Projects of state reforms Speransky presentation. Presentation "Reform activities of M.M.

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Topic 3
Reform activities of M.M. Speransky

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Plan:
Start of activity of M.M. Speransky. Political reform project: intentions and results. Resignation of M.M. Speransky: causes and consequences.

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Alexander I decided to regain the authority lost after Tilsit with the help of a new round of reform activities. With the cooling of the tsar towards the members of the Secret Committee, a need arose for new faces, who, however, had to continue the previous direction of reforms.
Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky
The Emperor quickly found a man who met these requirements. It was M. M. Speransky.

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1. Start of activity of M.M. Speransky.
Document Contemporaries about M.M. Speransky “Possessing very happy talents, an attractive appearance and, at the same time, the highest degree of skill, flattery, and compliance in agreeing with all the opinions of senior persons inferior to him in talents, he managed to quickly climb the first steps of the career ladder, pushing aside his colleagues, and there was no there was no shortage on his part in all kinds of intrigues... It was in his power, if not to completely achieve the desired goal, then at least to lay a solid foundation for it, precisely by thoroughly and correctly comprehending the meaning of public institutions. Speransky would have been able to do this if he had not sacrificed that great merit to his desire for innovation, his empty vanity to redo everything.” From the “Notes” of Baron G. A. Rosenkampf

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1. Start of activity of M.M. Speransky.
“A strange personality who sometimes elevates us, and sometimes makes us feel our dependence... Speransky has enormous power; he is amazingly smart and cunning, but as proud as he is ignorant; thirsting for what gives only the appearance of happiness, he is not able to comprehend the good that leads to peace of mind. He is afraid of being understood and therefore puts on a thousand masks: sometimes he is a citizen and a good subject, sometimes an ardent fronder, using every effort to convince the public of his talents and not revealing his strength...” Baron Gustav Armfeld Assignment for documents. What qualities of Speransky are highlighted by the authors of the statements? When answering, please note that G.A. Rosenkampf and G. Armfeld were M.M.’s worst enemies. Speransky.

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Speransky proposed the first draft of political reforms to the Tsar back in 1803 in his “Note on the structure of judicial and government institutions in Russia.” He raised the question of the need to carefully introduce a constitutional monarchy in the country and thus prevent a “French revolutionary nightmare” for Russia. However, only after the Peace of Tilsit did the tsar commission him to draw up a project for a comprehensive reform of public administration. Such a project was ready by October 1809. It became “Introduction to the Code of State Laws.”

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2. Political reform project: plans and results.
Project for reform of the state structure of Russia by M. M. Speransky “Introduction to the Code of State Laws” (1809)
Goals:
Save autocracy
Modernize public administration
To begin the constitutional process in Russia
Prevent the possibility of revolutionary upheavals in Russia

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2. Political reform project: plans and results.

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2. Political reform project: plans and results.
Basic principles:
Separation of legislative, executive and judicial branches of government
Responsibility of the executive branch before the law
Election of administrative and executive authorities
Independence of the Judiciary, Public Proceedings and Trials by Jury

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2. Political reform project: plans and results.
New bodies in the system of higher public administration:
The State Duma is a representative body for discussing bills and hearing reports from ministers
State Council (1810 -1906) Composition appointed by the Emperor (coordinates the actions of the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government

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2. Political reform project: plans and results.

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2. Political reform project: plans and results.

