Where does Albert live? Albert Einstein short biography

Albert Einstein was a great genius. Facts about Einstein indicate that this man was able to change our view of the world and revolutionize science. Everyone has heard the name of this great genius. But few people know interesting facts about Einstein, about the events of his life; about how he achieved heights in the field of science.

1. The facts of Einstein’s biography confirm that this man always became irritable when people said “we” in his presence.

2.Einstein’s mother considered her son inferior during his childhood. He did not speak until he was 3 years old, was lazy and slow.

3. Einstein called for avoiding science fiction because it changes the way you look at the world.

4. Albert Einstein’s second wife was his second cousin on his father’s side.

5.Einstein asked that his brain not be examined after his death. But his brain was stolen a few hours after his death.

6.The most recognizable and popular photograph of Einstein is the one where he sticks out his tongue. He did it out of spite to pestering journalists when they asked him to smile.

7. After the death of the president, Einstein was offered to take his place.

8.The Israeli banknote features a portrait of Albert Einstein.

9.Einstein became the first supporter in the fight for civil rights.

10. At the age of 15, Albert already knew what integral and differential calculations were and knew how to use them in practice.

11.After Einstein’s death, we managed to find his notebook, which was completely covered with calculations.

12.Einstein had to work as an electrician.

13. Einstein asked people for 1 dollar for an autograph. After that, he donated all the money collected to charity.

14. Einstein could not pay alimony to his wife. He suggested that if she received the Nobel Prize, she should give all the money.

15. Albert Einstein ranks 7th in the Dead Celebrity Earnings list.

16.Einstein spoke 2 languages.

17. Albert Einstein preferred to smoke a pipe.

18. The love of music was in the great genius’s blood. His mother was a pianist, and he was fond of playing the violin.

19. Einstein’s favorite hobby was sailing. He didn't know how to swim.

20. Most often, the genius did not put on socks because he did not like to wear them.

21. Einstein had an illegitimate daughter from Mileva, who gave up her career for the sake of the child.

22. A great genius died at the age of 76.

23. Before his death, he refused the operation.

24.Einstein spoke out strongly against Nazism.

25.Albert Einstein was Jewish by nationality.

Photo of Albert Einstein with his wife Elsa in the Grand Canyon of Colorado, Arizona, USA. 1931

26.Einstein's last words remained a secret. An American woman sat next to him, and he spoke his words in German.

27.Einstein was nominated for the Nobel Prize for the first time for his theory of relativity. This happened in 1910.

28. Einstein’s eldest son, named Hans, was the only one to continue the family line.

29.Einstein's youngest son ended his life in a psychiatric clinic. He suffered from dementia.

30.The first marriage of the great genius lasted 11 years.

31.Einstein always had a sloppy appearance.

32. Albert Einstein, having his first wife, could bring other women into the house and spend the night with them.

34.Einstein began playing the violin at the age of 6.

35. Albert Einstein is considered one of the founders of the Hebrew University in Israel.

36.God for this genius was a faceless image.

37. Albert Einstein created the general theory of relativity at the height of the First World War.

38.Einstein had Swiss citizenship.

39.Only in his declining years did Einstein meet true love.

40. The gray matter in Einstein's brain was different from all the others.

41. Albert Einstein was a frequent guest of bachelor parties held by Janos Pleszcz.

42. The great genius was always mocked in elementary school.

43.The only boring thing for Albert was studying.

44. Albert Einstein’s wife Mileva Maric was called by his mother “an elderly woman,” although their age difference with her son was only 4 years.

45.After graduating from the institute, Einstein was unemployed for 2 years.

46. ​​At the end of his life, Albert Einstein was diagnosed with a terrible disease - an aortic aneurysm.

46. ​​There were no lavish funerals after the death of the great genius.

47.Albert Einstein completed his schooling in Switzerland.

48. The teachers believed that nothing good would come of this person.

49.Einstein had a specific type of thinking.

50.Albert Einstein's last work was burned.

