Pledge - To help schoolchildren: a guide to the Russian language. Verb

25.10.2023

From the history. Category voice has been and remains to this day the subject of close attention of many linguists. “...Different grammarians had different understandings of the scope and grammatical content of the category of voice; Some saw in the pledge only a reflection of the relationship of the action to the object, others included in the circle of pledge meanings, in addition to object relations, various relations of the action to the subject, and still others sought to limit the concept of pledge to the expression of the relationship to the subject.”

The traditional doctrine of pledges, leading from the six pledges of M.V. Lomonosov, preserved until the beginning of the 19th century. and ends with the works of F.I. Buslaev, from whom this theory receives the most profound development.

The category of voice by linguists of this period is understood as a category that expresses the relationship of an action to an object. In this regard, the concepts of voice and transitivity-intransitivity were identified. In parallel with transitivity-intransitivity, another principle was used as the basis for distinguishing voice - the distinction between verbs with the affix -sya and verbs without this affix. The confusion of these two principles did not make it possible to construct a consistent theory of collateral.

F.F. Fortunatov in his article “On the Voices of the Russian Verb” talks about voices as verbal forms that express the relationship of the action to the subject. Instead of the lexico-syntactic principle of F.F. Fortunatov based the classification of voices on the grammatical correlation of forms. The formal sign of voice is the affix -xia, therefore, two collaterals are allocated (refundable and non-refundable). F.F. Fortunatov refuses to identify voice and transitivity-intransitivity, but points out the connection of voice meanings with the meanings of transitivity-intransitivity.

Other researchers (A.A. Potebnya, A.A. Shakhmatov) considered pledge as a category expressing subject-object relations.

A.A. Shakhmatov bases his doctrine of voice on the sign of transitivity-intransitivity and identifies three voices (active, passive, reflexive). Shakhmatov gives a subtle analysis of the basic meanings of the affix -xia for reflexive verbs.

Transitive and intransitive verbs. Transitive and intransitive verbs differ in meaning. The basis of this distinction is the attitude towards the object of the action expressed by the verb. TO transitional include verbs with the meaning of an action directed at an object, changing or producing this object - the object of the action: read a book, widen a sleeve, sew a suit. TO intransitive include verbs denoting movement and position in space, physical and moral state, for example: fly, get sick, stand, suffer. The lexical meaning of transitive and intransitive verbs is associated with their syntactic difference: transitive verbs are combined with the designation of an object in the accusative case without a preposition, and intransitive verbs require an object only in indirect cases without a preposition or with prepositions; compare: be in love(who? what?) - transitive verb, to help(to whom? what?) is an intransitive verb. With transitive verbs, the object of the action can be expressed in the genitive case in two cases: a) to indicate part of the object: drink water, buy bread; b) if there is a negation of the verb: did not read newspapers, did not receive wages, has no right. Typically, transitive and intransitive verbs do not have their own special morphological features. However, some types of word formation of verbs are indicators of the transitivity and intransitivity of the verb. Thus, all verbs with the affix are classified as intransitive -xia(cf.: convince - make sure), as well as denominative verbs with the suffix -e- And -nicha-(-icha-): to become weak, to go bald, to be greedy, to be picky and so on. Transitive verbs include verbs formed from adjectives with the suffix -and-: blacken, green and so on. In some cases, attaching prefixes to intransitive unprefixed verbs turns them into transitive ones; compare: harm(to whom; to what?), render harmless(who? what?). Depending on the lexical meaning, the same verb can act as transitive and intransitive: Editoredits the manuscript. - Rules the worldthe man himself(M.). With intransitive verbs, the accusative case is possible without a preposition, but exclusively with the meaning of space or time: The troops are comingdayAndnight(P.).

The grammatical category of voice is a verbal category that expresses the relationship of an action to the subject (producer of the action) and the object of the action (the object on which the action is performed). For example: 1) General sharplystoppedcar near your tent(Cat.). The verb stopped has a voice form that expresses the attitude of action ( stopped) to subject ( general) and action object ( car), covered by the action in full; 2) ...A small cart drawn by three exhausted horses,stoppedin front of the porch(T.). Voice form of the verb stopped denotes an action that is locked in the subject itself ( cart), which does not transfer to the object. Difference between verb forms stopped And stopped in the above sentences there is a collateral difference.