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2. Political reform project: plans and results.
Basic principles:
Political rights were to belong to representatives of the “free” (first two) classes; however, the third estate received general civil rights (chief among them was the provision that “no one can be punished without a judicial sentence”) and could, as property and capital accumulated, move into the second estate; the first estate also retained special rights (to buy estates with serfs, etc.);
Only persons who owned movable and immovable property (that is, representatives of the first two classes) received the right to vote;

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2. Political reform project: plans and results.
Elections to the State Duma were supposed to take place in four stages (first there were elections to volost dumas, then deputies of these bodies elected members of district dumas, who, in turn, elected deputies to provincial dumas. And only provincial dumas elected deputies to the State Duma).
The work of the Duma was to be led by a chancellor appointed by the tsar.
Basic principles:

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2. Political reform project: plans and results.
The implementation of Speransky's project was supposed to be an important step on the path of reform. This plan would eventually develop into other transformations. The reformer saw the ultimate goal in limiting the autocratic power of the tsar and eliminating serfdom. Alexander I generally approved of Speransky's project. However, it had to be implemented gradually, without causing upheaval in society. Taking this into account, the tsar decided to first proceed with the most “harmless” part of the reform.
On January 1, 1810, a manifesto on the creation of the State Council was published. His main task was to establish order in the preparation and adoption of laws. All their projects were now to be considered only through the State Council.

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2. Political reform project: plans and results.
In 1811, on the initiative of M.M. Speransky, a reorganization of ministries was carried out. The Ministry of Commerce was abolished, whose functions were distributed between the Ministries of Finance and Internal Affairs. The Ministry of Police was created. The departments of state control, spiritual affairs, foreign religions and communications began to operate as ministries. The composition and functions of ministries, the limits of ministerial power and their responsibilities were more clearly defined.
Conducted in 1810 - 1811. The reforms, as well as the desire to grant civil rights to serfs, caused such a storm of indignation among senior officials and the majority of nobles that Alexander was forced to stop implementing reforms: the fate of his father was too fresh in his memory.

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Speransky, on behalf of the emperor, also developed projects for economic reforms. They provided for a limitation on state spending and some increase in taxes, which affected the nobility. Opposition to reforms in these conditions began to be open. Such authoritative people as, for example, N.M. Karamzin, one of the ideologists of conservatism, joined in criticizing the government.
Alexander understood perfectly well that Speransky’s harsh criticism was essentially directed at himself. Speransky was even accused of treason for his sympathy for the order in France, which he allegedly wanted to introduce in Russia to please Napoleon. The tsar could no longer hold back the wave of criticism and decided to resign Speransky.

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3. Resignation of M.M. Speransky: causes and consequences.
Not the least role here was played by the emperor’s intention to unite society on the eve of the approaching war with Napoleon. In March 1812, Speransky was exiled to Nizhny Novgorod, and then to Perm. However, given the administrative abilities of M.M. Speransky (in 1816-1820 - governor of Penza and governor-general of Siberia), in 1821 the emperor returned him to St. Petersburg and introduced him to the State Council.
Despite the fact that Speransky’s reforms did not affect the foundations of the feudal-autocratic system, they were almost never implemented. At the same time, Speransky’s reformist quests formed the basis on which new reform projects were subsequently developed.

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3. Resignation of M.M. Speransky: causes and consequences.
Attitude to the project M.M. Speransky was expressed by the writer and historian N.M. Karamzin in “Note on Ancient and New Russia”: “Reforms will harm Russia, since they pose a threat to the primordial foundations of the country.”

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1. Start of activity of M.M. Speransky. 2. Political reform project: plans and results. 3. Resignation of M. M. Speransky: causes and consequences. Lesson plan:

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Start of activity of M.M. Speransky

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Political Reform Project: Intentions and Results

Speransky proposed the first draft of political reforms to the Tsar back in 1803 in his “Note on the structure of judicial and government institutions in Russia.” He raised the question of the need to carefully introduce a constitutional monarchy in the country

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“Introduction to the Code of State Laws” (1809) State governance is carried out on the basis of the separation of powers Legislative (State Duma) Judicial (Senate) Executive (ministries) The State Council was supposed to become an advisory body and consider laws before they enter the Duma

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3 main classes of Russian society were established: nobility “working people” (serfs, domestic servants, workers) “middle class” (merchants, burghers, state peasants)

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Elections to the State Duma were four-stage: Volost Dumas District Dumas Provincial Dumas State Duma (leader-chancellor) appointed by the king)

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1) when was the manifesto on the creation of the State Council published? 2) What is its main task? 3) functions of the State Council.