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Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein
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Awards and prizes:	Nobel Prize in Physics (1921)

Einstein, Albert(Einstein, Albert; 1879, Ulm, Germany, - 1955, Princeton, USA) - theoretical physicist, one of the founders of modern physics, creator of the theory of relativity, one of the creators of quantum theory and statistical physics.

early years

Born in the town of Ulm in the state of Württemberg into a non-religious Jewish family. His father, Hermann Einstein, was engaged in trade, then opened a small electrochemical plant, which he ran with varying degrees of success. Mother's name was Polina Kokh. There was a younger sister, Maria.

Since childhood he was interested in natural phenomena; At the age of 12, I read a book on geometry and became interested in mathematics for the rest of my life. At the same time, he became interested in religion, but in those days religion was considered incompatible with the scientific worldview, and Einstein’s religiosity disappeared. Albert didn't like it at the German school, and the teachers didn't like him. His mentor in mathematics and philosophy was a family friend, medical student Max Talmud.

His father moved production to Munich, and the family moved there. In 1894, having failed in Munich, the elder Einstein moved to Milan to work with a relative. Albert stayed at the boarding school until he graduated from school. At the age of 16, he ran away from there to his parents. He applied for admission to the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich. Since he did not have a high school diploma, he had to take very tough exams. He failed French, chemistry and biology, but passed mathematics and physics so well that he was allowed to enter on the condition that he first finish school.

He entered a special private school in the Swiss town of Arrau. At the same time, he renounced his German citizenship in order to avoid being registered for military service in Germany.

In 1896 he entered the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School, graduating in 1900. At the university he became friends with Marcel Grossmann and met his first wife Mileva Maric, who studied physics there. The only one of the four graduates of 1900 in his specialty, he did not get a job at the Polytechnic (Professor Werber, who had a grudge against him, interfered). He took Swiss citizenship and was engaged in tutoring, but had no funds. His father went bankrupt.

In 1902, on the recommendation of his father, Marcel Grossmann, he entered the service as a technical expert at the patent office (Bern), since no university would hire him. He continued to study theoretical physics in his free time. In 1903, he married Mileva Maric (his father, before his death, agreed to his marriage to a Christian). They had two sons.

First discoveries in physics

The second article - “On one heuristic point of view concerning the emergence and transformation of light” - treats light as a flow of quanta (photons) with corpuscular and wave properties, and introduces the concept of a photon as a formation that has the characteristics of a particle and a field. He founded the photon theory of light (photoelectric effect), for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1921.

The third article - “On the electrodynamics of moving media” - contained the foundations of the special theory of relativity. Einstein introduced new concepts of space, time and motion into physics, discarding Newton's concept of absolute space and absolute time and the “theory of the world ether.” Space and time acquired the status of a single reality (space-time), associated with the movement of physical bodies and fields.

At the same time, classical mechanics was not rejected, but was included in the new theory as its limiting case. The theory followed the conclusion: all physical laws must be the same in systems moving relative to each other rectilinearly and uniformly. Physical quantities previously considered absolute (mass, length, time interval) actually turned out to be relative - dependent on the relative speed of the object and the observer. At the same time, the speed of light turned out to be constant, independent of the speed of movement of other objects (which was already known from the Michelson-Morley experiment of 1881 and did not fit into the ideas of classical Newtonian physics).

Also in 1905, in the article “Does the inertia of a body depend on the energy content in it,” Einstein first introduced into physics the formula for the relationship between mass (m) and energy (E), and in 1906 he wrote it down in the form E=mc², where (c) represents the speed of light. It underlies the relativistic principle of energy conservation, all nuclear energy.

The theory of relativity had predecessors - fragments of it are contained in the works of Henri Poincaré and Hendrik Lorentz, but Einstein was the first to put together and systematize scientific ideas about it. The theory of relativity was ignored by the scientific community for several years. The first to understand it was Max Planck, who began to help Einstein and organized invitations for him to scientific conferences and teaching positions.