Pledges and their formation. Grammatical means of expressing voice meanings can be morphological and syntactic. Morphological means in the formation of voices are: a) affix -xia, attached to a verb: rejoice - rejoice; b) suffixes of active and passive participles (cf.: seer -having seen And visible - visible). Syntactic means of expressing collateral meanings are: a) syntactic difference in the expression of the subject and object of the action (cf.: Wavesblurredshore.- shoreblurredwaves); b) the presence of the object of action and its complete absence (cf.: Rainincreasesharvest. - Rainbegins); c) the difference in forms and meanings of verb-controlled nouns (cf.: The contract is concludedforeman. - The contract is concludedwith the foreman).

The main voices are: active, intermediate and passive.

Active voice have transitive verbs, denoting an action performed by the subject and actively aimed at the object. The active voice has a syntactic characteristic: the subject of the action is the subject, and the object is the object in the accusative case without a preposition: Peace will win the war.

Average refundable deposit have verbs formed from transitive verbs (active voice) by means of an affix -xia. They express the action of the subject, which does not transfer to a direct object, but, as it were, returns to the subject itself, concentrated in it; compare: return the book And come back(himself) pay attention And concentrate(to himself).

Depending on the lexical meaning of the stems and the nature of the syntactic connections, verbs of the mid-reflexive voice can express shades of meaning that differently characterize the relationship between the subject and the object of the action.

Self-returnable verbs express an action whose subject and direct object are the same person: [Daughters] perfume themselvesYesput on lipstickthat dollsdress up(D. Bed.). Affix -xia in these verbs it means “oneself”.

Reciprocal verbs denote the action of several persons, of which each person is simultaneously both the subject and the object of the designated action. Affix -xia such verbs have the meaning “each other”: And new friends wellembrace, Wellkiss(Kr.).

Generally returnable verbs express the internal state of the subject, closed in the subject itself, or a change in the state, position, movement of the subject. Such verbs allow the addition of the words “most”, “himself” - to be upset, to move(himself); upset, moved around(myself): Popadya Baldoywon't boast, but about Balda only andsad(P.).

Indirect-returnable verbs denote an action performed by the subject in his own interests, for himself: He was a neat guy. Everyonestocked upon the way back(P.).

Objectless-returnable verbs denote an action outside of relation to the object, closed in the subject as its constant property: Alreadyit burnsSun(N.); Mother darned the sheepskin coat, but he stillwas eagerAndwas eager(Paust.).

Passive voice in meaning it correlates with the active voice, but has its own morphological and syntactic characteristics. The passive voice is expressed by adding an affix to active verbs -xia(cf.: Workersare buildingHouses. - At homeare being builtworkers). In addition, the meaning of the passive voice can be expressed by forms of passive participles - full and short. For example: Motherloved(darling). Subjectstudied(studied). Design comparison - Factory fulfills plan(actual construction) and The plan is executed by the factory(passive construction) shows that in an active construction (with a transitive verb) the subject of the action is expressed by the subject, and the object - by the object in the accusative case, and in the passive (with a reflexive verb) the object becomes the subject, and the former subject turns out to be an object in the instrumental case. Thus, the passive voice represents the action as passively directed from the object to the subject.

The most important grammatical indicator of the passive voice is the instrumental case of the noun with the meaning of the doer, the real subject of the action. The absence of such an instrumental case brings the passive meaning of the verb closer to the neuter reflexive, especially when the subject is the name of a person (cf.: Skiers go hiking; Letters are sent by mail; Parcels are sentforwarder).

Bondarko's theory of collateral determination. Includes all verbs. The theory is based on the relationship between subject and predicate. The subject is considered as a carrier of the verbal attribute (integral). The relationship of the verb to the subject is a differential feature. If the action is directed from the subject - active voice (centrifugal), if the action is directed towards the subject - passive voice (centripetal). Since intransitive verbs cannot have an action object, they are always in the active voice. In indefinite-personal and definitely-personal sentences the meaning of the voice is weakened, in impersonal sentences the voice attribute is neutralized. The passive voice usually has a postfix x.

Shakhmatov/Vinogradov’s theory of collateral. Voice – Civil Code, expressing the relationship of the subject and object of the action of the verb to the subject and object of the sentence. There are 3 voices: active, passive, mid-reflexive.