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The main task is to establish order in the preparation and adoption of laws. Functions: - assessing the content of laws and the need for its adoption; - “clarification” of the meaning - consideration of reports from ministries - making proposals for the distribution of government revenues and expenses

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1811 – draft “Code of the Governing Senate”

Governmental (in charge of local self-government issues) Judicial (the highest judicial authority that controls all judicial institutions)

Reform activities MM. Speransky

• Political Reform Project
• Reasons for the resignation of M.M. Speransky

CHARACTERISTICS M.M. SPERANSKY

Contemporaries and historians about M.M. Speransky

• Voltaire in an Orthodox theological shell” (V.O. Klyuchevsky)
• The genius of good" (A.S. Pushkin)

• In 1888 V.O. Klyuchevsky said about Speransky: “Since the time of Ordin-Nashchokin, no other such strong mind has come to the Russian throne; after Speransky, I don’t know if a third one will appear.” Now that the entire history of the Russian throne is behind us, we can say, paying tribute to the names of A.M. Gorchakov and D.A. Milyutina, S.Yu. Witte and P.A. Stolypin that a third such strong mind did not appear.

(N.A. Troitsky)

• The sun of Russian bureaucracy (M. Korf)

CHARACTERISTICS M.M. SPERANSKY

The son of a priest, who became the second man in the state.

One of the most educated people in Russia

Officially he held the position of Secretary of State.

Napoleon, appreciating the mind of M.M. Speransky, jokingly suggested that Alexander 1 exchange the Russian official for one of his kingdoms.

POLITICAL REFORM PROJECT

Using the text of the textbook (pp. 20-22), highlight the goal and main ideas of M.M.’s political reform. Speransky

Target – gradual introduction of a constitutional monarchy and the abolition of serfdom

Key Ideas

• Separation of powers: legislative power - the State Duma, executive power - ministries, judicial power - the Senate. As before, the emperor finally approved or rejected any bill

• Creation State Council – deliberative power
• Society on 3 estates: nobility, “middle class” (merchants, burghers, state peasants), “working people” (serfs, workers, servants)

• Political rights of the 1st and 2nd estates , the third estate could gain rights as property grew

Only one thing has been implemented - State Council created

REASONS FOR M.M.’S RESIGNATION SPERANSKY

- In March 1812 M.M. Speransky exiled to Nizhny Novgorod

Reasons for resignation:

• Dissatisfaction with reforms among the nobles (why?). Among the opponents is the historian N.M. Karamzin, a conservative in views
• Before the War of 1812, it was necessary to unite society

• 1816 - returned to public service in office Penza governor
• 1819 - governor general Siberia and initiator of Siberian management reforms
• 1821 - returned to St. Petersburg, appointed a member of the State Council and the Siberian Committee, managing the Commission for Drafting Laws. Later a member of the Supreme Criminal Court over the Decembrists.
• from 1826 – is engaged codification laws
• in 1835-1837– teacher of legal sciences of the future Emperor Alexander II

• what unusual can be identified in the biography of M.M. Speransky
• Name the position he held from 1810 to 1812.

Select the views of M.M. Speransky:

• Any change in the state is evil
• Serfdom abolished immediately
• The entire population of the country is divided into 3 estates
• The idea of ​​separation of powers
• Only nobles have political rights
• Establishment of the State Council

• What classes did M.M. Speransky propose to divide society into?
• What is the essence of his idea of ​​separation of powers?
• What is the significance of his reforms, what was implemented?

Define:

• liberal
• conservative
• state council

HOMEWORK

 3 according to plan

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Lesson Plan

1. Personality M.M. Speransky;
2. Political Reform Project;
3. Economic plans;
4. Resignation of M.M. Speransky.