Transition to professional scientific activity

In 1906, Einstein defended his doctoral dissertation, summarizing his work on Brownian motion. In 1907 he created the quantum theory of heat capacity. Since 1908, Einstein became a privatdozent at the University of Bern, in 1909 - an extraordinary professor at the University of Zurich, in 1911 - an ordinary professor at the German University in Prague, in 1912 - a professor at the Zurich Polytechnic (where he had previously studied).

In 1914, despite the machinations of anti-Semites, at the invitation of Max Planck he was approved as director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, professor at the University of Berlin, and member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin. In 1916, Einstein predicted the phenomenon of induced (stimulated) emission of atoms, which lies at the basis of quantum electronics. Einstein's theory of stimulated, ordered (coherent) radiation led to the discovery of lasers.

In 1917, Einstein completed the creation general relativity, a concept that justifies the extension of the principle of relativity to systems moving with acceleration and curvilinearly relative to each other. For the first time in science, Einstein's theory substantiated the connection between the geometry of space-time and the distribution of mass in the Universe. The new theory was based on Newton's theory of gravity. His prediction of the deflection of starlight by the Sun's gravitational field was confirmed by a British team of scientists during a solar eclipse in 1919.

Modern physics has experimentally substantiated the special theory of relativity. On its basis, for example, particle accelerators are created. The general theory of relativity also received a fundamental justification. Her hypothesis about the deflection of light under the influence of the Sun's gravitational force was confirmed back in 1919 by a group of English astronomers. For the discovery of the laws of the photoelectric effect and works on theoretical physics, Einstein received the Nobel Prize in 1921. In 1924-25 Einstein made major contributions to the development of Bose quantum statistics, now called Bose-Einstein statistics.

Personal problems

Due to constant travel and financial problems, Einstein's family life deteriorated. In 1919, he divorced his wife (according to the divorce agreement, he ceded to her, in particular, the rights to the Nobel Prize if it was ever received). At the same time, he began dating his cousin Elsa Löwenthal, whom he later married.

In 1915, when Einstein gave a series of lectures in Göttingen, there were unfinished parts in the theory of relativity that required mathematical refinement. Listened to lectures David Gilbert did this work and published his results before Einstein. The two scientists clashed for some time over scientific priority, but then became friends.

Departure for the USA

In the 1920-30s. he was famous, especially abroad. He traveled a lot around the world, contacting colleagues and giving lectures at various universities, and was also engaged in social and political activities, helping socialists, pacifists and Zionists.

In 1930, his eldest son Edward fell ill with schizophrenia and was hospitalized for the rest of his life.

Albert Einstein was born in 1879 in the city of Ulm, located in Germany. His father sold electrical equipment, his mother was a housewife. Later the family moved to Munich, where young Albert entered a Catholic school. Einstein continued his education at the Technical High School of Zurich, after which he was destined for a career as a school teacher of mathematics and physics.

For a long time, the future famous physicist could not find a teaching position, so he became a technical assistant at the Swiss patent office. When dealing with patents, the scientist could trace the connection between the achievements of contemporary science and technical innovations, which greatly expanded his scientific horizons. In his free time from work, Einstein dealt with issues directly related to physics.

In 1905, he managed to publish several important works that were devoted to Brownian motion, quantum theory and the theory of relativity. The great physicist was the first to introduce into science a formula that reflected the relationship between mass and energy. This relationship formed the basis of the principle of conservation of energy, established in relativism. All modern nuclear energy is based on Einstein's formula.

Einstein and his theory of relativity

Einstein formulated the foundations of the famous theory of relativity in 1917. His concept substantiated the principle of relativity and transferred it to systems that are capable of moving with acceleration along curved trajectories. General relativity became an expression of the connection between the space-time continuum and the distribution of mass. Einstein based his concept on the theory of gravity proposed by Newton.

The theory of relativity was a truly revolutionary concept for its time. Its recognition was helped by the facts observed by scientists that confirmed Einstein’s calculations. World-wide fame came to the scientist after a solar eclipse that took place in 1919, observations of which showed the validity of the conclusions of this brilliant theoretical physicist.

Albert Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1922 for his work in theoretical physics. Later, he seriously studied issues of quantum physics and its statistical component. In the last years of his life, the physicist worked on the creation of a unified field theory, in which he intended to combine the principles of the theory of electromagnetic and gravitational interactions. But Einstein never managed to complete this work.