Active voice. Denotes the action of a transitive verb performed by the subject of the action (subject) and directed at the object of the action (direct object). All transitive verbs can potentially have a DZ meaning. The DZ has no morphological indicators. Expressed syntactically: by the presence of an action, a subject of an action, an object of an action. The forms of all persons and moods of the verb can have the meaning of DZ - the meaning of the activity of the action in relation to the subject.

Passive voice. The subject of the action and the subject of the sentence are bifurcated within the sentence. The subject of the sentence (subject) becomes the object of the action of the verb. And the subject of the action of the verb becomes the object of the sentence in Tv.p. # The door is opened by the doorman. This gives rise to the meaning of a passive action in relation to the subject. The form of the expression SZ is a passive construction + sya, attached to a transitive verb. When translating DZ into SZ, you must keep in mind that only NV verbs in the 3rd person are capable of this. From transitive verbs SV SZ is formed with the help of passive participles SV.

Syntax of DZ and SZ. The subject or object of an action may be lost in the context. # I am building a house (the deposit is retained). I deliver newspapers. The article is being printed.

Average refundable deposit. It means that the action performed by the subject does not transfer to the object, but is closed on the subject itself. # Mom is washing her face. Only transitive verbs, when added, form SVZ, and transitivity is lost. The importance of focusing action on the manufacturer himself is common to SVZ.

Types of SVZ: 1. Self-reflexive - shows that the action performed by the subject returns to him and produces changes in the appearance or physical appearance of the subject. The subject of the action is a person or animal. #dress up. 2. Reciprocal - an action is performed mutually by two persons or several subjects of the action, who are also objects. # put up. 3. Generally reciprocal - the meaning of the concentration of the action on its producer (state, oneself, oneself) # to be sad. 4. Indirectly reciprocal - the action is performed by the subject for himself, in his own interests # to gather. 5. Active-objectless (property of an animate object - a dog bites) and passive-qualitative (property of an inanimate object - burdock pricks).

They have no collateral. 1. Intransitive verbs without syntax (to sleep). 2. Verbs formed from intransitive + NA (knock). 3. Verbs that are not used without syllables (laugh). 4. Verbs formed from transitive verbs, when the verb introduces a new meaning (pretend). 5. Impersonal verbs (to get dark).

The relationship between an action and an object can be expressed in only two ways: if the object itself performs the action or if the action is performed on it. In linguistics, there is a section of grammar that studies this topic, and it is called “Active and Passive Voice.” And since this section cannot be considered in English without a similar one in Russian, we will analyze them in turn.

What it is

As already mentioned, the active and passive voice is a verbal category that reflects the relationship between the action, the subject (produces the force) and the object (to which the force is directed). To show which type is used in a sentence to express a thought, it is necessary to know certain constructions characteristic of each of them, which are formed by means of morphology and syntax. The passive voice is expressed by the so-called “passive” form of the verb, and the active voice is expressed by the “active” form. In English, this section sounds like “Passive voice” and “Active voice”, respectively. And as in Russian, the structure of the sentence from a syntactic point of view undergoes changes characteristic of each voice.

Active voice

We use verbs in this form all the time, both in written and spoken language. They denote actions that come directly from the object, and in sentences they take changes in persons, numbers and tenses, i.e. These are all transitive verbs. For example, “I am reading a book”, “he was reading a book”, “we will read a book”, etc. More complex than in Russian, this happens in English, since it has at least 9 tense forms of the verb: three present (Present Simple, Continuous and Perfect), three past (Past) and three future (Future). The use of each of them depends on the purpose of the utterance. Thus, simple tense (Simple) is used to express action in general, i.e. reporting it as a fact, without additional information. For example, “I read a book” (“I am reading a book”). Continuous tells about a process taking place in any time: “Ann is reading a book at this moment” (“Anna is now reading a book”), and Perfect tense denotes those actions that ended at a certain moment : “I have read a book already” (“I have already read the book”).

Passive voice

In the Russian language, not all verbs can be used to form this category. This happens because their classification is extensive, and not each of them can be subject to collateral correlation, i.e. take both of its forms. Thus, the passive voice in the Russian language is closely related to the concept of transitivity (the ability to form a connection with an object without a preposition or with it) and reflexivity (attaching the postfix “-sya”) of verbs. For example, dressing a child (transitive), approaching the table (intransitive); listen - obey (returnable), breathe - irrevocable.

