oh, how in our declining years

We love more tenderly and more superstitiously...

Shine, shine, farewell light

Last love, evening love!

The enormous power of influence on the reader of these lines is rooted in their sincerity and artlessness of expressing a deep, hard-won thought about the transience of enormous, unique happiness, which can no longer be returned. Love in Tyutchev’s view is a secret, the highest gift of fate.

Love, love - says the legend -

Union of the soul with the dear soul -

Their union, combination,

And their fatal merger,

And... the fatal duel...

However, such a metamorphosis is still not capable of killing love; moreover, a suffering person does not want to get rid of the torments of love, for it gives him a fullness and acuteness of perception of the world. Tyutchev's "Denisevsky cycle" became a miraculous monument to his young lover, the same age as his daughter. She, like Dante's Beatrice or Petrarch's Laura, gained immortality. Now these poems exist separately from the tragic love story, but they became the pinnacle of world love poetry because they were nourished by life itself.

A. A. Fet's love lyrics are also inseparable from his fate, his personal drama, which explains the fact that in all his poems, sometimes growing stronger and sometimes weaker, a “desperate, sobbing note” sounds. As a non-commissioned officer of the Cuirassier Regiment, Fet met Maria Lazich, the daughter of a poor Kherson landowner. They fell in love with each other, but the future poet did not dare to marry the girl, since he did not have sufficient funds. He wrote about this in March 1849 to a close friend, A. Borisov: “This creature would stand in front of me until the last minute of my consciousness - as the possibility of possible happiness for me and reconciliation with the disgusting reality. But she has nothing, and I have nothing. .." In addition, marriage would have forced Fet to put an end to all his plans. In 1851, Maria died: she was burned by a carelessly thrown match. It was even suggested that it was suicide. In any case, A. Fet could not forget Maria until the end of his days, experiencing a bitter feeling of guilt and remorse. Many of the poet’s poems are dedicated to her: “Old Letters”, “Still Eyes, Crazy Eyes”, “A ray of sun between the linden trees...”, “For a long time I dreamed of the cries of your sobs” and many others. The acute intensity of feeling, the painful energy of experience seems to overcome death. The poet speaks to his beloved as if she were alive, seeking an answer from her, even envying her silence and non-existence:

Those eyes are gone - and I’m not afraid of coffins,

I envy your silence,

And, without judging either stupidity or malice,

Hurry, hurry into your oblivion!

In these poems, filled with passion and despair, the poet’s refusal to come to terms with eternal separation and the death of his beloved is heard. Here even “non-existence” is felt as something positive, as an inextricable connection with her. Overcoming tragedy, Fet turns it into dramatic joy, into harmony, into a constant source of inspiration.

Tyutchev's “landscapes in verse” are inseparable from a person, his state of mind, feelings, mood:

Moth flight invisible

Heard in the night air...

An hour of unspeakable melancholy!..

Everything is in me, and I am in everything!..

The image of nature helps to identify and express the complex, contradictory spiritual life of a person, doomed to eternally strive for merging with nature and never achieve it, because it brings with it death, dissolution in the primordial chaos. Thus, F. Tyutchev organically connects the theme of nature with the philosophical understanding of life.

Fetov’s perception of the landscape conveys the subtlest nuances of human feelings and moods in their bizarre variability:

What a night! Every single star

Warmly and meekly they look into the soul again,

And in the air behind the nightingale's song

Anxiety and love spread.

The spring renewal of nature gives rise in the soul of the lyrical hero to vague premonitions of happiness and excited anticipation of love.

Impartial time put everything in its place and gave everything an objective and correct assessment. Who now, at the beginning of the third millennium, is interested in the ideological political battles of the 60s of the 19th century? Who can seriously be interested in the malicious attacks and reproaches of civil passivity addressed to great poets? All this has become just a subject for the study of history. And the poetry of Tyutchev and Fet is still fresh, amazing, and unique. These poets can be called the forerunners of symbolism. Their poetry excites, excites, makes us freeze with sweet melancholy and pain, because again and again it reveals to us the bottomless secret of the human soul.