A well-known figure in the world of natural sciences, Albert Einstein (life: 1879-1955) is known even to humanists who do not like exact subjects, because the man’s surname has become a household name for people with incredible mental abilities.

Einstein is the founder of physics in its modern sense: the great scientist is the founder of the theory of relativity and the author of more than three hundred scientific works. Albert is also known as a publicist and public figure, who is an honorary doctor of about twenty higher educational institutions in the world. This man is attractive due to his ambiguity: the facts say that, despite his incredible intelligence, he was clueless in solving everyday issues, which makes him an interesting figure in the eyes of the public.

Childhood and youth

The biography of the great scientist begins with the small German city of Ulm, located on the Danube River - this is the place where Albert was born on March 14, 1879 in a poor family of Jewish origin.

The father of the brilliant physicist Herman was engaged in the production of filling mattresses with feather stuffing, but soon Albert’s family moved to the city of Munich. Herman, together with Jacob, his brother, started a small company selling electrical equipment, which at first developed successfully, but soon could not withstand the competition of large companies.

As a child, Albert was considered a slow-witted child; for example, he did not speak until he was three years old. Parents were even afraid that their child would never learn to pronounce words when, at the age of 7, Albert could barely move his lips, trying to repeat memorized phrases. Also, the scientist’s mother Paulina was afraid that the child had a congenital deformity: the boy had a large back of the head that protruded strongly forward, and Einstein’s grandmother constantly repeated that her grandson was fat.

Albert had little contact with his peers and liked solitude more, for example, building houses of cards. From an early age, the great physicist showed a negative attitude towards war: he hated the noisy game of toy soldiers, because it personifies a bloody war. Einstein’s attitude towards war did not change throughout his later life: he actively opposed bloodshed and nuclear weapons.

A vivid memory of the genius is the compass that Albert received from his father at the age of five. Then the boy was sick, and Herman showed him an object that interested the child: what’s surprising is that the arrow on the device showed the same direction. This small object aroused incredible interest in young Einstein.

Little Albert was often taught by his uncle Jacob, who from childhood instilled in his nephew a love for the exact mathematical sciences. They read textbooks on geometry and mathematics together, and solving a problem on their own was always a joy for the young genius. However, Einstein’s mother Paulina had a negative attitude towards such activities and believed that for a five-year-old child, love for the exact sciences would not turn out to be anything good. But it was clear that this man would make great discoveries in the future.

Albert Einstein with his sister

It is also known that Albert was interested in religion from childhood; he believed that it was impossible to begin to study the universe without understanding God. The future scientist watched the clergy with trepidation and did not understand why the higher biblical mind did not stop the wars. When the boy was 12 years old, his religious beliefs sank into oblivion due to the study of scientific books. Einstein became a believer that the Bible was a highly developed system for controlling youth.

After graduating from school, Albert enters the Munich gymnasium. His teachers considered him mentally retarded due to the same speech impediment. Einstein studied only those subjects that interested him, ignoring history, literature and the German language. He had special problems with the German language: the teacher told Albert to his face that he would not graduate from school.

Albert Einstein at 14

Einstein hated going to school and believed that the teachers themselves did not know much, but instead imagined themselves as upstarts who were allowed to do everything. Because of such judgments, young Albert constantly entered into arguments with them, so he developed a reputation as not only a backward student, but also a poor student.

Without graduating from high school, 16-year-old Albert and his family move to sunny Italy, to Milan. In the hope of enrolling at ETH Zurich, the future scientist sets off from Italy to Sweden on foot. Einstein managed to show decent results in the exact sciences in the exam, but Albert completely failed the humanities. But the rector of the technical school appreciated the teenager’s outstanding abilities and advised him to enter the Aarau school in Switzerland, which, by the way, was considered far from the best. And Einstein was not considered a genius at all at this school.