Thus, only transitive verbs can form the passive voice in Russian by adding the postfix “-sya” to their actual form. For example: “The house is designed by architects,” “Criminals are detained by police.”

Note

The meaning of sentences with verbs in this voice can also be conveyed using passive participles, both full and short. For example: “The house was designed (designed) by architects” or “Criminals detained (detained) by police.” A separate topic in the Russian language is occupied by the so-called. average return deposit. Only transitive verbs can take its form by adding the postfix “-sya”. In essence, this is the same passive voice, only the subject and object of the action in it is the same person, that is, the action is directed “at oneself.” For example, “Girl getting dressed for a walk”, “Come home for lunch”, “Concentrate on studying”, etc.

In English

It is better to present what the construction of verbs in Active voice (active voice) and Passive voice (passive voice) in English looks like in a table: this will help to simultaneously compare the methods of their formation and understand the general scheme. Thus, in positive sentences, it represents the form of the verb “To be” in the tense required for the statement + a semantic verb with the ending “-ed” or in the third form (V3, Participle II). Passive voice is easy to recognize in English text using this pattern as it is unique, simple and not used in any other topics. To obtain a question, the first word from the entire verb form is moved to the beginning of the sentence, and for negation, the particle “not” is added after it. To better understand this, it is better to change one sentence in all tenses.

Analysis of the topic using an example

Passive voice, Pr.Simple: Some letters are written by James at the school. (A few letters are written by James at school) / Are some letters written...? / Some letters are not written…

Past Simple: Some letters were written by James at the school. (Several letters written by James at school). / Were some letters written…? / Some letters were not written…

Future Simple: Some letters will be written by James at the school. / Will some letters be written…? / Some letters will not be written…

Pr.Cont.: Some letters are being written by James at the school at the moment. / Are some letters being written…? / Some letters are not being written…

Past Cont.: Some letters were being written by James at the school for hour. / Were some letters being written…? / Some letters were not being written…

FutureCont.: does not exist, you must use the Future Simple.

Pr.Perf.: Some letters have been written by James at the school towards lunchtime. / Have some letters been written…? / Some letters have not been written…

Past Perf.: Some letters had been written by James at the school towards lunchtime. / Had some letters been written…? / Some letters had not been written…

Future Perf.: Some letters would be written by James at the school tomorrow towards lunchtime. / Would some letters be written…? / Some letters would not be written…

conclusions

Thus, the topic of voice correlation of verbs in Russian and English is based on the same concepts and general rules of application, but differs sharply in the patterns of tense forms. This happens primarily because the grammar of these two languages is practically not similar, which means that word formation cannot be compared. But still, it is absolutely impossible for Russian-speaking students to master this topic in English without knowing it in their native speech, since the minimum for studying it is a general understanding.

Pledgein Russian is grammatical category, formed by means of morphology and syntax. Voice is a category formed by the opposition of such series of morphological forms, the meanings of which differ from each other in different representations of the same thing relationships between the semantic subject, action and semantic object.

*Simply put: the category of voice conveys the meaning of the relationship between subject, action and object

At the present stage of language development, the category of voice is characterized by the presence two theories: two-collateral and three-collateral.

Three-pledge theory

According to the three-collateral theory, there are three voices: active, passive and reflexive (medium reflexive), Moreover, only transitive verbs and reflexive formations from them are used.

Active voice The verb denotes the action of the subject, passing on to the direct object.

Girl dresses doll.

Mother combs his hair daughter

Passive voice The verb names an action passively perceived by the object on the part of the subject.

Daughter combing his hair mom.

Verbs refundable deposit indicate an action of the subject that returns to him, i.e. subject = object.Boy going to school.

Particularly difficult is the distinction between reflexive verbs and reflexive forms of the verb.:

U reflexive verbs postfix -xia will perform a word-forming function, therefore, in semantics they are more or less different from the corresponding transitive verbs ( burn -burn yourself ). The reflexive voice uses reflexive verbs.