The two greatest poets of their era are Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev and Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet. The contribution of these writers to the system of Russian versification is invaluable. In the works of both of them one can find features inherent in many literary figures of that time. Perhaps this is why these two poets are so often compared. Meanwhile, both Tyutchev and Fet have special, unique details and moods that cannot be found in the work of the other.

Among the similarities in the works of the two poets, one can note the way the inner world of the lyrical heroes is described. Both Tyutchev and Fet pay more attention to the deepest emotional experiences of a person; the portraits of their lyrical heroes are very psychological. In addition to psychologism, both poets use the technique of parallelism: the inner world, a person’s mood, his deep experiences and feelings are often reflected in nature.

The poets' descriptions of nature itself are also similar. Their nature is two-dimensional: it has a landscape and a psychological side. This precisely explains the use of parallelism: the description of the external world, as it were, turns into a description of the emotions of the lyrical hero. Another similarity is the motives of love lyrics. Tyutchev and Fet experienced a terrible tragedy: they lost a loved one, and this loss was reflected in the nature of their love lyrics.

Despite such a large number of similarities described above in the lyrics of Fet and Tyutchev, there are quite a lot of differences in their work. Fet's lyrics gravitate more towards descriptive landscape themes, while Tyutchev's poems have a philosophical character (although he also has enough landscape poems). The attitude towards life in the poets' poems also differs: Fet admires life, and Tyutchev perceives it as being. Poets perceive nature and man differently: for Tyutchev, nature is a huge world, in the face of which man becomes powerless, and Fet perceives it as a living being living in absolute harmony with man. The “technical” side of the poems is also different. Fet uses a lot of syntactic means of expressiveness, especially often compositional repetition. Tyutchev more often uses allegorical tropes, especially metaphor and its varieties.

So, despite the large number of similarities found, one should not lose sight of the huge layer of differences between the lyrics of Fet and Tyutchev. The poets lived in the same era, they were influenced by the same society, and even some facts of their biography are similar, so it should not be surprising that there are some similar motives in their work. But at the same time, Fet and Tyutchev are independent creative personalities, capable of creating something original and unique, putting a piece of their soul into it.

The first collection of poems reflected the artistic originality of Fet's poetry and defined the range of themes, motifs and images of his lyrics. Russia appears in the collection as the main poetic image. The poet acutely perceives the beauty of reality and considers beauty as an indispensable attribute of life. Native nature in its immediate real life appears in Fet’s poetry as the main sphere of manifestation of beauty. Poem “I am Russian”, which opens the collection of 1850, speaks of the special nature of the poet’s aesthetic perception of nature, that the gloomy and disharmonious elements of the northern landscape seem beautiful to him, that the feeling of beauty is inseparable from his love for his homeland:

I'm Russian, I love the silence given to the nasty,

Under the canopy of snow, monotonous death,

Forests under the caps or in gray frost

Yes, the river is ringing under the dark blue ice.

How they love to find thoughtful gazes

Winded ditches, blown mountains,

Sleepy blades of grass - or among the naked fields,

Where the hill is bizarre, like some kind of mausoleum,

Sculpted at midnight - the whirling of distant whirlwinds

And a solemn shine at the sounds of funeral!

Fet creates a tragic, disharmonious image of the nature of the north. The desolation, deadness of the winter expanse and the loneliness of a person lost in it are expressed in this poem through the general coloring of the picture and through every detail of it. This nature is dear to the poet. The motives of joy and sadness, death and love are fused in the poem.

In the poem “Sad Birch...” Fet depicts one birch tree, which he sees every day through the window of his room, and the slightest changes on a tree naked in winter for the poet serve as the embodiment of the beauty and unique life of the winter nature of his native land.

In the poem “Whisper, timid breathing...” there are no verbs. The poet depicted the night as a succession of meaningful moments full of content, as a flow of events. The poem tells how night gives way to dawn and clarity comes in the relationship between lovers after an explanation. The action develops in parallel between people and in nature.

In the late 50s and 60s, the idea of ​​harmony between man and nature in Fet’s work loses its absolute meaning. If earlier he expressed the same conviction in poetry - the conviction that he belongs to nature, that he is part of it, that her voice sounds in his poems, now he feels like the voice of the Universe and enters into an argument with God, refusing to recognize power divine Providence over the internally free human personality. Speaking about God, he meant the force that determines the laws of nature on a cosmic scale, the force that rules the Universe, but is completely devoid of ethical content.