The best students of Aarau left to receive higher education in the German capital, but in Berlin the abilities of the graduates were poorly rated. Albert found out the texts of the problems that the director's favorites couldn't solve and solved them. After which the satisfied future scientist came to Schneider’s office, showing him the solved problems. Albert angered the head of the school by saying that he was unfairly choosing students for competitions.

After successfully completing his studies, Albert enters the educational institution of his dreams - the Zurich school. However, the relationship with the professor of the department, Weber, was bad for the young genius: the two physicists constantly fought and argued.

Beginning of a scientific career

Due to disagreements with professors at the institute, Albert's path to science was closed. He passed the exams well, but not perfectly, the professors refused the student a scientific career. Einstein worked with interest at the scientific department of the Polytechnic Institute; Weber said that his student was a smart guy, but did not take criticism.

At the age of 22, Albert received a teaching diploma in mathematics and physics. But because of the same quarrels with teachers, Einstein could not find a job, spending two years in a painful search for permanent income. Albert lived poorly and could not even buy food. The scientist's friends helped him get a job at the patent office, where he worked for quite a long time.

In 1904, Albert began collaborating with the journal Annals of Physics, gaining authority in the publication, and in 1905 the scientist published his own scientific works. But a revolution in the world of science was made by three articles of the great physicist:

• To the electrodynamics of moving bodies, which became the basis of the theory of relativity;
• The work that laid the foundation for quantum theory;
• A scientific article that made a discovery in statistical physics about Brownian motion.

Theory of relativity

Einstein's theory of relativity radically changed scientific physical concepts, which were previously based on Newtonian mechanics, which existed for about two hundred years. But only a few could fully understand the theory of relativity developed by Albert Einstein, so in educational institutions only the special theory of relativity, which is part of the general one, is taught. SRT speaks of the dependence of space and time on speed: the higher the speed of a body’s movement, the more both dimensions and time are distorted.

According to SRT, time travel is possible by overcoming the speed of light, therefore, based on the impossibility of such travel, a restriction has been introduced: the speed of any object cannot exceed the speed of light. For small speeds, space and time are not distorted, so the classical laws of mechanics are applied here, and high speeds, for which the distortion is noticeable, are called relativistic. And this is only a small part of both the special and general theories of Einstein’s entire movement.

Nobel Prize

Albert Einstein was nominated for the Nobel Prize more than once, but this award bypassed the scientist for about 12 years because of his new and not everyone understood views on exact science. However, the committee decided to compromise and nominate Albert for his work on the theory of the photoelectric effect, for which the scientist was awarded the prize. All because this invention is not so revolutionary, unlike general relativity, for which Albert, in fact, was preparing a speech.

However, at the time the scientist received a telegram from the nomination committee, the scientist was in Japan, so they decided to present him with the award in 1922 for 1921. However, there are rumors that Albert knew long before the trip that he would be nominated. But the scientist decided not to stay in Stockholm at such a crucial moment.

Personal life

The life of the great scientist is covered with interesting facts: Albert Einstein is a strange man. It is known that he did not like to wear socks, and also hated brushing his teeth. In addition, he had a poor memory for simple things, such as telephone numbers.

Albert married Mileva Maric at the age of 26. Despite the 11-year marriage, the couple soon had disagreements about family life, rumored to be due to the fact that Albert was still a womanizer and had about ten passions. However, he offered his wife a contract of cohabitation, according to which she had to comply with certain conditions, for example, periodically wash things. But according to the contract, Mileva and Albert did not provide for any love relationships: the former spouses even slept separately. The genius had children from his first marriage: the youngest son died while in a psychiatric hospital, and the scientist did not have a good relationship with the eldest.

After divorcing Mileva, the scientist married Elsa Leventhal, his cousin. However, he was also interested in Elsa’s daughter, who did not have mutual feelings for a man who was 18 years older than her.

Many who knew the scientist noted that he was an unusually kind person, ready to lend a helping hand and admit mistakes.

Cause of death and memory

In the spring of 1955, during a walk, Einstein and his friend had a simple conversation about life and death, during which the 76-year-old scientist said that death is also a relief.