The passive voice uses reflexive forms of the verb. In this case, the postfix will perform a formative function. Reflexive forms have the same lexical meaning as active voice forms, i.e. -sya does not change the lexical meaning of the verb.

Bondarko L.V. and Bulanin L.L. emphasize that the reflexive verb taken in isolation outside the syntactic context and the reflexive form of the verb do not differ.

· New laces every minute yourself are untied. (Refundable deposit.)

· First are being untied laces, then shoes are removed and carefully are put in place. (Passive voice.)

Two-voice theory

According to the two-collateral theory the category of voice will be structured as a contrast between two series of forms - active and passive voice.

In modern Russian, we can distinguish two types of syntactic constructions in which the verb appears - passive and active.

IN active design The subject names the actor, the verb names the action being performed, and the direct object names the object to which the action is directed.

· Student is reading book.

· Teacher checks dictation.

IN passive design the subject names the object, the verb names the action being experienced, and the indirect object in the instrumental case names the subject, or the actor.

· Errors are being corrected proofreader

· Roses are grown gardener

The instrumental case of the subject must be distinguished from other meanings of the instrumental case:

· - from the instrumental instrumental: chop with an ax ,write with pen ;

· - from the instrumental adverbial: walk through the dense forest (circumstances, spatial).

The active construction uses the active voice, while the passive construction uses the passive voice. Forms active voice do not have special external signs of formal expression. Forms passive voice are formed fromintransitive verbs by adding a postfix -xia .

Thus, according to the two-voice theory, voice is considered as an inflectional grammatical category that determines the relationship of the action to the subject.

Voice is inherent in all verbs of the Russian language; there are no verbs outside of voice.

There are two types of verbs - bi-vocal and mono-vocal.

Bi-vocal verbs - these are transitive verbs, correlative in voice, that is, having forms of both voices, active and passive.

· Postman spreads letters. (DZ) *

· Letters spread postman. (NW)

Monosyllabic verbs - these are verbs that have only active voice forms. There are no verbs that have only passive voice forms in modern Russian.

Target lectures – give the concept of verb voice; present existing theories of collateral; characterize the binary and three-term theories of collateral.

2. Binary theory of collateral.

3. Lexico-grammatical category of transitivity/intransitivity.

4. Three-part theory of collateral.

The category of voice has been and remains to this day the subject of close attention of many linguists. Different grammarians have understood and still understand differently the scope and grammatical content of the category of voice; Some saw in the pledge only a reflection of the relationship of the action to the object, others included in the circle of pledge meanings, in addition to object relations, and various relations of the action to the subject, while others sought to limit the concept of pledge to the expression of the relationship to the subject.

The category of pledge received a fundamentally different interpretation in the works of K.S. Aksakov and especially F.F. Fortunatova. F.F. Fortunatov in his article “On the Voices of the Russian Verb” talks about voices as verbal forms that express the relationship of the action to the subject. Instead of the lexico-syntactic principle of F.F. Fortunatov based the classification of voices on the grammatical correlation of forms. The formal sign of a voice is the affix -sya, therefore two voices are distinguished (revocable and non-revocable). F.F. Fortunatov refuses to identify voice and transitivity-intransitivity, but points out the connection of voice meanings with the meanings of transitivity-intransitivity.

Other researchers (A.A. Potebnya, A.A. Shakhmatov) considered pledge as a category expressing subject-object relations. A.A. Shakhmatov based his doctrine of voice on the sign of transitivity-intransitivity and identified three voices - active, passive and reflexive. The scientist’s works provide a subtle analysis of the main meanings of the -sya affix in reflexive verbs. A.V. Isachenko distinguishes two voices: active and passive. V.V. Vinogradov identifies three collateral meanings of verbs: active, passive, neuter.

These two voice theories - binary and three-term - are most widespread in Russian grammar.

2. Binary collateral theory

The category of voice consists of two opposed grammatical forms and their meanings, which actualize subject-object connections of action in speech. The subject is understood as any carrier of action, the object is any inert object (including the one being created) that is directly covered by the action of the subject. The actualization of subject-object connections of an action is understood as the identification in a given statement of an object to which the action is attributed when the subject/object is actualized: The professor gave a lecture - The lecture was given by the professor. The actualization of the subject or object itself is motivated by certain textual connections of a given sentence, the situation, as well as the communicative attitude of the utterance and affects the expression of the peculiarities of the course of the action.