The desire to go beyond the limits of time and space is one of the constant motifs of Fet’s late lyrics.

In the 50-60s of the XIX century. In Russian literature, along with the movement of supporters of civil poetry, a school of poets of “pure art” emerged. The largest representatives of this school were Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev (1803-1873) and Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet (1820-1892).

Tyutchev's aesthetic views were formed under the influence of Pushkin. Tyutchev dedicated two of his collections to him, and it was with him that he had a constant poetic dialogue. In the poem “January 29, 1837” (the day of Pushkin’s death), Tyutchev assesses the activities and personality of the great poet, calling him “the living organ of the gods,” a noble, bright and pure genius. The words from this poem have become popular: “Russia’s heart will not forget you, like its first love.”

In general, Tyutchev’s lyrics can be defined as philosophical. Philosophical thought permeates poems about the poet and poetry, especially those dedicated to Heine, Zhukovsky, Schiller, Byron, whose work was close to Tyutchev with romantic pathos and the desire to understand the secrets of the Universe.

The philosophical stamp lies on poems about nature. In the poem “Nature is not what you think...” the poet angrily attacks people who are indifferent to beauty, unable to see its naturalness, to understand its language:

Not what you think, nature:

Not a cast, not a soulless face -

She has a soul, she has freedom,

It has love, it has language.

Subtle observation, warmth and lyricism are distinguished by Tyutchev’s poems “There is in the primordial autumn...”, “Quietly flowing in the lake...”, “How good you are, O night sea...”. Nature in these poems is spiritualized; it is connected with man by invisible threads. Man is himself a part of nature, a “thinking reed”. Tyutchev reflects on the harmony of nature, the infinity of the Universe and the ultimate fate of man (“There is melodiousness in the waves of the sea...”). The human soul is a mystery. It contains the elements of destruction and self-destruction. Love and creativity, born from the depths of the human spirit, can destroy the integrity of the individual (“Silentium!”).

For Tyutchev, love is a “fatal duel” and the highest happiness. The union of kindred spirits is associated with the struggle of individuals. The victim of the struggle is often a woman (“What did you pray with love ...”). Drama, disastrous passion, a storm of feelings are glorified in Tyutchev’s love lyrics:

Oh, how murderously we love,

As in the violent blindness of passions We most certainly destroy,

What is dear to our hearts!

Deep love for E. A. Denisyeva - a passionate, vulnerable woman, similar to the women of Dostoevsky, her early death was the impetus for the creation of the so-called “Denisyevsky” cycle of poems. The main features of this cycle are confession, sympathy for a woman, and the desire to understand her soul.

In Tyutchev’s work, the theme of love for the motherland is resolved in the spirit of Lermontov as strange and contradictory. For the poet, Russia is deep and unknowable. Her soul is original and cannot be analyzed by reason:

I don’t understand Russia with my mind,

The general arshin cannot be measured:

She will become special -

You can only believe in Russia.

Tyutchev in his poems talks about the transience of time in life and death, about human happiness. Realizing that time

We can't predict

How our word will respond, -

And we are given sympathy,

How grace is given to us.

Richness in philosophical thought and perfection of artistic form are the main features of Tyutchev’s poetry.

The main features of the poetry of A. A. Fet are his appeal exclusively to the world of feelings and “volatile” moods, the lack of plot of the verse and his passion for the genre of lyrical miniatures. Fet constantly emphasized that poetry should not interfere in the affairs of the “poor world.” In his poems there is almost no place for political, social, or civil problems. Fet outlined the circle of his poetry with three themes: love, nature, art...

Fet's love lyrics are bright and sunny. It is rich in shades of feeling, always filled with a feeling of happiness. Love for the poet is a refuge “from the eternal splash and noise of life.” His attitude towards this woman is reverent, tender (“At dawn, don’t wake her up...”, “In the golden glow of a half-asleep lamp...”). In Fet's love feeling there is some kind of reliability and tranquility, a complete absence of fatal passions and fights, as was the case with Tyutchev. Love in Fet's poetry always overcomes the coldness of the soul. Two loving people understand each other, and this mutual understanding gives rise to a “captivating dream” and “fragrant honey” of love (“Sonnet”, “Serenade”, “The night was shining, the garden was full of the moon...”).