On April 13, Albert’s condition worsened sharply: doctors diagnosed an aortic aneurysm, but the scientist refused to operate. Albert was in the hospital, where he suddenly became ill. He whispered words in his native language, but the nurse could not understand them. The woman approached the patient’s bed, but Einstein had already died from a hemorrhage in the abdominal cavity on April 18, 1955. All his friends spoke of him as a meek and very kind person. This was a bitter loss for the entire scientific world.

Quotes

Quotes from a physicist about philosophy and life are a subject for a separate discussion. Einstein formed his own and independent view of life, which more than one generation agrees with.

• There are only two ways to live life. The first is as if miracles do not exist. The second one is like there are only miracles all around.
• If you want to lead a happy life, you must be attached to a goal, not to people or things.
• Logic can take you from point A to point B, and imagination can take you anywhere...
• If the theory of relativity is confirmed, then the Germans will say that I am a German, and the French will say that I am a citizen of the world; but if my theory is refuted, the French will declare me a German, and the Germans a Jew.
• If a cluttered desk means a cluttered mind, then what does an empty desk mean?
• People cause me seasickness, not the sea. But I'm afraid science has not yet found a cure for this disease.
• Education is what remains after everything learned at school is forgotten.
• We are all geniuses. But if you judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree, it will live its whole life thinking it is stupid.
• The only thing that prevents me from studying is the education I received.
• Strive not to achieve success, but to ensure that your life has meaning.

Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm. He received his secondary education at a city Catholic school.

In September 1895 he arrived in Zurich to enter the Polytechnic. Having received an “excellent” in mathematics, he failed in French and botany. On the advice of the director of the Polytechnic, he entered the cantonal school of Aarau.

During my studies I studied Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. In October 1896 he became a student at the Polytechnic. Here he became friends with the mathematician M. Grossman.

Start of activity

In 1901, Einstein's first paper, “Consequences of the Theory of Capillarity,” was published. At this time, the future great scientist was in great need. Therefore, thanks to the “patronage” of M. Grossman, he was accepted into the staff of the Federal Bern Office for Patenting Inventions. There he worked from 1902 to 1909.

In 1904 he began to collaborate with the journal “Annals of Physics”. His responsibilities included providing annotations of recent texts on thermodynamics.

Notable discoveries

Einstein's most famous discoveries include the Special Theory of Relativity. It was published in 1905. Works on the General Theory of Relativity were published from 1915 to 1916.

Teaching activities

In 1912, the great scientist returned to Zurich and began teaching at the same Polytechnic where he himself had once studied. In 1913, on the recommendation of V. G. Nernst and his friend Planck, he headed the Berlin Physical Research Institute. He was also enrolled in the teaching staff of the University of Berlin.

Receiving the Nobel Prize

Einstein was repeatedly nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics. The first nomination for the theory of relativity took place in 1910, on the initiative of W. Ostwald.

But the Nobel Committee was suspicious of such a “revolutionary” theory. Einstein's experimental evidence was considered insufficient.

Einstein received the Nobel in physics for his “safe” theory of the photoelectric effect in 1921. At that time, the brilliant physicist was away. Therefore, the German Ambassador to Sweden R. Nadolny received the prize for him.

Illness and death

In 1955, Einstein was often and seriously ill. He passed away on April 18, 1955. The cause of death was an aortic aneurysm. Before his death, he asked his loved ones not to give him a lavish funeral and not to disclose the place of his burial.

Only twelve closest friends accompanied the great scientist on his final journey. His body was cremated and his ashes scattered to the wind.

Other biography options

• Until the age of 12 he was very religious. But after reading popular science literature, I came to the conclusion that the church and state are deceiving people, and the Bible contains “fairy tales.” After this, the future scientist stopped recognizing authorities.
• Einstein was a pacifist. He actively fought against Nazism. In one of his last works, he said that humanity must do everything to prevent nuclear war.
• Einstein sympathized with the USSR and Lenin in particular. But he considered terror and repression to be unacceptable methods.
• In 1952, he received an offer to become Prime Minister of Israel and refused, noting that he lacked experience to lead the country.

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