The active voice actualizes the subject of the action in the statement, and the action can be objective or non-objective. The subject of the action in the active voice is expressed by the nominative case, indirect cases, personal forms of the verb, or can be represented as eliminated: he reads, it is not read to him, they say that he has arrived; freezing.

The passive voice, on the contrary, actualizes in the statement an object to which the arbitrary ultimate-effective action of the subject is attributed, which makes the object the bearer not of the action, but of the state or result that is caused by the action of the subject. The subject of an action in the passive voice is expressed by the personal voice form of the verb with the support of the context and lexical meaning of the verb and is of an indefinite nature, which can optionally be specified by the instrumental case and other forms. The actualized object is expressed, as a rule, in the nominative case: A high-rise building is being built on our street.

Thus, correlative sentences with the passive voice and the active voice denote the same objective situation, consisting of the subject, his action and the object to which the action of the subject is directed, but interpret it from opposite points of view - from the point of view of the bearer of the objective action (active voice) or an object as a carrier of an influencing action (passive voice).

According to this theory, all verbs have a voice.

3. Lexico-grammatical category of transitivity/intransitivity

Transitive and intransitive verbs differ in meaning. The basis of this distinction is the attitude towards the object of the action expressed by the verb.

Transitive verbs include verbs with the meaning of an action directed at an object, changing or producing this object - the object of the action: read a book, widen a sleeve, sew a suit.

Intransitive verbs include verbs that denote movement and position in space, physical and moral state, for example: fly, get sick, stand, suffer.

The lexical meaning of transitive and intransitive verbs is associated with their syntactic difference: transitive verbs are combined with the designation of an object in the accusative case without a preposition, and intransitive verbs require an object only in indirect cases without a preposition or with prepositions; cf.: to love (who? what?) is a transitive verb, to help (whom? what?) is an intransitive verb.

With transitive verbs, the object of the action can be expressed in the genitive case in two cases:

– to designate part of an object: drink water, buy bread;

– if there is a negation of the verb: did not read newspapers, did not receive wages, has no right.

Typically, transitive and intransitive verbs do not have their own special morphological features. However, some types of word formation of verbs are indicators of the transitivity and intransitivity of the verb. Thus, all verbs with the affix -sya (cf.: convince - make sure), as well as denominal verbs with the suffix -e- and -nicha-(-icha-) are classified as intransitive: become weak, become bald, tinker, greedy, picky, etc. .P. Transitive verbs include verbs formed from adjectives with the suffix -i-: blacken, green, etc. In some cases, attaching prefixes to intransitive unprefixed verbs turns them into transitive ones; cf.: harm (who? what?), neutralize (who? what?). Depending on the lexical meaning, the same verb can act as transitive and intransitive: The editor corrects the manuscript. – The world is ruled by man himself. With intransitive verbs, the accusative case is possible without a preposition, but exclusively with the meaning of space or time: The troops march day and night.

4. Three-term theory of collateral

According to the theory of three voices, the grammatical category of voice is a verbal category that expresses the relationship of an action to the subject (producer of the action) and the object of the action (the object on which the action is performed). For example: 1) The general abruptly stopped the car near his tent. The verb stopped has a voice form that expresses the relationship of the action (stopped) to the subject (general) and the object of the action (car), covered by the action in full; 2) ...A small cart, drawn by three exhausted horses, stopped in front of the porch. The voice form of the verb stopped indicates an action that is confined to the subject itself (the cart) and does not transfer to the object. The difference between the verb forms stopped and stopped in the given sentences is a voice difference.

Grammatical means of expressing voice meanings can be morphological and syntactic. The morphological means in the formation of voices is the affix -sya, attached to the verb: to please – to rejoice. Syntactic means of expressing collateral values are:

– syntactic difference in the expression of the subject and object of the action (cf.: Waves erode the shore. - The shore is eroded by the waves);

- the presence of an object of action and its complete absence (cf.: Rain increases the harvest. - The rain begins);

– difference in forms and meanings of nouns controlled by a verb (cf.: An agreement is concluded by a foreman. - An agreement is concluded with a foreman).

The main voices of the three-term theory are the active, neuter reflexive and passive voices.