Fet is “nature’s secret spy.” He notices both color and sound diffused in nature, the slightest details of its condition.

In the poem “Sad Birch,” the poet observes from his window a naked birch tree frozen in the frost, which becomes for him the embodiment of the beauty of the northern region. Fet often depicts the Russian winter in his miniatures with its snowdrifts, snow blizzards in the field, and “lights of frost” under the moon. Winter personifies the extraordinary beauty characteristic only of Russia (the “Snow” cycle).

Fet's poem "Whisper, Timid Breath..." is unusual in its artistic style. There are no verbs here at all, and yet the dynamics of life are conveyed with unusual precision and poignancy. Two streams of events are developing in parallel: in nature - the change of night to morning, between people - a declaration of love. Nominal sentences convey the succession of action-filled moments. Life seems to pulsate, full of events, the night foreshadows the joy and happiness of the day. In Fet's poetry, nature is limitless, but at the same time it is limited by the sphere of the visible

Poet of the world (“Fantasy”).

Art is the third theme of Fet's poetry. The poet often turns to the art of Ancient Greece and Rome, seeing the greatest harmony in the works of antiquity. In the poem “Diana,” inspired by Titian’s painting, Fet admires the physical beauty and harmony of the goddess. Since Diana is the goddess of nature, she is naturally included in this nature: she is reflected in the water, as if emerging from it. Fet was attracted to the plasticity of ancient statues as an expression of the artist’s divine inspiration. In the poem “A Piece of Marble,” the poet, seeing a block of marble, talks about what can come out of it under the skillful hand of a sculptor.

Fet wanted to bring people together through art. Words seemed to be not enough for him; he was looking for new opportunities for spiritual communication. Music can be such a means of mutual understanding between people. The theme of music is included in poetry in the poems of the “Melody” cycle:

Filled with the mystery of the cruel Soul of fading violins.

Those sounds are twice as clear to me:

Filled with miraculous power They are all dear to my heart.

The poem “Muse” is directly dedicated to poetry. In the last years of his life, Fet creates a cycle of love poems, “Evening Lights,” in which he denies the power of time over man and the finitude of life. ~

What was common to all of Fet’s poetry was the desire to escape from issues of civil, social sound into the world of pure feelings.

Nekrasov’s work is extremely unique: he not only sympathized with the people, but considered himself part of them, spoke their language, on their behalf.

The early period of creativity (late 1830s - mid-1840s) was marked by romantic imitation, the search for one’s own theme (collection “Dreams and Sounds”, 1840).

The second period - “contemporary” (from 1845 to the early 60s) - was the main one in Nekrasov’s creative life. The era of the rise of the revolutionary raznochin movement found expression in his poetry. A range of topics is determined - “urban” poems, anti-serfdom, about women’s lot. A realistic style is developed and satirical pathos appears. The civil, democratic orientation of poetry becomes leading. In 1856, the collection “Poems” was published - the main milestone in Nekrasov’s creative evolution. From 1856 to 1861, in the pre-reform period, the peasant theme acquired particular relevance.

In the third period (1862-1870), Nekrasov was looking for a positive hero of our time. Depicts the cruel contrasts of the city in the spirit of the natural school; continues the peasant theme, satirically depicting the fruits of the reform of 1861, the theme of the fight against censorship and freedom of poetic speech acquires great importance. In the 70s, there was a rise in the social movement, which found expression in the activities of the revolutionary populists. Nekrasov is developing the theme of the Decembrists, which was supposed to inspire young people to fight for people's freedom (“Grandfather”, “Princess Trubetskaya”, “Princess Volkonskaya”).

Drama increases in lyrical creativity. There is a symbolization of artistic details. Nekrasov turns to the genre of the poem, filling it with modern content, bringing it closer to folk poetry. The poet writes the epic poem “Who Lives Well in Rus',” which is the artistic pinnacle of his life.