Transitive verbs have active voice, denoting an action performed by the subject and actively directed at the object. The active voice has a syntactic characteristic: the subject of the action is the subject, and the object is the object in the accusative case without a preposition: Peace will win the war.

The passive voice is similar in meaning to the active voice, but has its own morphological and syntactic characteristics. The passive voice is expressed by attaching the affix -sya to active voice verbs (cf.: Workers are building houses. - Houses are being built by workers).

Comparison of the construction The plant carries out the plan (active construction) and The plan is fulfilled by the plant (passive construction) shows that in the active construction (with a transitive verb) the subject of the action is expressed by the subject, and the object is expressed by the object in the accusative case, and in the passive (with a reflexive verb) by the subject becomes an object, and the former subject turns out to be an object in the instrumental case. Thus, the passive voice represents the action as passively directed from the object to the subject.

The most important grammatical indicator of the passive voice is the instrumental case of the noun with the meaning of the doer, the real subject of the action. The absence of such an instrumental case brings the passive meaning of the verb closer to the neuter reflexive, especially when the subject is the name of a person (cf.: Skiers go on a hike; Letters are sent by mail; Parcels are sent by a forwarder).

Verbs formed from transitive verbs (active voice) by means of the affix -sya have mid-reflexive voice. They express the action of the subject, which does not transfer to a direct object, but, as it were, returns to the subject itself, concentrated in it; cf.: return the book and return (by yourself), focus attention and concentrate (by yourself).

According to this voice theory, not all verbs have a voice meaning.

Thus, the following verbs remain out of voice:

– irrevocable intransitives (sleep, blush);

– verbs that are not used without –sya (to hope);

– reflexive verbs formed from intransitive verbs (to cry);

– verbs that have an impersonal meaning.

Literature

1. Vinogradov V.V. Russian language. (Grammatical doctrine of words). – M., 1986.

2. Korolev E.I. About the voices of the Russian verb // Thoughts about the modern Russian language. – M., 1969.

3. Modern Russian language: Theory. Analysis of linguistic units: In 2 hours – Part 2: Morphology. Syntax / Ed. E.I. Dibrova. – M., 2002.

4. Modern Russian language / Ed. P.A. Lekanta. – M., 2000.

5. Shansky N.M., Tikhonov A.N. Modern Russian language: At 3 o'clock. – Part 2: Word formation. Morphology - M., 1987.

Control questions

1. What verbs are called transitive?

2. What verbs are called intransitive?

3. What voice meanings can a verb express according to the binary theory of voice?

4. What voice meanings can a verb express according to the three-member theory of voice?

5. Which groups of verbs do not have a voice meaning according to the three-member theory of voice?

The question of the category of verb voice is one of the most difficult questions in the grammar of the modern Russian language. There is no generally accepted definition of the category of pledge in linguistics, although the term “pledge” (translated from Greek. diathesis) was already used in the most ancient grammars of Church Slavonic and then Russian. The doctrine of voices was outlined in the grammar of Miletius Smotritsky, and in the Russian grammar of Lomonosov the six voices of the Russian verb are already described (active, passive, reflexive, reciprocal, middle and general).

In the history of the development of the theory of collateral, there were different points of view.

I point of view:

The forms of voice express the relation of action only to the object.

II point of view:

The forms of voice express the relation of the action only to the subject. (Fortunatov F. F., Peshkovsky A. M.)

“Voice forms,” according to Fortunatov, “are those that denote differences in the relationship of the attribute expressed by the verbal base to its subject.”

III point of view:

The forms of voice express different relations of the verbal action to the subject and object at the same time. (Potebnya A. A., Shakhmatov A. A.)

In the middle of the 19th century. Scientists who struggled with borrowed grammatical theories and sought to bring Russian grammar closer to the features of living folk speech made attempts to reject the doctrine of voices. Dal V.I. in the “Advice Word” to the “Explanatory Dictionary” wrote: “The distribution of verbs into voices is pure scholasticism, one of those fetters that only serve to dull the memory and concepts of students.” In the works of Nekrasov N.P., only two main voices of verbs are allowed: non-reflexive, direct, and reflexive.

Nikitevich V. M. emphasizes that the uniqueness of the category of voice and its difference from other grammatical categories lies in the fact that voice relations closely depend on semantics